SECTION C: The First Civil War Flashcards

Question

The Civil War: June 1646

Answer 1

- Oxford surrenders to Parliament, end of the war <-- PARLIAMENTARY SUCCESS

Answer 2

July 1643 - Royalists capture Bristol - Battle of Lansdown Hill - Battle of Roundway Down August 1643 - (initially successful, later quashed) Siege of Gloucester August 1644 - Essex defeated as Lostwithiel, Cornwall

Answer 3

September 1643 - Parliament relieves the siege of Gloucester July 1644 - Battle of Marston Moor June 1645 - Battle of Naseby July 1645 -Battle of Langport September 1645 - Parliament captures Bristol May 1646 - King surrenders to the Scots (allied with Parliament as of August 1643) June 1646 - Oxford surrenders to Parliament, end of war

Answer 4

- Potential for a 'three pronged strategy' (Coward): Northern army under Newcastle to march South, Western Army to march towards London, King's forces keep Parliamentary army occupied in the Thames Valley - Henrietta Maria returned from continent with arms and money - Several early victories - Charles had legitimacy as he was divinely ordained, making it easy for him to appoint and command executive officers - Edgehill showed that this would be a drawn out conflict, and Parliament didn't adapt. Restricted milita to local defence and field army of 20 000 foot and 5000 calvary to command of essex. - Parliament not united in pursuit of an objective. Polarised opinion: Presbyterians wanted compromise, Independents wanted to impose harsh terms like 19 propositions

Answer 5

Solemn League and Covenant: - Scots would enter the war - In return, Parliament would impose compulsory Presbyterianism in England - -> Scottish Army of 20 000 under Earl of Leven crosses the border in January 1644 Effectiveness? - Key in Battle of Marston Moor - Royalist army emerged in Scotland under the Earl of Montrose, so Leven was reluctant to march too far South - Divided Parliament and gave Royalists a propaganda tool The Cessation: - Charles sanctioned a truce in Ireland - In return, 10 000 Protestant soldiers would fight in England - Later appealed to Confederate Association/*POPE* for armed support Effectiveness? - Interpreted in England as appeasing Irish Catholicism - Collapse of English authority --> Irish establish Confederate Association. In exchange for peace, they wanted Catholicism and recovery of land from Protestant settlers - -> "To less military advantage and at greater cost to public sentiment" - Worden

Answer 6

- Earl of Newcastle threatened Eastern Association counties, but in his inaction allowed Earl of Manchester to raise 20 000 - October: Cromwell meets up with Yorkshire Calvary under Sir Thomas Fairfax, substantial calvary at Winceby - Fairfax sallies out (goes on military mission) to Hull and overruns Newcastle's siegeworks - -> Newcastle withdraws to Yory - -----> Manchester captures Lincoln - Earl of Essex relieves Gloucester and defies Royalists at Battle of Newbury - Two new armies: under Sir William Waller and the Eastern Association

Answer 7

Gentles: - The relief prevented Royalist forces in West, Midlands and Wales into coherent force - Boosted morale - "It was a symbolic turning point that broke the run of Royalist victories

Answer 8

- Gloucester was key, as if it fell, it would create an unbroken Royalist blockade from Shrewsbury to Bristol, and from Wales to Oxford - City was well defended, had been preparing for a year - Essex leaves london on 23 August with 15 000 men - Essex's approach causes King to abandon siege rather than fight with back to a hostile city - Essex approaches city, Royal forces come from behind - Culminated in Battle of Newbury, Essex finds way through Royal forces

Answer 9

Killed: 34 141 Captured 34 493 47% perished in skirmishes of less than 200 dead

Answer 10

Killed: 50 597 Captured: 83 041 47% perished in skirmishes of less than 200 dead

Answer 11

Killed in combat: 84 738 Killed by disease: 100 000 Accidents: 300 Bishops' Wars: 500 Royalist: We bury more fingers and toes than we do men."

Answer 12

- 3.6 %, making it proportionately the bloodiest conflict in English history

Answer 13

Background: - Both sides wanted quick end - Charles raises 12 000 on Welsh borders and marches towards London - Essex's army goes to Midlands, armies meet The Battle: - 23rd October 1642 - King deploys on Edgehill, trying to provoke Essex to attack uphill - Essex arranges forces on flat plain 2 miles away - Even matched, 15 000 to each side - Charles attacks first. Rupert and Wilmot charge and scatter on left and right wings respectively - Parliamentary infantry in centre stand strong and drive against Royalist infantry - 3000 dead, both armies depleted, Charles considers advance towards London and sets up base in Oxford

Answer 14

- Essex's forces make it to London before Prince Rupert's - Advance on London galvanises Parliamentarian response - -> New army of London trained bands (militia) block Rupert's forces at Turnham green on the 13th November 1642 - -----> Royalists retreat to Oxford

Answer 15

February 1643-April 1643 - New attempt at peace negotiations under pressure from House of Lords - Milder 19 Propositions, with new clauses against Papists - New fear of Catholicism after Sir Thomas Fairfax intercepts correspondance between Charles and Newcastle encouraging employment of Catholics in Northern Army - Charles refused to cooperate, negotiations dragged on into Spring of 1643 but no progress made. Charles believed he was winning, wanted outright victory, and to then revoke concessions made in 1640-42

Answer 16

- Scotland 6% | - Ireland 41%

Answer 17

- Almost every town hastily garrisoned in anticipation of its use in battle - 100 + towns besieged for one month or more

Answer 18

- "Conservative" (Smith) - contribution levied from traditional rating lists - Very little of this money came to Oxford in 1645 --> Soldiers in arrears who were more likely to plunder

Answer 19

Committee for the Advance of Money created, November 1642 Committee for Sequestrations established March 1643 to confiscate and redistribute Catholic and Royalist estates --> 5000 estates seized, if estate was poor then it could be reclaimed for heavy fine February 1643, weekly assessment (later monthly) equivalent to a Parliamentary subsidy every fortnight July 1643, excise on commodities such as beer and salt Taxes seen as illegal and caused much resentment. Kent paid more monthly in 1645-6 than it did annually in Ship Money

Answer 20

- Parliament allowed to seize property and goods - Habeas Corpus (you have a body, right to demand explaination for detention) and right to fair trial are revoked - Lord Wharton 1643: "They were not tied to law for these are times of neccesity and

Answer 21

- Sequestratian policy was to formally indict subject for treason - Local approval sought for contributions and forced loans - Support of traditional local courts whilst Parliament suppressed them

Answer 22

1643-6 - CofE, episcopacy, Prayer book, Cathedrals, church courts, Kalendar (festivals of Xmas and Easter) abolished - Laud tried in the summer of 1644, executed in January 1645 (pressure from Scots) - New wave of iconoclasm - Attempt to establish Presbyterian Church based on Scottish Kirk, and national synod in close collaboration with Parliament - New service book, the Directory of Public Worship - -> Limited success, new church system only took hold in about 10 counties - Independents rejected this and demanded liberty of consciences and congregations

Answer 23

- Return to old Elizabethan church - Prayer book - Xmas and Easter - Ministers rejected by Committee of Scandalous Ministers secretly reinstated and asked to preach old liturgies

Answer 24

- Women outnumbered men in sects, sprouting fear of gender role inversion - Men in arms caused dislocation from a woman's position as a submissive householder. Many held administrative positions and cared for estates - Lady Mary Verney negotiated with Parliamentarians for the return of sequestrated estates - Greater risk from childbirth or miscarriage in wartime

Answer 25

- Some placed sectarian loyalties over family ties - 'by the sword divided' - Some men fought against family members - However, on the whole, families drew together

Answer 26

- Leather in the west - Iron for canon and weapons - Cities (i) York 10 000 + (ii) Shrewsbury 5000 + (iii) Worcester 5000 + (iv) Oxford 5000 + -Population overall (cities): 25 000+

Answer 27

- Coal in Newcastle - Ports at Hull, Southhampton, Exeter, Plymouth, Tenby - Iron - Leather - Cloth - Armouries in London and Hull - Cities (i) Newcastle 1000+ (ii) Hull 5000+ (iii) Norwich 20 000 + (iv) Cambridge 5000+ (v) London 350 000- 400 000 (vi) Southampton 5000+ (vii) Bristol 10 000+ (viii) Exeter 5000+ (ix) Plymouth 5000+ (x) Tenby 5000+ (xi) Gloucester 5000+ -Population overall (cities): 475 000 max

Answer 28

- Rations in both forces were a pound of bread or biscuit and half a pound of cheese with variation. Ie Beef>Cheese and some were given ale - Beef, mutton, pork and bacon - Army ate better than the Navy - Garrisoned soldiers ate better than men on the march - Food delivered, and soldiers would have sum docked from pay - However, normally soldiers were simply expected to purchase food from locals - When in arrears or unpaid, they ate freely and the provider was given redeemable vouchers - Travelling market, strategic advantage of concentrated army force that did not have to disperse and find food - Chamber of London opened private bank Parliament could borrow from, reassuring private market that they would be in demand

Answer 29

- London, Bristol, Birmingham all key - London produced 30 000 Pikes, 102 000 swords, 111 000 firearms between 1642-6 - Firearms halfed in price from 1642-5 - Both sides created powder mills when reserves - Chronic shortage of saltpetre and brinestone so had to be imported (ports helped) - Scots and Irish imported. Irish confederate gunpowder industry from imports never aided royalists! - Both sides had resources to build canon and ammo

Answer 30

- Not entirely, according to Ian Roy - Oxford was centre of manafacture - Royalist output exceeded Scottish, despite it being dwarfed by Parliament's - Ireland required imports, with no local production. Had the imports arrived faster in 1641 the Catholic insurgents might have taken Dublin

Answer 31

- Workers fashioned coats, stockings, skirts, breeches, knapsack (rucksack), shoes - Specialised workforce required, hard to come by - Civil War outbreak caused shortage of clothes, Confederates in Ireland suffered least - Parliament supplied by East Anglia - Royalists supplied by Gloucestershire - Scotland had independent industries - Wool and Cloth were largest industries in the three Kingdoms - New Model Army all wore red coats, first English army to have a uniform - 23 shillings was the maximum price for an outfit

Answer 32

- Wherever possible, goods were transported by water - Hazards for water transport were tides, winds, privateers and enemy ships - Charles created substitute navy in 1643 - Parliament controlled the real navy - Horses were preferred as animal transport but were expensive to feed - Thames used to transport Parliamentary supplies from London - Goods moved by road protected with armed escorts anc convoys - Scorched Earth policy (destroying anything that might be advantageous to the enemy) meant food had to be imported - Artillery was difficult to move

Answer 33

February | - Weekly tax on each county

Answer 34

March | - Confiscation of estates. Managed by local officials, and any profits went to the Parliamentary war effort

Answer 35

May - Those worth a) £10 annually in land or £100 annually in goods was to lend 1/5 of estate revenue or 1/2 goods profit to Parliament

Answer 36

July | - Sales tax on wide range of goods and commodities

Answer 37

August - Introduction of conscription to Parliamentary forces ---> Desertion. Earl of Bedford had 1/2 infantry deserted in Sherborne campaign, 1643

Answer 38

- Taxation was not centralised enough so the money raised was not redistributed to where it was needed most - Morrill: >2% of tax from Cheshire pre March 1645 left county

Answer 39

Background - August 1643, Earl of Essex comes to relieve the Siege of Gloucester by Royalists. Charles retreats, circles round Essex's forces and attempts to block his retreat back to London Royalists - Prince Rupert commanded 6000 cavalry - Jacob Astley commanded 8000 foot - Charles orders that they establish defensive positions West of Newbury Parliamentarians -Robert Devereux brings 10 000 foot and 4000 Cavalry, and sets up on Round Hill The Battle - John Byron leads charge at Round Hill position and fails to capture it - Royalists suffer ammo shortages - Byron and Rupert protest, but Charles orders withdrawal to Oxford Key factors: Tactics, resources, cowardice in Royalists vs brave Parliamentarians

Answer 40

Background - Scots joined Parliament's forces to lay siege to Royalist city of York in 1644. In June, Prince Rupert rides to save earl of Newcastle and his forces. 2nd July, Royalists confront the Parliamentarians on Marston Moor

Answer 41

The Battle - Parliamentary army is largest ever assembled, commanded by Cromwell, Manchester and Fairfax - Edward Montague and Thomas Fairfax order Parliamentary retreat back to Tadcaster to prevent Newcastle's forces getting away - Prince Rupert returns to tent to have dinner and army relax - Cromwell charges Byron's forces, they counterattack and block line of fire for own Musketeers - Fairfax charges other wing, Goring attacks and scatters them - Infantry attack Royalists - Cromwell's forces regroup to protect infantry - Earl of Newcastle and his forces resisted repeated attacks until 30 remained - 3000 Royalists killed, 4500 captured, whilst Parliament lost only 300 - Rupert retreats with remaining troops to Chester to form new Royalist army

Answer 42

Key Factors - Poor attitude. Newcastle's troops didn't assemble out of city until paid. Were later slaughtered - Gorings attacks, tactically a poor choice - Superior army (NMA)

Answer 43

14th June 1645 - Prince Rupert charges left wing of Parliamentary cavalry, it scatters, Rupert gives chase - Simultaneously, Cromwell attacks left wing of Royalist cavalry. Surviving Royalists flee - Cromwell's troops who didn't give chase attack the undefended infantry - Charles I orders 1200 reserves to retreat - -> Infantry surrender - Rupert's cavalry return, too tired to fight Parliamentarians, they turn and chase after Charles - 1000 imprisoned, 4500 captured, Royalist stock of ammo and weapons captured * Key turning point: Charles no longer able to raise and supply capable army*

Answer 44

- Ideology, NMA ideologically committed - Resources, NMA better paid, King had 8000, NMA was 14 000 - Individuals, Cromwell inspired soldiers, better clothed - Leadership, poor decision by Charles not to involve reserves, Rupert was away from fighting, Cromwell designed order of battle. Cromwell saved left flank with dragoons, and Fairfax reformed line for advance by entire army - Religion: Puritanism boosted morale

Answer 45

- Peace party - Non-aligned majority - 'War party' - Radicals - --> King pursued one objective, but opinion in Parliament about what would constitute a 'victory' was clearly divided

Answer 46

Aim: To end the war swiftly, preferably through negotiation, and without losing the achievements of 1641 ``` Key members: Denzil Holles (one of 5 members) John Maynard Sir Simmons D'Ewes Earl of Northumberland Earl of Holland ```

Answer 47

Aim: N/a Membership: the majority of MPs at Westminster

Answer 48

Aim: to negotiate terms from a strong, dominant position, but not wishing to exceed the terms of 1641 by too much Key membership: John Pym (One of 5 members, died Dec 1643) John Hampden (One of 5 members, died June 1643) Lord Saye and Sele Lord Brooke Earl of Essex + Earl of Manchester (later defected to 'Peace party') Earl of Bedford Earl of Warwick Oliver Cromwell

Answer 49

Aim: Permanent constitutional changes. To win, they would have to (i) Prevent defection to Royalists (ii) Prevent 'Peace party' from reaching poor settlement terms (iii) Convince everyone they would not drive the country to revolution

Answer 50

- 44 MPs defected to Royalists in August 1642, mostly during crisis of 1643 when the King was in the strongest position

Answer 51

- John Pym and John Hampden die in December and June of that year. Two most important figures - Independents and Presbyterians emerge, roughly equivalent to the 'War' and 'Peace' parties - Peace party in 1643 to see Scottish alliance as a means of prolonging the conflict. In 1644, they saw Presbyterianism* as the best way to control radicals and reach settlement - War party in 1643 used to push for a Scottish alliance, but now saw Presbyterianism as a threat to religious liberty and to an acceptable settlement with the King * Presbyterianism: Under the terms of the Solemn League and Covenant, a Presbyterian church would be established in England in return for Scottish aid

Answer 52

- Scottish officers accused Cromwell of promoting Independents>Presbyterians in the Eastern Association (run by Earl of Manchester) - Earl of Manchester at first agreed with Cromwell that service>religious beliefs. - Earl of Manchester's primary concern was maintaining a good relationship with the Scots. - Marston Moor proved how important they were, BUT Cromwell was disappointed with their performance, preferring the work of his NMA whose beliefs contrasted with the Scots. Critical of Scottish intolerance and Parliament's imposition of Presbyterianism - Battle of Newbury defeat by Royalist army 1/2 its size --> Argument between Cromwell and Manchester

Answer 53

Peace party---> Presbyterians after 1643 and Scottish alliance Key members: - Denzil Holles (one of five members) - Essex and Manchester came to support this view *Dominant at the end of the war*

Answer 54

War party---> Independents after 1643 - Reacted against the Scottish alliance which the War party had negotiated - Named after independents who opposed Scottish interference - Power not through Parliament, but through NMA Key members: - Lord Saye and Sele - Henry Ireton - Sir Arthur Haselrig - Oliver Cromwell

Answer 55

- Proposed by Lord Saye and Sele in Lords - Proposed by Cromwell in Commons - Resign all military positions, and place all forces under command of professional soldiers - Idea of self denying appealed to Godly men - Placed private, wealthy regiments in good hands. Benefits NMA hugely

Answer 56

- "Far from springing from a desire for 'consensus' and unity, the NMA was a factional project from its outset" ^ *disagrees with Kishlansky's thesis* - Amalgamation of the armies of Earl of Essex, Sir William Waller and the Earl of Manchester in Spring of 1645 - Officially the New Model Ordinance in February 1645

Answer 57

- 6600 Cavalry - 1000 Dragoons (mounted) - 14 400 Infantry - 22 000 men and 2300 officers

Answer 58

- Paid for with monthly assessment of £53 000 - -> Became £60 000 - -----> £120 000 in 1649 - Foot paid 76% of the time - Cavalry paid 58% of the time

Answer 59

- Not members of Commons or Lords as of the Self Denying Ordinance, April 1645 - Thomas Fairfax was commander-in-chief - 5 Generals 1) Fairfax 2) Cromwell 3) Skipton 4) Ireton 5) Hammond

Answer 60

- Harsh discipline imposed by Sir Thomas Fairfax - Drunkenness, swearing, blasphemy and fornication frowned upon, despite being regular occurences in regular militia - Alcoholism punished with wooden horse - Sexual transgression punished with whipping and being cashiered (ritually dismissed) - Blasphemy punished with boring of tongue with hot iron

Answer 61

- Frequent reference to religious ideas in announcements - Varying degrees of religious commitment. Some had been conscripted, and some only wished to further their military career - Aside from Thomas Hammond, all generals were devout Puritans - Regular sermons from chaplains part of military life - Standards (flags) included mottos with religious foundations ie 'pray and fight' (Skipton) - Fasts and prayers common in difficult times - "Calvanistic puritanism" turned them into "men of iron" (Gentles)

Answer 62

- Presbyterians - Scots - Lord Generals

Answer 63

- Deleted clause about protecting the King's person | - Illusion that fighting evil councillors abandoned

Answer 64

- Naseby was a close call, as Rupert charged the Parliamentary left wing lead by inexperienced Henry Ireton - Skipton wounded early, concerted effort by Fairfax and Cromwell saved the day (Cromwell saved infantry, Fairfax reformed line) - Langport, Royalist cavalry destroyed - Sieged fortresses fell (Bridgewater, Sherborne, Berkeley Castle, Devizes, Basing and Tiverton) - Bath and Bristol infantry both fell - Oxford taken shortly after Charles fled and surrendered to the Scots

Answer 65

- Created market for London merchants who could supply the army with food from a mobile market - Committee for the Array created in March 1645 to oversee military logistics of NMA - --> Derby House Committee 1646-9 was central in struggle to control the military - Aristocratic supporters of army (Ie Ireton) key in Heads of Proposals 1647 - Self Denying Ordinances April 1645, Fairfax nominates 200 new officers. When Lords resisted, they persuaded London Common Council to make £80 000 for NMA conditional on the list being passed - "The Lords were finally browbeaten into accepting the new army by having the rug pulled out from under their feet"

Answer 66

- North, Midlands, South West, Wales under Royal control BUT - Parliamentarian strongholds in Royalist areas that could be used to disrupt Royalist operations and deploy troops - Parliament had wealthy South East, and London was key financially - London had more people than the next 50 cities and towns combined. 475 000 in Parliament's cities, only 25 000 in Charles'. More people=greater tax base - Scottish army post 1644 meant Northern Royalist army could not be deployed elsewhere

Answer 67

- Charles left London in 1642 - London was very well developed and populated - 10% of the country's population, but 70% of its trade - Port, well connected - Cash loans from merchant class

Answer 68

-If wars are won by superior resources, Parliament was in the stronger position

Answer 69

- Cash loans from London - Control of London, economy dwarfed that of Charles' Northern and Western territories - Charles was too conservative in his approach, tax not levied at great enough rate. Leading Royalist: "...incurable disease of money" - Parliament adapted, whilst Royal fiscal policy remained conservative. Ie Assessment raised at 12* rate of Ship Money - Assessment, Sequestration, Compulsory Loans, Excise - 1643-1650, English paid 10*+ the tax they did in 1630s

Answer 70

- Charles showed poor military leadership ie at Naseby with retreat - Others included Prince Rupert who failed at Marston Moor - Committees at central and localised level. Only two needed to provide quorum (number of officials needed to make a decision)

Answer 71

- Conscription under assessment Ordinance - Desertion higher in Royal forces - NMA had good discipline, was well financed, had strong morale and religious convictions and was led by experienced soldiers - Royalists had conflicting commanders (Ie Prince Rupert, Charles' decision to retreat at Marston Moor was contested by Lord Byron and Prince Rupert

Answer 72

- Siege of Gloucester/Newport amount to a significant 'watershed' (Smith). Broke Royal block from Shrewsbury to Bristol and Wales to Oxford -

Answer 73

- Scottish alliance with Parliament in the Solemn League and Covenant of August 1643. Scottish army of 20 000 under Earl of Leven, crosses border January 1644 - Trapped Royalist Northern army, who could not move for fear that Scots would advance - Scots played significant role at Marston Moor in 1644 - Irish Cessation with Charles was less advantageous, and the alliance could be used as a propaganda tool by Parliament

Answer 74

- Navy prevented Charles from blockading London - Navy had potential to block coal from Newcastle - Parliament spent £800 000 on navy annually to ensure it was fighting fit

Answer 75

- Essex marched West to relieve besieged garrisons, hoping to repeat the success at Gloucester. He was blocked by the King and forced to surrender his army at Lostwithiel in Cornwall when he escaped by sea

Answer 76

- Batlle of Cheriton in Sussex prevented a Royalist advance south-east, but Waller's army performed badly at Cropredy Bridge in Oxfordshire - King controlled South-West - Diminished confidence in Parliamentary commanders: Essex was not a strong candidate after the loss of his army at lostwithiel, Waller wan't either after Roundway Down and Cropredy Bridge --> Self Denying Ordinances of April 1645

Answer 77

- May 1645: NMA move to besiege Oxford and challenge Charles' dominance in the West - Charles sacks Leicester to distract them - Fairfax abandons Oxford efforts and moves North to confront them at Naseby

Answer 78

- Ronald Hutton | - John Morrill

Answer 79

- NMA beat Royalists on 10th July 1645 at Battle of Langport - Fairfax takes Bridgewater, isolating King from Royalist forces - Prince Rupert surrendered Bristol - King plans to move to Scotland to continue, but Scots defeat Montrose at Battle of Philipphaugh - Oct 1645-April 1646, NMA 'mop up' in West taking Somerset, Devon and Cornwall

Answer 80

- Fugitive, running between garrisons and Oxford - Opens negotiations with Covenanters in March 1646 - Left Oxford, disguised, in April. Couldn't escape to France so surrenders to Scots - Newark, Oxford and Raglan Castle surrender in May and June - -> 19th August 1646, First Civil War over.