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History: England 1625-1660 > SECTION C: The First Civil War > Flashcards

SECTION C: The First Civil War Flashcards

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1
Q

The Civil War: August 1642

A
  • King raises standard (flag) at Nottingham
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2
Q

The Civil War: September 1642

A
  • King raises troops in the Welsh border country
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3
Q

The Civil War: October 1642

A
  • Battle of Edgehill, an inconclusive battle
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4
Q

The Civil War: November 1642

A
  • Battle of Turnham Green - Royalist march on London halted by London trained bands
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5
Q

The Civil War: December 1642

A
  • Parliament opens peace negotiations

- Parliament establishes the Eastern Association

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6
Q

The Civil War: February 1643

A
  • Oxford Treaty negotiations begin

- Parliament’s weekly Assessment Ordinance

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7
Q

The Civil War: April 1643

A
  • Oxford Treaty negotiations collapse

- Parliament’s Sequestration Ordinance

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8
Q

The Civil War: May 1643

A
  • Parliament’s Compulsory Loans Ordinance
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9
Q

The Civil War: July 1643

A
  • Parliament’s Excise Ordinance
  • Royalists capture Bristol
  • Battle of Lansdown Hill
  • Battle of Roundway Down
  • –> All three were ROYALIST VICTORIES
  • Westminster Assembly begins discussions on a new Church settlement
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10
Q

The Civil War: August 1643

A
  • Siege of Gloucester begins
  • Parliament’s Impressment Ordinance
  • Solemn League and Covenant sees Parliament ally with Scotland
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11
Q

The Civil War: September 1643

A
  • Parliament relieves the Siege of Gloucester <– PARLIAMENTARY VICTORY
  • King signs Cessation Treaty with the Irish
  • First Battle of Newbury
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12
Q

The Civil War: January 1644

A
  • Royalist Parliament meets at Oxford

- Scottish Army enters England

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13
Q

The Civil War: June 1644

A
  • Siege of York

- Battle of Cropredy Bridge

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14
Q

The Civil War: July 1644

A
  • Battle of Marston Moor <– PARLIAMENTARY VICTORY
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15
Q

The Civil War: August 1644

A
  • Essex defeated at Lostwithiel, Cornwall <– ROYALIST VICTORY
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16
Q

The Civil War: October 1644

A
  • Second Battle of Newbury
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17
Q

The Civil War: November 1644

A
  • Political rift in Parliament between Independents and Presbyterians
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18
Q

The Civil War: February 1645

A
  • Parliament’s New Model Ordinance
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19
Q

The Civil War: April 1645

A
  • Parliament’s Self-Denying Ordinance
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20
Q

The Civil War: June 1645

A
  • Battle of Naseby <– PARLIAMENTARY VICTORY
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21
Q

The Civil War: July 1645

A
  • Battle of LANGPORT <– PARLIAMENTARY VICTORY
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22
Q

The Civil War: August 1645

A
  • Parliament’s Ordinance establishing a national Presbyterian church
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23
Q

The Civil War: September 1645

A
  • Parliament captures Bristol <– PARLIAMENTARY VICTORY
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24
Q

The Civil War: May 1646

A
  • Charles I surrenders to the Scots
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25
Q

The Civil War: June 1646

A
  • Oxford surrenders to Parliament, end of the war <– PARLIAMENTARY SUCCESS
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26
Q

The Civil War: List of key Royalist victories

A

July 1643

  • Royalists capture Bristol
  • Battle of Lansdown Hill
  • Battle of Roundway Down

August 1643
- (initially successful, later quashed) Siege of Gloucester

August 1644
- Essex defeated as Lostwithiel, Cornwall

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27
Q

The Civil War: List of key Parliamentary victories

A

September 1643
- Parliament relieves the siege of Gloucester

July 1644
- Battle of Marston Moor

June 1645
- Battle of Naseby

July 1645
-Battle of Langport

September 1645
- Parliament captures Bristol

May 1646
- King surrenders to the Scots (allied with Parliament as of August 1643)

June 1646
- Oxford surrenders to Parliament, end of war

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28
Q

Why was Charles in a strong position in 1643?

A
  • Potential for a ‘three pronged strategy’ (Coward): Northern army under Newcastle to march South, Western Army to march towards London, King’s forces keep Parliamentary army occupied in the Thames Valley
  • Henrietta Maria returned from continent with arms and money
  • Several early victories
  • Charles had legitimacy as he was divinely ordained, making it easy for him to appoint and command executive officers
  • Edgehill showed that this would be a drawn out conflict, and Parliament didn’t adapt. Restricted milita to local defence and field army of 20 000 foot and 5000 calvary to command of essex.
  • Parliament not united in pursuit of an objective. Polarised opinion: Presbyterians wanted compromise, Independents wanted to impose harsh terms like 19 propositions
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29
Q

The Scottish Solemn League and Covenant vs The Irish Cessation

A

Solemn League and Covenant:

  • Scots would enter the war
  • In return, Parliament would impose compulsory Presbyterianism in England
  • -> Scottish Army of 20 000 under Earl of Leven crosses the border in January 1644

Effectiveness?

  • Key in Battle of Marston Moor
  • Royalist army emerged in Scotland under the Earl of Montrose, so Leven was reluctant to march too far South
  • Divided Parliament and gave Royalists a propaganda tool

The Cessation:

  • Charles sanctioned a truce in Ireland
  • In return, 10 000 Protestant soldiers would fight in England
  • Later appealed to Confederate Association/POPE for armed support

Effectiveness?

  • Interpreted in England as appeasing Irish Catholicism
  • Collapse of English authority –> Irish establish Confederate Association. In exchange for peace, they wanted Catholicism and recovery of land from Protestant settlers
  • -> “To less military advantage and at greater cost to public sentiment” - Worden
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30
Q

The tide turns, signs of Parliamentary success in 1643

A
  • Earl of Newcastle threatened Eastern Association counties, but in his inaction allowed Earl of Manchester to raise 20 000
  • October: Cromwell meets up with Yorkshire Calvary under Sir Thomas Fairfax, substantial calvary at Winceby
  • Fairfax sallies out (goes on military mission) to Hull and overruns Newcastle’s siegeworks
  • -> Newcastle withdraws to Yory
  • —–> Manchester captures Lincoln
  • Earl of Essex relieves Gloucester and defies Royalists at Battle of Newbury
  • Two new armies: under Sir William Waller and the Eastern Association
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31
Q

The significance of the relieving of Gloucester as a turning point

A

Gentles:

  • The relief prevented Royalist forces in West, Midlands and Wales into coherent force
  • Boosted morale
  • “It was a symbolic turning point that broke the run of Royalist victories
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32
Q

Events of the siege of Gloucester

A
  • Gloucester was key, as if it fell, it would create an unbroken Royalist blockade from Shrewsbury to Bristol, and from Wales to Oxford
  • City was well defended, had been preparing for a year
  • Essex leaves london on 23 August with 15 000 men
  • Essex’s approach causes King to abandon siege rather than fight with back to a hostile city
  • Essex approaches city, Royal forces come from behind
  • Culminated in Battle of Newbury, Essex finds way through Royal forces
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33
Q

The nature of fighting in the Civil War: Parliamentarians dead or captured

A

Killed: 34 141
Captured 34 493

47% perished in skirmishes of less than 200 dead

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34
Q

The nature of fighting in the Civil War: Royalists dead or captured

A

Killed: 50 597
Captured: 83 041

47% perished in skirmishes of less than 200 dead

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35
Q

The nature of fighting in the Civil War: Deaths by accident or disease

A

Killed in combat: 84 738
Killed by disease: 100 000
Accidents: 300
Bishops’ Wars: 500

Royalist: We bury more fingers and toes than we do men.”

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36
Q

Percentage of English population killed in Civil War

A
  • 3.6 %, making it proportionately the bloodiest conflict in English history
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37
Q

Battle of Edgehill

A

Background:

  • Both sides wanted quick end
  • Charles raises 12 000 on Welsh borders and marches towards London
  • Essex’s army goes to Midlands, armies meet

The Battle:

  • 23rd October 1642
  • King deploys on Edgehill, trying to provoke Essex to attack uphill
  • Essex arranges forces on flat plain 2 miles away
  • Even matched, 15 000 to each side
  • Charles attacks first. Rupert and Wilmot charge and scatter on left and right wings respectively
  • Parliamentary infantry in centre stand strong and drive against Royalist infantry
  • 3000 dead, both armies depleted, Charles considers advance towards London and sets up base in Oxford
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38
Q

Events immediately after the Battle of Edgehill, 23rd October 1642 - The Battle of Turnham Green

A
  • Essex’s forces make it to London before Prince Rupert’s
  • Advance on London galvanises Parliamentarian response
  • -> New army of London trained bands (militia) block Rupert’s forces at Turnham green on the 13th November 1642
  • —–> Royalists retreat to Oxford
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39
Q

The Oxford Treaty

A

February 1643-April 1643

  • New attempt at peace negotiations under pressure from House of Lords
  • Milder 19 Propositions, with new clauses against Papists
  • New fear of Catholicism after Sir Thomas Fairfax intercepts correspondance between Charles and Newcastle encouraging employment of Catholics in Northern Army
  • Charles refused to cooperate, negotiations dragged on into Spring of 1643 but no progress made. Charles believed he was winning, wanted outright victory, and to then revoke concessions made in 1640-42
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40
Q

Loss of life in Scotland and Ireland

A
  • Scotland 6%

- Ireland 41%

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41
Q

Impact of war at a local level

A
  • Almost every town hastily garrisoned in anticipation of its use in battle
  • 100 + towns besieged for one month or more
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42
Q

Royalist fiscal policy in the war

A
  • “Conservative” (Smith)
  • contribution levied from traditional rating lists
  • Very little of this money came to Oxford in 1645 –> Soldiers in arrears who were more likely to plunder
43
Q

Parliamentary fiscal policy in the war

A

Committee for the Advance of Money created, November 1642

Committee for Sequestrations established March 1643 to confiscate and redistribute Catholic and Royalist estates
–> 5000 estates seized, if estate was poor then it could be reclaimed for heavy fine

February 1643, weekly assessment (later monthly) equivalent to a Parliamentary subsidy every fortnight

July 1643, excise on commodities such as beer and salt

Taxes seen as illegal and caused much resentment. Kent paid more monthly in 1645-6 than it did annually in Ship Money

44
Q

Judicial reform by Parliament

A
  • Parliament allowed to seize property and goods
  • Habeas Corpus (you have a body, right to demand explaination for detention) and right to fair trial are revoked
  • Lord Wharton 1643: “They were not tied to law for these are times of neccesity and
45
Q

Judicial policy by Charles

A
  • Sequestratian policy was to formally indict subject for treason
  • Local approval sought for contributions and forced loans
  • Support of traditional local courts whilst Parliament suppressed them
46
Q

Religious reform by Parliament in the Civil War

A

1643-6

  • CofE, episcopacy, Prayer book, Cathedrals, church courts, Kalendar (festivals of Xmas and Easter) abolished
  • Laud tried in the summer of 1644, executed in January 1645 (pressure from Scots)
  • New wave of iconoclasm
  • Attempt to establish Presbyterian Church based on Scottish Kirk, and national synod in close collaboration with Parliament
  • New service book, the Directory of Public Worship
  • -> Limited success, new church system only took hold in about 10 counties
  • Independents rejected this and demanded liberty of consciences and congregations
47
Q

Despite religious reform in 1643-6, what was the attitude of many?

A
  • Return to old Elizabethan church
  • Prayer book
  • Xmas and Easter
  • Ministers rejected by Committee of Scandalous Ministers secretly reinstated and asked to preach old liturgies
48
Q

Women in the Civil War

A
  • Women outnumbered men in sects, sprouting fear of gender role inversion
  • Men in arms caused dislocation from a woman’s position as a submissive householder. Many held administrative positions and cared for estates
  • Lady Mary Verney negotiated with Parliamentarians for the return of sequestrated estates
  • Greater risk from childbirth or miscarriage in wartime
49
Q

Families in the Civil War

A
  • Some placed sectarian loyalties over family ties
  • ‘by the sword divided’
  • Some men fought against family members
  • However, on the whole, families drew together
50
Q

Resources enjoyed by the King

A
  • Leather in the west
  • Iron for canon and weapons
  • Cities
    (i) York 10 000 +
    (ii) Shrewsbury 5000 +
    (iii) Worcester 5000 +
    (iv) Oxford 5000 +

-Population overall (cities): 25 000+

51
Q

Resources enjoyed by the Parliament

A
  • Coal in Newcastle
  • Ports at Hull, Southhampton, Exeter, Plymouth, Tenby
  • Iron
  • Leather
  • Cloth
  • Armouries in London and Hull
  • Cities
    (i) Newcastle 1000+
    (ii) Hull 5000+
    (iii) Norwich 20 000 +
    (iv) Cambridge 5000+
    (v) London 350 000- 400 000
    (vi) Southampton 5000+
    (vii) Bristol 10 000+
    (viii) Exeter 5000+
    (ix) Plymouth 5000+
    (x) Tenby 5000+
    (xi) Gloucester 5000+

-Population overall (cities): 475 000 max

52
Q

Resources in the Civil War: Food in the Army

A
  • Rations in both forces were a pound of bread or biscuit and half a pound of cheese with variation. Ie Beef>Cheese and some were given ale
  • Beef, mutton, pork and bacon
  • Army ate better than the Navy
  • Garrisoned soldiers ate better than men on the march
  • Food delivered, and soldiers would have sum docked from pay
  • However, normally soldiers were simply expected to purchase food from locals
  • When in arrears or unpaid, they ate freely and the provider was given redeemable vouchers
  • Travelling market, strategic advantage of concentrated army force that did not have to disperse and find food
  • Chamber of London opened private bank Parliament could borrow from, reassuring private market that they would be in demand
53
Q

Resources in the Civil War: Armour

A
  • London, Bristol, Birmingham all key
  • London produced 30 000 Pikes, 102 000 swords, 111 000 firearms between 1642-6
  • Firearms halfed in price from 1642-5
  • Both sides created powder mills when reserves
  • Chronic shortage of saltpetre and brinestone so had to be imported (ports helped)
  • Scots and Irish imported. Irish confederate gunpowder industry from imports never aided royalists!
  • Both sides had resources to build canon and ammo
54
Q

Was Charles defeated on account of inferior resources?

A
  • Not entirely, according to Ian Roy
  • Oxford was centre of manafacture
  • Royalist output exceeded Scottish, despite it being dwarfed by Parliament’s
  • Ireland required imports, with no local production. Had the imports arrived faster in 1641 the Catholic insurgents might have taken Dublin
55
Q

Resources in the Civil War: Clothing and Equipment

A
  • Workers fashioned coats, stockings, skirts, breeches, knapsack (rucksack), shoes
  • Specialised workforce required, hard to come by
  • Civil War outbreak caused shortage of clothes, Confederates in Ireland suffered least
  • Parliament supplied by East Anglia
  • Royalists supplied by Gloucestershire
  • Scotland had independent industries
  • Wool and Cloth were largest industries in the three Kingdoms
  • New Model Army all wore red coats, first English army to have a uniform
  • 23 shillings was the maximum price for an outfit
56
Q

Resources in the Civil War

A
  • Wherever possible, goods were transported by water
  • Hazards for water transport were tides, winds, privateers and enemy ships
  • Charles created substitute navy in 1643
  • Parliament controlled the real navy
  • Horses were preferred as animal transport but were expensive to feed
  • Thames used to transport Parliamentary supplies from London
  • Goods moved by road protected with armed escorts anc convoys
  • Scorched Earth policy (destroying anything that might be advantageous to the enemy) meant food had to be imported
  • Artillery was difficult to move
57
Q

Parliamentary Ordinances of 1643: Assessment Ordinance

A

February

- Weekly tax on each county

58
Q

Parliamentary Ordinances of 1643: Sequestration Ordinance

A

March

- Confiscation of estates. Managed by local officials, and any profits went to the Parliamentary war effort

59
Q

Parliamentary Ordinances of 1643: Compulsory Loans Ordinance

A

May
- Those worth a) £10 annually in land or £100 annually in goods was to lend 1/5 of estate revenue or 1/2 goods profit to Parliament

60
Q

Parliamentary Ordinances of 1643: Excise Ordinance

A

July

- Sales tax on wide range of goods and commodities

61
Q

Parliamentary Ordinances of 1643: Impressment Ordinance

A

August
- Introduction of conscription to Parliamentary forces

—> Desertion. Earl of Bedford had 1/2 infantry deserted in Sherborne campaign, 1643

62
Q

Problem with taxation in the war

A
  • Taxation was not centralised enough so the money raised was not redistributed to where it was needed most
  • Morrill: >2% of tax from Cheshire pre March 1645 left county
63
Q

Key battle: The Battle of Newbury

A

Background
- August 1643, Earl of Essex comes to relieve the Siege of Gloucester by Royalists. Charles retreats, circles round Essex’s forces and attempts to block his retreat back to London

Royalists

  • Prince Rupert commanded 6000 cavalry
  • Jacob Astley commanded 8000 foot
  • Charles orders that they establish defensive positions West of Newbury

Parliamentarians
-Robert Devereux brings 10 000 foot and 4000 Cavalry, and sets up on Round Hill

The Battle

  • John Byron leads charge at Round Hill position and fails to capture it
  • Royalists suffer ammo shortages
  • Byron and Rupert protest, but Charles orders withdrawal to Oxford

Key factors: Tactics, resources, cowardice in Royalists vs brave Parliamentarians

64
Q

Key battle: Background to the Battle of Marston Moor

A

Background
- Scots joined Parliament’s forces to lay siege to Royalist city of York in 1644. In June, Prince Rupert rides to save earl of Newcastle and his forces. 2nd July, Royalists confront the Parliamentarians on Marston Moor

65
Q

Key battle: The Battle of Marston Moor

A

The Battle

  • Parliamentary army is largest ever assembled, commanded by Cromwell, Manchester and Fairfax
  • Edward Montague and Thomas Fairfax order Parliamentary retreat back to Tadcaster to prevent Newcastle’s forces getting away
  • Prince Rupert returns to tent to have dinner and army relax
  • Cromwell charges Byron’s forces, they counterattack and block line of fire for own Musketeers
  • Fairfax charges other wing, Goring attacks and scatters them
  • Infantry attack Royalists
  • Cromwell’s forces regroup to protect infantry
  • Earl of Newcastle and his forces resisted repeated attacks until 30 remained
  • 3000 Royalists killed, 4500 captured, whilst Parliament lost only 300
  • Rupert retreats with remaining troops to Chester to form new Royalist army
66
Q

Key factors in the outcome of the Battle of Marston Moor

A

Key Factors

  • Poor attitude. Newcastle’s troops didn’t assemble out of city until paid. Were later slaughtered
  • Gorings attacks, tactically a poor choice
  • Superior army (NMA)
67
Q

Key battle: the Battle of Naseby

A

14th June 1645

  • Prince Rupert charges left wing of Parliamentary cavalry, it scatters, Rupert gives chase
  • Simultaneously, Cromwell attacks left wing of Royalist cavalry. Surviving Royalists flee
  • Cromwell’s troops who didn’t give chase attack the undefended infantry
  • Charles I orders 1200 reserves to retreat
  • -> Infantry surrender
  • Rupert’s cavalry return, too tired to fight Parliamentarians, they turn and chase after Charles
  • 1000 imprisoned, 4500 captured, Royalist stock of ammo and weapons captured
  • Key turning point: Charles no longer able to raise and supply capable army*
68
Q

Key factors in the outcome of Naseby

A
  • Ideology, NMA ideologically committed
  • Resources, NMA better paid, King had 8000, NMA was 14 000
  • Individuals, Cromwell inspired soldiers, better clothed
  • Leadership, poor decision by Charles not to involve reserves, Rupert was away from fighting, Cromwell designed order of battle. Cromwell saved left flank with dragoons, and Fairfax reformed line for advance by entire army
  • Religion: Puritanism boosted morale
69
Q

The different factions within the ‘Parliamentarians’

A
  • Peace party
  • Non-aligned majority
  • ‘War party’
  • Radicals
  • –> King pursued one objective, but opinion in Parliament about what would constitute a ‘victory’ was clearly divided
70
Q

The ‘Peace party’ in Parliament

A

Aim: To end the war swiftly, preferably through negotiation, and without losing the achievements of 1641

Key members: 
Denzil Holles (one of 5 members) 
John Maynard 
Sir Simmons D'Ewes 
Earl of Northumberland 
Earl of Holland
71
Q

The Non-aligned majority in Parliament

A

Aim: N/a
Membership: the majority of MPs at Westminster

72
Q

The ‘War Party’ in Parliament

A

Aim: to negotiate terms from a strong, dominant position, but not wishing to exceed the terms of 1641 by too much

Key membership:
John Pym (One of 5 members, died Dec 1643)
John Hampden (One of 5 members, died June 1643)
Lord Saye and Sele
Lord Brooke
Earl of Essex + Earl of Manchester (later defected to ‘Peace party’)
Earl of Bedford
Earl of Warwick
Oliver Cromwell

73
Q

The Radicals in Parliament

A

Aim: Permanent constitutional changes. To win, they would have to

(i) Prevent defection to Royalists
(ii) Prevent ‘Peace party’ from reaching poor settlement terms
(iii) Convince everyone they would not drive the country to revolution

74
Q

Parliamentarian defection to the Royalists in the Civil War

A
  • 44 MPs defected to Royalists in August 1642, mostly during crisis of 1643 when the King was in the strongest position
75
Q

The emergence of new Parliamentary factions in 1644

A
  • John Pym and John Hampden die in December and June of that year. Two most important figures
  • Independents and Presbyterians emerge, roughly equivalent to the ‘War’ and ‘Peace’ parties
  • Peace party in 1643 to see Scottish alliance as a means of prolonging the conflict. In 1644, they saw Presbyterianism* as the best way to control radicals and reach settlement
  • War party in 1643 used to push for a Scottish alliance, but now saw Presbyterianism as a threat to religious liberty and to an acceptable settlement with the King
  • Presbyterianism: Under the terms of the Solemn League and Covenant, a Presbyterian church would be established in England in return for Scottish aid
76
Q

Disagreement between Oliver Cromwell and the Earl of Manchester in 1644

A
  • Scottish officers accused Cromwell of promoting Independents>Presbyterians in the Eastern Association (run by Earl of Manchester)
  • Earl of Manchester at first agreed with Cromwell that service>religious beliefs.
  • Earl of Manchester’s primary concern was maintaining a good relationship with the Scots.
  • Marston Moor proved how important they were, BUT Cromwell was disappointed with their performance, preferring the work of his NMA whose beliefs contrasted with the Scots. Critical of Scottish intolerance and Parliament’s imposition of Presbyterianism
  • Battle of Newbury defeat by Royalist army 1/2 its size –> Argument between Cromwell and Manchester
77
Q

The Presbyterians

A

Peace party—> Presbyterians after 1643 and Scottish alliance

Key members:

  • Denzil Holles (one of five members)
  • Essex and Manchester came to support this view

Dominant at the end of the war

78
Q

The Independents

A

War party—> Independents after 1643
- Reacted against the Scottish alliance which the War party had negotiated
- Named after independents who opposed Scottish interference
- Power not through Parliament, but through NMA
Key members:
- Lord Saye and Sele
- Henry Ireton
- Sir Arthur Haselrig
- Oliver Cromwell

79
Q

How was the political crisis in Parliament solved in 1644?

The Self-Denying Ordinance, April 1645

A
  • Proposed by Lord Saye and Sele in Lords
  • Proposed by Cromwell in Commons
  • Resign all military positions, and place all forces under command of professional soldiers
  • Idea of self denying appealed to Godly men
  • Placed private, wealthy regiments in good hands. Benefits NMA hugely
80
Q

Formation of the NMA

A
  • “Far from springing from a desire for ‘consensus’ and unity, the NMA was a factional project from its outset”
    ^ disagrees with Kishlansky’s thesis
  • Amalgamation of the armies of Earl of Essex, Sir William Waller and the Earl of Manchester in Spring of 1645
  • Officially the New Model Ordinance in February 1645
81
Q

Organisation of the NMA

A
  • 6600 Cavalry
  • 1000 Dragoons (mounted)
  • 14 400 Infantry
  • 22 000 men and 2300 officers
82
Q

Financing the NMA

A
  • Paid for with monthly assessment of £53 000
  • -> Became £60 000
  • —–> £120 000 in 1649
  • Foot paid 76% of the time
  • Cavalry paid 58% of the time
83
Q

Leadership in the NMA

A
  • Not members of Commons or Lords as of the Self Denying Ordinance, April 1645
  • Thomas Fairfax was commander-in-chief
  • 5 Generals
    1) Fairfax
    2) Cromwell
    3) Skipton
    4) Ireton
    5) Hammond
84
Q

Discipline in NMA

A
  • Harsh discipline imposed by Sir Thomas Fairfax
  • Drunkenness, swearing, blasphemy and fornication frowned upon, despite being regular occurences in regular militia
  • Alcoholism punished with wooden horse
  • Sexual transgression punished with whipping and being cashiered (ritually dismissed)
  • Blasphemy punished with boring of tongue with hot iron
85
Q

Religious and Political ideas in NMA

A
  • Frequent reference to religious ideas in announcements
  • Varying degrees of religious commitment. Some had been conscripted, and some only wished to further their military career
  • Aside from Thomas Hammond, all generals were devout Puritans
  • Regular sermons from chaplains part of military life
  • Standards (flags) included mottos with religious foundations ie ‘pray and fight’ (Skipton)
  • Fasts and prayers common in difficult times
  • “Calvanistic puritanism” turned them into “men of iron” (Gentles)
86
Q

Who was weakened by the victory of Fairfax over the composition of the NMA officer lists?

A
  • Presbyterians
  • Scots
  • Lord Generals
87
Q

What was significant about Fairfax’s commission as commander of the NMA ?

A
  • Deleted clause about protecting the King’s person

- Illusion that fighting evil councillors abandoned

88
Q

A year of victories(?) for the NMA, June 1645-June 1646

A
  • Naseby was a close call, as Rupert charged the Parliamentary left wing lead by inexperienced Henry Ireton
  • Skipton wounded early, concerted effort by Fairfax and Cromwell saved the day (Cromwell saved infantry, Fairfax reformed line)
  • Langport, Royalist cavalry destroyed
  • Sieged fortresses fell (Bridgewater, Sherborne, Berkeley Castle, Devizes, Basing and Tiverton)
  • Bath and Bristol infantry both fell
  • Oxford taken shortly after Charles fled and surrendered to the Scots
89
Q

Impact of the NMA on Parliament, politics and administration

A
  • Created market for London merchants who could supply the army with food from a mobile market
  • Committee for the Array created in March 1645 to oversee military logistics of NMA
  • –> Derby House Committee 1646-9 was central in struggle to control the military
  • Aristocratic supporters of army (Ie Ireton) key in Heads of Proposals 1647
  • Self Denying Ordinances April 1645, Fairfax nominates 200 new officers. When Lords resisted, they persuaded London Common Council to make £80 000 for NMA conditional on the list being passed
  • “The Lords were finally browbeaten into accepting the new army by having the rug pulled out from under their feet”
90
Q

Why did Parliament win the Civil War? - The geographical factor

A
  • North, Midlands, South West, Wales under Royal control
    BUT
  • Parliamentarian strongholds in Royalist areas that could be used to disrupt Royalist operations and deploy troops
  • Parliament had wealthy South East, and London was key financially
  • London had more people than the next 50 cities and towns combined. 475 000 in Parliament’s cities, only 25 000 in Charles’. More people=greater tax base
  • Scottish army post 1644 meant Northern Royalist army could not be deployed elsewhere
91
Q

Why did Parliament win the Civil War? - London

A
  • Charles left London in 1642
  • London was very well developed and populated
  • 10% of the country’s population, but 70% of its trade
  • Port, well connected
  • Cash loans from merchant class
92
Q

Miller on resources as the cause of Parliament’s victory

A

-If wars are won by superior resources, Parliament was in the stronger position

93
Q

Why did Parliament win the Civil War? - Finances

A
  • Cash loans from London
  • Control of London, economy dwarfed that of Charles’ Northern and Western territories
  • Charles was too conservative in his approach, tax not levied at great enough rate. Leading Royalist: “…incurable disease of money”
  • Parliament adapted, whilst Royal fiscal policy remained conservative. Ie Assessment raised at 12* rate of Ship Money
  • Assessment, Sequestration, Compulsory Loans, Excise
  • 1643-1650, English paid 10*+ the tax they did in 1630s
94
Q

Why did Parliament win the Civil War? - Leadership

A
  • Charles showed poor military leadership ie at Naseby with retreat
  • Others included Prince Rupert who failed at Marston Moor
  • Committees at central and localised level. Only two needed to provide quorum (number of officials needed to make a decision)
95
Q

Why did Parliament win the Civil War? - Armies

A
  • Conscription under assessment Ordinance
  • Desertion higher in Royal forces
  • NMA had good discipline, was well financed, had strong morale and religious convictions and was led by experienced soldiers
  • Royalists had conflicting commanders (Ie Prince Rupert, Charles’ decision to retreat at Marston Moor was contested by Lord Byron and Prince Rupert
96
Q

Why did Parliament win the Civil War? - Battles

A
  • ## Siege of Gloucester/Newport amount to a significant ‘watershed’ (Smith). Broke Royal block from Shrewsbury to Bristol and Wales to Oxford
97
Q

Why did Parliament win the Civil War? - External intervention

A
  • Scottish alliance with Parliament in the Solemn League and Covenant of August 1643. Scottish army of 20 000 under Earl of Leven, crosses border January 1644
  • Trapped Royalist Northern army, who could not move for fear that Scots would advance
  • Scots played significant role at Marston Moor in 1644
  • Irish Cessation with Charles was less advantageous, and the alliance could be used as a propaganda tool by Parliament
98
Q

Why did Parliament win the Civil War? - The Navy

A
  • Navy prevented Charles from blockading London
  • Navy had potential to block coal from Newcastle
  • Parliament spent £800 000 on navy annually to ensure it was fighting fit
99
Q

What happened to Essex’s army at Lostwithiel?

A
  • Essex marched West to relieve besieged garrisons, hoping to repeat the success at Gloucester. He was blocked by the King and forced to surrender his army at Lostwithiel in Cornwall when he escaped by sea
100
Q

Why was there a stalemate in the Midlands?

A
  • Batlle of Cheriton in Sussex prevented a Royalist advance south-east, but Waller’s army performed badly at Cropredy Bridge in Oxfordshire
  • King controlled South-West
  • Diminished confidence in Parliamentary commanders: Essex was not a strong candidate after the loss of his army at lostwithiel, Waller wan’t either after Roundway Down and Cropredy Bridge –> Self Denying Ordinances of April 1645
101
Q

Key battle: background to the Battle of Naseby

A
  • May 1645: NMA move to besiege Oxford and challenge Charles’ dominance in the West
  • Charles sacks Leicester to distract them
  • Fairfax abandons Oxford efforts and moves North to confront them at Naseby
102
Q

Which historians downplay the significance of the NMA?

A
  • Ronald Hutton

- John Morrill

103
Q

How did Parliament’s forces conquer the West?

A
  • NMA beat Royalists on 10th July 1645 at Battle of Langport
  • Fairfax takes Bridgewater, isolating King from Royalist forces
  • Prince Rupert surrendered Bristol
  • King plans to move to Scotland to continue, but Scots defeat Montrose at Battle of Philipphaugh
  • Oct 1645-April 1646, NMA ‘mop up’ in West taking Somerset, Devon and Cornwall
104
Q

The King’s surrender

A
  • Fugitive, running between garrisons and Oxford
  • Opens negotiations with Covenanters in March 1646
  • Left Oxford, disguised, in April. Couldn’t escape to France so surrenders to Scots
  • Newark, Oxford and Raglan Castle surrender in May and June
  • -> 19th August 1646, First Civil War over.

History: England 1625-1660 (7 decks)

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