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Geography Paper 2 - Human Geography > Section C - Migration, Identity, and Sovereignty - EQ3 - What are the Impacts of Global Organisations on Managing Global Issues and Conflicts? > Flashcards

Section C - Migration, Identity, and Sovereignty - EQ3 - What are the Impacts of Global Organisations on Managing Global Issues and Conflicts? Flashcards

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1
Q

Environmental IGOs - UNCLOS - What is it and what problem is it addressing?

A

United Nations Convention om the Law of the Sea - Law and order in the world’s oceans and seas

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2
Q

Environmental IGOs - UNCLOS - How have they attempted to resolve the issue?

A

Set up legal framework for all ocean activities and have details rules and highlighted rights and responsibilities of those who operate in the oceans

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3
Q

Environmental IGOs - UNCLOS - Successes

A

Protection of maritime environment and conservation of maritime resources and reduce conflict in the sea

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4
Q

Environmental IGOs - UNCLOS - Failures

A

Non universal ratification EG US and illegal fishing

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5
Q

Environmental IGOs - Montreal Protocol - What is it and what problem is it addressing?

A

An international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion

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6
Q

Environmental IGOs - Montreal Protocol - How have they attempted to resolve the problem?

A

A faze out of ozone depleting substances and control methods on consumption production and trade on ozone depleting substances

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7
Q

Environmental IGOs - Montreal Protocol - Successes

A

Ozone layer recovery, global cooperation, technical advancements in the field

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8
Q

Environmental IGOs - Montreal Protocol - Failures

A

Some countries who are part of the protocol are struggling to meet their goals and some countries are concerned that financial help is not fair and equal

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9
Q

Environmental IGOs - CITES - What is CITES and what problem is it addressing

A

Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species and Flora and Fauna

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10
Q

Environmental IGOs - CITES - How have they attempted to resolve the problem?

A

Licensing, trade bans, species protection

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11
Q

Environmental IGOs - CITES - Successes

A

35,000 animals and plants are protected by the conventions

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12
Q

Environmental IGOs - CITES - Failures

A

Consists of gov decisions and its decision making is rooted in the political and economic situation of member states

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13
Q

Environmental IGOs - UN Water Convention - What is it and what problem is it seeking to resolve?

A

1997 more than 100 nations gathered to adopt a flexible convention that established basic rules and cooperation between watercourse states on the use, management and protection of international water sources

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14
Q

Environmental IGOs - UN Water Convention - How is it attempting to resolve the issue?

A

Secure water sources by facilitating negotiations

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15
Q

Environmental IGOs - UN Water Convention - Successes

A

Has mostly seen good uptake and respect with 39 signatories

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16
Q

Environmental IGOs - UN Water Convention - Failures

A

Neither China nor India have ratified the agreement, so rivers that supply 1.4 billion people are not part of the convention

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17
Q

Environmental IGOs - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - What is it and what problems is it seeking to address?

A

Rising levels of global warming negatively impacting the world’s ecosystems

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18
Q

Environmental IGOs - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - How is it attempting to stop the issue?

A

Conducting a global assessment of the earth’s ecosystems and the services they provide before issuing warning that we need to act now before it is too late

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19
Q

Environmental IGOs - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Successes

A

Was a thorough report conducted by 1300 experts that issues detailed warnings about the future of climate change

20
Q

Environmental IGOs - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Failures

A

Largely been ignored

21
Q

Environmental IGOs - Antarctic Treaty - What is it and what problems is it seeking to address?

A

Trying to get actors to use Antarctica as an area of scientific advancement and cooperation and prevent international discord and territorial claims

22
Q

Environmental IGOs - Antarctic Treaty - How is it attempting to address the issue?

A

The treaty states that Antarctica should be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, bans military practices, promotes international scientific cooperation, prohibits nuclear tests, and more

23
Q

Environmental IGOs - Antarctic Treaty - Successes

A

The Treaty now has 53 signatories and the terms of the treaty have never been violated – one of the most successful international treaties around

24
Q

Environmental IGOs - Antarctic Treaty - Failures

A

Due to run out in 2048 so will have to figure out what to do with that

25
Q

Economic and social IGOs - UN - What problem is it addressing?

A

Tackles human rights, environmental, health and economic problems

26
Q

Economic and social IGOs - UN - How is it seeking to resolve the issue?

A

Peacekeeping force, make programmes or organisations to deal with specific issues

27
Q

Economic and social IGOs - UN - Successes

A

Lots of successful incentives, programmes, etc, effective peacekeeping force EG DRC

28
Q

Economic and social IGOs - UN - Failures

A

The United Nations’ incompetence in preventing the genocide of the Bosnian Muslims, and the great powers’ hesitance to intervene cost the world the lives of more than 100,000 Bosniaks

29
Q

Economic and social IGOs - World Bank - What is it and what problems is it seeking to address?

A

International financial institution that provides loans and grants to the govs of low and middle income countries for the purpose of pursing capital projects

30
Q

Economic and social IGOs - World Bank - How have they attempted to resolve the issue?

A

They provide loans and grants to developing nations to allow them to use this fund to increase economic activity

31
Q

Economic and social IGOs - World Bank - Successes

A
  • Low interest loans
  • Gender equality
  • Removing poverty
  • Funding gov projects
32
Q

Economic and social IGOs - World Bank - Failures

A
  • Creates a climate where high levels of lending are good
  • Disregard for the environment and indigenous pops
  • Promotes inflation
  • Unfair work and labour conditions
33
Q

Economic and social IGOs - WTO - What is it and what problems is it seeking to address?

A

Promoting fair and free trade, reducing trade barriers and supporting economic development around the world

34
Q

Economic and social IGOs - WTO - How is it attempting to solve the issue?

A

Negotiating trade agreements, monitoring and enforcing trade rules, providing technical assistance and encouraging transparency and info-sharing

35
Q

Economic and social IGOs - WTO - Successes

A
  • Promotion of fair trade
  • Resolved trade disputes
  • Reduction of trade barriers
  • Expansion of membership
36
Q

Economic and social IGOs - WTO - Failures

A
  • Unequal benefits
  • Lack of progress in negotiations
  • Dispute settlement challenges
  • Criticism of accountability and transparency
37
Q

Economic and social IGOs - African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Trade Bloc - What is it and what problems is it seeking to resolve?

A

Trade relations between Sub-Saharan African nations and the US

38
Q

Economic and social IGOs - African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Trade Bloc - How is it attempting to resolve the issue?

A

Provides 36 sub-Saharan African countries with duty-free access to the US market

39
Q

Economic and social IGOs - African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Trade Bloc - Successes

A

Only 12 of the potential 48 beneficiaries have opted out of AGOA – shows large uptake – the countries who have taken it up have seen an increase in their economic fortunes

40
Q

Economic and social IGOs - African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Trade Bloc - Failures

A

Good governance is a quality to qualify for AGOA and not all countries have done this

41
Q

Economic and social IGOs - NAFTA - What is it and what problems is it seeking to address?

A
  • North American Free Trade Association
  • Seeking to eliminate trade barriers between countries and promote investment in trading industries while increasing economic growth for participating countries
42
Q

Economic and social IGOs - NAFTA - How is it attempting to resolve the issue?

A

Tariff elimination, streamlined regulations, investment protections, improved transportation, enhanced cooperation

43
Q

Economic and social IGOs - NAFTA - Successes

A

Indirect reduction of employment in the IS

44
Q

Economic and social IGOs - NAFTA - Failures

A

NAFTA doesn’t consider human rights violations/labour standards

45
Q

Jamaica and the SAPs

A
  • In the 1970s Jamaica built up debt paying for social programmes and in the 1980s inflation soared
  • IMF and World Bank imposed Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) in return for loans to stabilise the Jamaican economy
  • However SAPs failed to achieve their goal of economic development for Jamaica and by the end of the 1980s Jamaica’s debt had risen to 180% of GDP whereas it was only 61% of GDP in 1979
  • Shows ineffectiveness of IGOs such as the IMF and World Bank

Geography Paper 2 - Human Geography (14 decks)

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