Section C - Migration, Identity, and Sovereignty - EQ3 - What are the Impacts of Global Organisations on Managing Global Issues and Conflicts? Flashcards
Environmental IGOs - UNCLOS - What is it and what problem is it addressing?
United Nations Convention om the Law of the Sea - Law and order in the world’s oceans and seas
Environmental IGOs - UNCLOS - How have they attempted to resolve the issue?
Set up legal framework for all ocean activities and have details rules and highlighted rights and responsibilities of those who operate in the oceans
Environmental IGOs - UNCLOS - Successes
Protection of maritime environment and conservation of maritime resources and reduce conflict in the sea
Environmental IGOs - UNCLOS - Failures
Non universal ratification EG US and illegal fishing
Environmental IGOs - Montreal Protocol - What is it and what problem is it addressing?
An international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion
Environmental IGOs - Montreal Protocol - How have they attempted to resolve the problem?
A faze out of ozone depleting substances and control methods on consumption production and trade on ozone depleting substances
Environmental IGOs - Montreal Protocol - Successes
Ozone layer recovery, global cooperation, technical advancements in the field
Environmental IGOs - Montreal Protocol - Failures
Some countries who are part of the protocol are struggling to meet their goals and some countries are concerned that financial help is not fair and equal
Environmental IGOs - CITES - What is CITES and what problem is it addressing
Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species and Flora and Fauna
Environmental IGOs - CITES - How have they attempted to resolve the problem?
Licensing, trade bans, species protection
Environmental IGOs - CITES - Successes
35,000 animals and plants are protected by the conventions
Environmental IGOs - CITES - Failures
Consists of gov decisions and its decision making is rooted in the political and economic situation of member states
Environmental IGOs - UN Water Convention - What is it and what problem is it seeking to resolve?
1997 more than 100 nations gathered to adopt a flexible convention that established basic rules and cooperation between watercourse states on the use, management and protection of international water sources
Environmental IGOs - UN Water Convention - How is it attempting to resolve the issue?
Secure water sources by facilitating negotiations
Environmental IGOs - UN Water Convention - Successes
Has mostly seen good uptake and respect with 39 signatories
Environmental IGOs - UN Water Convention - Failures
Neither China nor India have ratified the agreement, so rivers that supply 1.4 billion people are not part of the convention
Environmental IGOs - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - What is it and what problems is it seeking to address?
Rising levels of global warming negatively impacting the world’s ecosystems
Environmental IGOs - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - How is it attempting to stop the issue?
Conducting a global assessment of the earth’s ecosystems and the services they provide before issuing warning that we need to act now before it is too late
Environmental IGOs - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Successes
Was a thorough report conducted by 1300 experts that issues detailed warnings about the future of climate change
Environmental IGOs - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Failures
Largely been ignored
Environmental IGOs - Antarctic Treaty - What is it and what problems is it seeking to address?
Trying to get actors to use Antarctica as an area of scientific advancement and cooperation and prevent international discord and territorial claims
Environmental IGOs - Antarctic Treaty - How is it attempting to address the issue?
The treaty states that Antarctica should be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, bans military practices, promotes international scientific cooperation, prohibits nuclear tests, and more
Environmental IGOs - Antarctic Treaty - Successes
The Treaty now has 53 signatories and the terms of the treaty have never been violated – one of the most successful international treaties around
Environmental IGOs - Antarctic Treaty - Failures
Due to run out in 2048 so will have to figure out what to do with that
Economic and social IGOs - UN - What problem is it addressing?
Tackles human rights, environmental, health and economic problems
Economic and social IGOs - UN - How is it seeking to resolve the issue?
Peacekeeping force, make programmes or organisations to deal with specific issues
Economic and social IGOs - UN - Successes
Lots of successful incentives, programmes, etc, effective peacekeeping force EG DRC
Economic and social IGOs - UN - Failures
The United Nations’ incompetence in preventing the genocide of the Bosnian Muslims, and the great powers’ hesitance to intervene cost the world the lives of more than 100,000 Bosniaks
Economic and social IGOs - World Bank - What is it and what problems is it seeking to address?
International financial institution that provides loans and grants to the govs of low and middle income countries for the purpose of pursing capital projects
Economic and social IGOs - World Bank - How have they attempted to resolve the issue?
They provide loans and grants to developing nations to allow them to use this fund to increase economic activity
Economic and social IGOs - World Bank - Successes
- Low interest loans
- Gender equality
- Removing poverty
- Funding gov projects
Economic and social IGOs - World Bank - Failures
- Creates a climate where high levels of lending are good
- Disregard for the environment and indigenous pops
- Promotes inflation
- Unfair work and labour conditions
Economic and social IGOs - WTO - What is it and what problems is it seeking to address?
Promoting fair and free trade, reducing trade barriers and supporting economic development around the world
Economic and social IGOs - WTO - How is it attempting to solve the issue?
Negotiating trade agreements, monitoring and enforcing trade rules, providing technical assistance and encouraging transparency and info-sharing
Economic and social IGOs - WTO - Successes
- Promotion of fair trade
- Resolved trade disputes
- Reduction of trade barriers
- Expansion of membership
Economic and social IGOs - WTO - Failures
- Unequal benefits
- Lack of progress in negotiations
- Dispute settlement challenges
- Criticism of accountability and transparency
Economic and social IGOs - African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Trade Bloc - What is it and what problems is it seeking to resolve?
Trade relations between Sub-Saharan African nations and the US
Economic and social IGOs - African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Trade Bloc - How is it attempting to resolve the issue?
Provides 36 sub-Saharan African countries with duty-free access to the US market
Economic and social IGOs - African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Trade Bloc - Successes
Only 12 of the potential 48 beneficiaries have opted out of AGOA – shows large uptake – the countries who have taken it up have seen an increase in their economic fortunes
Economic and social IGOs - African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Trade Bloc - Failures
Good governance is a quality to qualify for AGOA and not all countries have done this
Economic and social IGOs - NAFTA - What is it and what problems is it seeking to address?
- North American Free Trade Association
- Seeking to eliminate trade barriers between countries and promote investment in trading industries while increasing economic growth for participating countries
Economic and social IGOs - NAFTA - How is it attempting to resolve the issue?
Tariff elimination, streamlined regulations, investment protections, improved transportation, enhanced cooperation
Economic and social IGOs - NAFTA - Successes
Indirect reduction of employment in the IS
Economic and social IGOs - NAFTA - Failures
NAFTA doesn’t consider human rights violations/labour standards
Jamaica and the SAPs
- In the 1970s Jamaica built up debt paying for social programmes and in the 1980s inflation soared
- IMF and World Bank imposed Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) in return for loans to stabilise the Jamaican economy
- However SAPs failed to achieve their goal of economic development for Jamaica and by the end of the 1980s Jamaica’s debt had risen to 180% of GDP whereas it was only 61% of GDP in 1979
- Shows ineffectiveness of IGOs such as the IMF and World Bank