Section B - Regeneration Places - EQ1 - How and Why do Places Vary?

Question 1

Regeneration definition and rebranding definition?

Answer 1

• Regeneration is the long-term upgrading of existing places as well as more drastic urban renewal schemes for urban or rural location for social, economic or environmental gain
• It is connected to rebranding which centres on place marketing where places are given a new/enhanced identity to increase their attractiveness and socio-economic

Question 2

Economic sectors (5)

Answer 2

• Primary – Extraction of raw materials and producing food crops – Mining, forestry
• Secondary – Manufacturing and processing – mobile phone production, clothes
• Tertiary – Service sector, either in the private sector or public and voluntary sectors – Tourism, healthcare, education
• Quaternary – Providing specialist services in finance or law, or industries such as IT or biotechnology – Lawyer, IT worker
• Quinary - Where high level decisions are made by top level officials and CEOs - Gov officials and CEOs

Question 3

Economic sector trends since 1980? (4)

Answer 3

• Primary down 45%
• Secondary down 43%
• Tertiary up 49%
• Quaternary up 113%

Question 4

What are the five socio-economic reasons why places vary?

Answer 4

• Regional inequalities
• Variations in QoL
• Occupation and life expectancy
• Income and health
• Variations in educational achievement

Question 5

Socio-economic reasons why places vary - Regional inequalities - Incomes in London vs Northeast, comparison of London and Yorkshire economies

Answer 5

• Incomes vary regionally (London mean weekly wage = £700, Northeast mean weekly wage = £450)
• 58% of jobs in London are in the three highest income categories, while only 22% are in the lowest three, in comparison to a weaker knowledge economy such as Yorkshire, 41% of jobs are in the highest three income category, and 31% are in the lowest three

Question 6

Socio-economic reasons why places vary - Variations in QoL - South and North situation

Answer 6

Workers in the South do have higher average incomes, but houses and other important things are more expensive there – map suggests that affordability is more important than income

Question 7

Socio-economic reasons why places vary - Occupation and life expectancy - Difference in life expectancy between ‘higher managerial professionals’ and ‘routine workers’

Answer 7

There is a difference of 5-6 years life expectancy between ‘higher managerial professionals’ and ‘routine workers’

Question 8

Socio-economic reasons why places vary - Income and health - Link between deprivation and ‘not good’ health?

Answer 8

Clear link between deprivation on the lowest income and bad health – 2018 census showed 28% of the most deprived men have ‘not good’ health compared to 13% of the least deprived men

Question 9

Socio-economic reasons why places vary - Variations in economic achievement - How many adults in London have a uni degree compared to Northeast and what does this show?

Answer 9

40% of adults in London have a uni degree compared to 24% in the Northeast – shows that those with the highest qualifications are more likely to work in London and move there

Question 10

London Docklands - Background of the London Docklands - Functions of the Docklands in the 70s and how this changed, jobs lost 78-83 and people leaving 71-81

Answer 10

• Until the 1970s the Docklands were the UK’s largest docks
• However, as container ships became larger and cranes replaced workers, the docks fell into disuse
• Between 1978 and 1983 over 12,000 jobs were lost
• Between 1971 and 1981, the population of the East End fell by 100,000

Question 11

London Docklands - Regeneration in the Docklands - Who was tasked with regenerating the Docklands, who did this bring together, what type of regeneration was it, and what were they given?

Answer 11

• The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) was tasked with regenerating the docklands and encouraging growth
• It brought together key players such as property owners keen to purchase the land, architects, construction companies, and investors
• This process is known as market-led regeneration – letting the private sector make decisions about the future of the Docklands
• The LDDC was given planning permission, and tax breaks were applied on the land to attract investors

Question 12

London Docklands - What three areas was the Docklands regeneration focused on?

Answer 12

Economic growth, infrastructure, and housing

Question 13

London Docklands - Economic growth - Flagship project, aims, how many commuters today, problems?

Answer 13

• The LDDC’s flagship project was Canary Wharf, now London’s second Central Business District (CBD)
• The drive behind this regeneration was to create high-earning jobs and a trickle down economy style of wealth generation
• Today, 100,000 commuters travel to Canary Wharf every day, a CBD home to banks such as Barclays and HSBC, and there are 325,000 who work in the City
• However, there is still some poverty in the area, as in 2012, 27% of Newham’s working pop earned less than £7 per hour – the highest % of any London borough

Question 14

London Docklands - Infrastructure - What new infrastructure was built?

Answer 14

New infrastructure developments include; extending the Jubilee Line, developing the Docklands Light Railway, building roads such as the Limehouse Link, and creating London City Airport just 5km from Canary Wharf

Question 15

London Docklands - Pop and housing - What happened to older people, ownership of housing, and housing supply riverside?

Answer 15

• Many older people have now moved out of the Docklands, replaced by a much younger generation – in 2011 Newham’s average age was 31 compared to a 40 national average – large scale migration since 2000 has also led to Newham becoming the most ethnically diverse borough
• Nearly half of housing in East London boroughs is now in the rented private sector, forcing lower income people out – due to the Right to Buy scheme that allowed those in council housing to buy their houses at a reduced price
• Docklands also aimed to increase housing supply in riverside locations where the docks used to be – led to gentrification where this riverside property became desirable and very expensive

Question 16

London Docklands - Problems post regeneration - Health in Tower Hamlets (life expectancy in 2012)

Answer 16

Those in poor health are often unable to work and concentrated in low cost social housing leading to high deprivation in Tower Hamlets and Newham – Tower Hamlets is the borough with the least life expectancy in London – 77 years (2012)

Question 17

What the three causes of change that lead to regeneration?

Answer 17

• Globalisation
• Employment change
• Inward migration

Question 18

Causes of change - Globalisation - What has globalisation and what has this led to?

Answer 18

• Globalisation has resulted in manufactured goods being produced more cheaply overseas, affecting manufacturing in London – EG containerisation and the closure of the Port of London led to internal migration with people finding work elsewhere, with people leaving their close family networks
• As a result, population characteristics changed, as one population left and another replaced them, leading to the break-up of communities and families – Bethnal Green’s pop now consists of many people who work in London’s knowledge economy, who are more likely to be out at work and eat at restaurants rather than markets – declining sense of community

Question 19

Causes of change - Employment change - 51-11 change in professional or managerial jobs in the UK, property status as a result, and the impact on existing residents

Answer 19

• Employment change from the old economy to the new has also had profound impacts – more people are now in higher income jobs – in 1951 18% of the UK pop had professional or managerial jobs and in 2011 this was 31%
• Many people now buy their own property and invest in it – leading to urban areas being re-urbanised – inward migration, gentrification, and regeneration have revitalised many places
• However, newcomers have also displaced existing residents as house prices and rent prices have risen so much that they can no longer afford to live there

Question 20

Causes of change - Inward migration - What does a growing economy and ageing pop lead to and what can this create?

Answer 20

• A growing economy and ageing pop has led to a need for overseas migrants to provide workers – inward migration changes the characteristics of places – former residents may be less likely to identity with a place once they have left
• However, inward migration also creates new identities – Brick Land in London has seen waves of migrants escaping persecution EG Protestants from France in the 17th century and Jewish people in the 19th and 20th centuries – it is now home to a large Bangladeshi community

Question 21

Successful places - Sydney - How many businesses in Sydney, median age of workforce and its impacts on rural areas, deprivation and employment levels, significance of its time zone?

Answer 21

• Sydney is the leading financial centre for the Asia-Pacific region with overseas owned banks and TNCs
• In 2011 there were 450,000 businesses based in Sydney including half of Australia’s top 5 companies and two-thirds of regional headquarters of global TNCs
• Sydney has a young economic workforce (median age 36 compared to the UK’s 41), but this has led to Sydney’s remote areas declining and losing their skills
• Sydney does have low levels of deprivation, but employment levels are generally high with above average incomes
• Its time zone also allows trade with Europe and the UK which is essential for investment banks

Question 22

Successful places - Sydney - How has the gov embraced globalisation, average income vs UK and world ranking, rank for expensive city, QoL, and purchasing power in the world?

Answer 22

• Australia’s national gov has embraced globalisation by de-regulating banking and finances (allowing any oversea bank to operate there) and focusing the country’s in migration policy on skilled workers to support short supply
• Australia’s average income is higher than in the UK – adult salaries in 2015 average about £40,000 per year
• The average income in Sydney is the world’s 7th highest of any city, but it is also extremely expensive to live there
• It is roughly the world’s 10th most expensive city, but also ranks 10th for quality of life, and its residents have the second highest purchasing power in the world

Question 23

Less successful places - The Rust Belt - The Rust Belt in the 50s vs today, reasons for this decline, and the impact this has had on pops and other issues?

Answer 23

• The rust-belt was once the world’s biggest heavy industry region, with coal, steel, and engineering – however, its decline has been continuous since the 1950s, leading to de-industrialisation
• Reasons for this include overseas companies (EG in China) producing cheaper coal and steel, mining companies mechanising to cut costs resulting in job losses, and lower wage costs elsewhere in the US leading to the relocation of the steel and car industries out of the rust belt
• This decline has caused problems such as population decline with around a 20% loss of pop in Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana, as well as high unemployment and crime, and reduced revenue for councils

Question 24

Beattyville - A declining rural settlement - What is its role, poverty, and median annual household income compared to national average?

Answer 24

• Beattyville Kentucky is in a ‘coal county’ – the coal industry’s decline has caused many social problems
• In 2012, Beattyville was one of the USA’s poorest towns, with a reputation for poverty and crime
• Its median annual household income was $12,000 compared to the national average of $54,000

Question 25

Beattyville - A declining rural settlement - How many families below the poverty line, how many teenagers leave high school without graduating, % with college degrees, life expectancy?

Answer 25

• Half of its families live below the poverty line
• One third of teenagers left high school without graduation
• Only 5% of residents have college degrees
• Men’s life expectancy was eight years below the US average