Section C - Migration, Identity, and Sovereignty - EQ1 - What are the Impacts of Globalisation on International Migration? Flashcards
Changing Patterns of Labour Demand - What does globalisation work on and what has this led to nationally and internationally?
- Globalisation works on the principle of free flows of investment capital – those who decide to invest and manufacture usually choose the lowest-cost locations
- This has seen China, India, and Southeast Asia become the manufacturers of the world because of investment from Western countries, leading to two things:
- At a national scale, people move from traditional rural economies to work in cities, which have become hubs of international activity
- At an international scale, there is easier movement of people – the EU allows free movement whilst elsewhere most countries readily offer work visas to those with skills and a sponsor
Rural to Urban Migration in China - When did the global shift in manufacturing towards Asia begin and what did this lead to in China?
- Global shift of manufacturing from the West to Asia began in the 1970s-80s
- Two main flows of internal migration in China:
1) Rural migrants within the rural interior – usually to a small city
2) Smaller cities to the major Eastern coastal cities EG Shanghai and Beijing
Rural to urban migration in China - Rural pop change since 1980 and estimated by 2025 and the Hukuo system
- 1980, 80% of China lived in rural areas – 2012 – 49% of China live in rural areas
- Estimated suggest that by 2025, a further 350 million people will have moved to China’s cities
- Under the Hukou system, restrictions are imposed on internal migration through one’s official residence – it is hard for migrant workers from rural areas to change their official residence – they can buy a permit to move but this is expensive
- Without a permit, hukou workers earn less than their families and have no entitlement to schooling or healthcare – as a result, two-thirds of urban migrants are men, with women remaining behind
EU Schengen Agreement - When formed, what it does, what it has led to, % of EU pop living outside country, criticism?
- Schengen agreement (1995) abolishes internal border checks in the EU
- As a result, workers have been able to move freely across the Schengen area to help fill job vacancies in other EU countries – 2.4% of EU pop lives outside their country
- It has come under criticism however for supposed moving of cheap labour and facilitating of terrorist attacks EG Paris 2015
Attitudes towards immigration - Japan - % of pop over 65, median age now, predictions for working pop by 2037, % of immigrants, projections for immigrants required, problems?
- Japan’s pop is falling and 27% are over 65
- Median age is 46.5 and its working pop is predicted to half by 2037
- 1% of the Japanese economy consists of immigrants – average advanced economy is 5%
- UN suggests that Japan needs 17 million immigrants by 2050 to maintain 2007 pop levels
- Part of the problem is that Japanese is not a global business language
- Japan also has a closed-door policy to immigration
Attitudes towards migration - Australia - What is Aus immigration policy based on, whay % of immigrants are accepted based off skill shortages, % per capita contributed more by immigrants, how much money are immigrants expected to add to the Aus economy, and average age of immigrants vs Aus
- Australia immigration policy is skills based
- 70% of immigrants accepted based on skills shortages where there are insufficient Australian workers, while they nearly all live in big cities
- Australia’s immigrants each contribute on average 10% more per capita per year than non-immigrants
- Between 2015 and 2050, immigrants are expected to add $1.2 trillion to the Australian economy
- Migrants also bring down Australia’s average age – 88% of migrants are under 40 compared to 54% of Australians
- This offsets an otherwise ageing pop and places less strain on social and medical care from retiring people as in Japan
Migration to the UK - The Commonwealth
- In 1945, labour shortages in factories, transport, and the NHS led to the gov advertising British jobs overseas
- Led to an influx of migrants from the Caribbean and South Asia
Migration to the UK - The EU
- EU migration also grew after the Maastricht agreement in 1992
- EU’s second largest economy and business language of the world makes the UK very attractive for economic migration - Most immigrants are aged 21-35 with equal numbers of skilled and unskilled workers
- Post Brexit has cast doubt on levels of migration in the UK (reference migration policy EG nationalities and borders)
Migration to the UK - Elsewhere
- In Europe, 2014-17 saw a huge increase in migrants coming from North Africa and the Middle East
- In the Middle East, many labourers from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh moved to Qatar to help build stadiums for the World Cup, and to Dubai to help its rapid modernisation
- Globally, natural hazards have displaced many people, with 300,000 moving after the Haiti 2010 Earthquake
Causes of migration - Crossing the Mediterranean - How many migrants left North Africa in 2015 and 16, what are they doing this for and who by?
- In 2015, over 1 million migrants left North Africa and the Middle East for Europe
- A further 340,000 arrived in 2016
- Often fleeing persecution or conflict or seeking better job opportunities
- Most transported by people smugglers in unsafe conditions – lots of deaths
- In 2015, half of those arriving in Europe were from Syria – civil war in Syria led to over 2000 per day travelling in small boats to Greece
Causes of migration - EU migration to the UK - Type of migrants, how many EU nationals became resident in the UK 1993-2016, how many from Eastern Europe, 2016 net gain
- Most migrants are economic migrants moving for work or to study
- Between 1993 and 2016, 2.5 million EU nationals became resident in the UK
- 60% arrived from Eastern Europe after eight countries joined the EU in 2004, they helped to fill gaps in the UK labour market by working in administration, construction, hospitality, and catering
- Net gain of 180,000 EU citizens in 2016
What is national identity?
A sense of a nation as a cohesive whole represented by distinct trends, culture, and language – refers to common experiences, beliefs, or values that can vary over time from generation to generation
What is sovereignty?
Sovereignty can be considered a synonym for power – globilisation can reduce its impact EG Brexit vote being to regain sovereignty from the EU
Internal movements within the UK - % of pop moving per year, why leave, why come, impacts of in migration, impacts of out migration
- On average, 10% of people in the UK move per year – internal migration
- This may be due to deindustrialisation in the North since the 1980s driving many out of the North
- Regeneration of cities in the South has attracted people to these regions
- High inward migration can lead to a rise in house prices, if housing supply fails to meet demand, together with overcrowded schools, strained healthcare provision and falling local wages
- Large out migration can lead source regions with a lack of skills and an ageing pop
Assimilation in countries - What is assimilation, why does this vary, EGs
- Assimilation is the gradual integration of an immigrant group into the lifestyle and culture of a host country, sometimes at the expense of their own distinctiveness
- Ethnic segregation can come from economic and cultural factors in the UK EG:
- Cheaper rental properties in inner cities have traditionally attracted migrants to settle close to their workplaces – diasporas have been formed around these areas as a result EG Hindu and Sheikh communities in Southall
- Many West Indians were recruited to drive London busses, so settled near the bus garages in Brixton
- Once established, cultural factors such as the growth of shops, places of worship, and community leisure facilities help to maintain these established diasporas
