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Biology > Section 9 Use Of Biological Resources > Flashcards

Section 9 Use Of Biological Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

How do fertilisers increase crop yield?

A

Replace missing elements and minerals in the soil or provide more of them such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to help plants grow.

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2
Q

What is biological pest control?

A

Introducing a predator into the environment to kill pests.

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3
Q

What is chemical pest control?

A

Pesticides are used to kill pests as they reduce crop yield.

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4
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages or biological control?

A

Advantages- longer lasting affect, self regulatory, cheap

Disadvantages - predator may enter the wild and affect biodiversity.

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5
Q

What is the role of yeast in the production of beer?

A
  • beer made from grain, usually barley
  • sugar removed from grain (grains left to germinate, dried, mashed up, added to water, produces sugar solution)
  • yeast added and mixture is incubated. Yeast ferments sugar into alcohol
  • beer drawn off through tap, sometimes clarifying agents added to make clearer
  • beer pasteurised to kill yeast and stop fermentation.
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6
Q

How can you investigate the rate of respiration (CO2 production) by yeast in different conditions?

A

Put a mixture of yeast, sugar and distilled water in a test tube in a water bath
Put a bung with a tube connected to another test tube containing water
Leave to warm up for one min
Count how many bubbles appear in water in one min
More bubbles = more co2 production
Repeat with the water bath at different temperatures

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7
Q

Why are organisms selectively bread?

A

To develop the best characteristics

E.g max yield of meat, good health, good qualities

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8
Q

Explain the process of selective breeding

A

Select for existing stock the ones with the best characteristics and breed them
Select the best offspring and repeat each generation

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9
Q

How can selective breeding be helpful for cow?

A

Large meat yields

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10
Q

What are the advantages of farming fish in cages?

A

Stop them using energy
Protects from predators - interspecific
Control diet
Faster growing

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11
Q

What are fish in cages more prone to?

A

Disease and parasites

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12
Q

What can be done in tanks that can’t be done in cages?

A

Water monitored- temp, ph, oxygen

Filter water to get rid of waste

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13
Q

What are the two types of vectors?

A

Plasmids and viruses

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14
Q

Explain how plants are cloned using micropropagation?

A

The plant is selected - small pieces from the the tips are taken
The plant is sterilised
They are grown in vitro-petri dish with nutrient medium
Cells divide and grown and when small plants are planted in soil in a greenhouse

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15
Q

How was dolly the sheep cloned?

A

The nucleus of a sheeps egg was removed - enucleated cell
A diploid cell was inserted in its place - nucleus from udder of a different sheep
Cell was stimulated by an electric shock- starts dividing by mitosis
Implanted into uterus of another sheep

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16
Q

How does keeping plants in a greenhouse or polytunnels increase crop yield?

A

Protects crops from weather + pests + diseases
Can have artificial light / heating
Traps Suns heat + provides warmer conditions than outside
Increase / additional carbon dioxide supply
Regular watering
Artificial lighting allows photosynthesis after daylight hours.

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17
Q

What is fermentation?

A

When microorganism break down sugars to release energy

Usually by anaerobic respiration

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18
Q

What is the role of bacteria in the production of yoghurt?

A

Bacteria ferment milk to produce yoghurt:

  • Equipment is sterilised to killed unwanted microorganism
  • The milk is pasteurised to kill harmful micro organisms, then cooled
  • Lactobacillus bacteria are added and the mixture is incubated in a fermenter
  • The bacteria ferment lactose sugar in milk to form lactic acid
  • Lactic acid causes the milk to clot and solidify into yoghurt
  • Flavours are added
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19
Q

Where are microorganism grown?

A

In fermenters

In culture medium

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20
Q

Describe the conditions controlled in fermenters to increase yield.

A
  • Nutrients are provided in the liquid culture medium
  • The PH is monitored and kept at optimum level to keep rate of reaction high
  • The temperature is monitored - a water-cooled jacket makes sure water is cool enough so enzymes don’t denature in heat
  • Paddles circulate the medium around the vessels
  • If needed oxygen is added to provide energy for growth
  • Vessels are sterilised between use to kill unwanted microbes
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21
Q

What does transgenic mean?

A

The transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species.

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22
Q

What are the advantages of cloning?

A

Animals that produce medicines can be produced
Organ transplantations
Useful characteristics are always passed on
Don’t have to wait till breeding seasons

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23
Q

What are the disadvantages of cloning?

A

Not as healthy
Cells don’t develop normally
Not aware of full consequences
Expensive

24
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using pest control / pesticides?

A

Advantages: works fast and instantly, accurate

Disadvantages: harms other wildlife, may affect biodiversity, pests can become immune to pesticides, pesticides can leech the soil.

25
Q

What methods are used to farm fish in large numbers to provide a source of protein?

A

Fresh water open system: e.g. Lake or pond

Fresh water closed system: e.g. Artificial pond or tank

Sea water: e.g. Special thanks suspended in sea water

26
Q

How do you fish farm to increase yields?

A
  • control water quality
  • control competition between fish as predators
  • control disease and pests
  • control feeding frequency and quality
  • use of selective breeding
  • removal of waste products
27
Q

Describe the maintenance of water quality to increase yields in fish farming.

A
  • maintained by fresh water moving through pond or tank
  • maintaining flow, filtering and aeration ensures good water quality
  • need high oxygen levels and low toxin levels
  • closed system ponds e,pried and cleaned regularly
28
Q

Describe the control of competition between fish as predators in fish farming to increase yields.

A

Interspecific competition: competition between diff species

Interspecific predation prevented by:

  • nets over ponds or cages
  • diff species of fish kept in separate tanks

Intraspecific competition: competition within same species.

Intraspecific predation prevented by:

  • keeping fish in smaller numbers in each tank / pond
  • keeping fish of different ages separate
  • fish of separate genders kept separately (unless being bred)
29
Q

Describe the control of disease and pests in fish farming to increase yield.

A

Avoided by:

  • water kept sterile
  • fish treated with pesticides and antibiotics
  • removing waste products regularly.
30
Q

Describe the control of quality and frequency of feeding in fish farming to increase yield.

A

Fish are fed:

  • high quality feedstock with essential nutrients maximising energy transfer
  • little and often to prevent overeating and discourage competition
  • growth hormones can also be added.
31
Q

Describe the control of selective breeding in fish farming to increase yield.

A

Farmers can ensure they produce fish with desired characteristics:

  • eggs and sperm from adult fish are removed and mixed in the lab
  • eggs are hatched in tanks of gently flowing water
  • when fish have grown to suitable size, best fish are selected (biggest and most healthy) and are allowed to breed.
32
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease.

Could be: fungi, bacteria, protoctists or viruses.

33
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

A way of providing protection against an infectious disease involving someone receiving an injection of harmless pathogen cells in the vaccine.

34
Q

How do vaccines provide immunity?

A
  • pathogens in the vaccine are made harmless by killing them or making them unable to grow and divide
  • antibodies, lymphocytes sand memory cells are produced to trigger immune response, despite fact vaccine is harmless.
  • memory cells remember these specific pathogens, so that If person does catch the disease, the same lymphocytes, antibodies and memory cells are produced to attack pathogens correctly
  • so person will always be immune to disease they are vaccinated against
35
Q

What are the effects on crop yield of increased carbon dioxide and increased temperature in glasshouses?

A
  • crops can photosynthesise more with more CO2 and so can produce more food so can grow better and faster
  • also plants are kept warm so don’t die
36
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis

Meiosis

37
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

1 diploid parent cell

Splits into 2 diploid daughter cells containing identical sets of chromosomes.

38
Q

What is mitosis used for / occurs in?

A

Growth
Repair - of damaged or worn out cells
Cloning
Asexual reproduction - 1 parent so makes a clone

39
Q

What happens in Meiosis?

A

1 diploid parent cell

Splits into 4 haploid daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes, and each are genetically unique.

40
Q

What is meiosis used for / occurs in?

A

Sexual reproduction

Formation of gametes

41
Q

Describe micropropagation / tissue culture.

A
  • tissue sample scraped from parent plant and placed in sterile agar growth medium with nutrients
  • plant hormones added to stimulate cells to divide
  • cells grow into small masses of tissue
  • more growth hormones added to stimulate growth of roots and stems
  • tiny plant lets transferred to potting trays where they develop into plants.
42
Q

How can micropropagation / tissue culture be used to produce clones with desirable characteristics?

A

By taking cuttings.

  • remove small piece of plant and sterilise it
  • grow in vitro petri dish with nutrient medium
  • roots and shoots will form to give complete new plant when it is planted in soil
  • quick and cheap
  • cuttings genetically identical to parent plant (clones)
43
Q

Describe some of the uses of transgenic animals.

A
  • manufacture of human antibodies
  • insulin production
  • production of organs for transplantation
  • production of silk thread
  • increased milk production
44
Q

What enzymes are used to cut desired genes out of DNA?

A

Restriction enzymes

45
Q

What enzymes are used to join pieces of DNA together?

A

Ligase enzymes

46
Q

Describe the process of gene manipulation / the use of vectors to insert DNA into other organisms.

A
  1. Identify gene you want and cut it out of DNA using restriction enzymes
  2. Take the vector DNA and cut it with the same restriction enzymes
  3. Take the vector DNA (other full piece of DNA) and the gene you’re inserting and glue them together with ligase enzymes to make the recombinant DNA
  4. Put recombinant DNA back into other cells to let it multiply
47
Q

Why are young fish in special tanks?

A

To protect for intraspecific predation - big fish eat the young fish

48
Q

What is a restriction enzyme?

A

Cut the DNA

49
Q

What two ways can animals be cloned?

A

Embryo cloning

Adult cell cloning

50
Q

Describe adult cell cloning. (Illustrated by Dolly the sheep)

A
  • remove nucleus of an egg cell from sheep 1
  • insert diploid nucleus with a full set of paired chromosomes from a body cell from sheep 2 in its place
  • now have an embryo cell, this is stimulated so it starts to divide by mitosis like a normal fertilised egg
  • divided cel, implanted into surrogate sheep 3 to grow
  • result is a new animal clone of sheep 2
51
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of micropropagation / tissue culture?

A

Advantages:

  • produces large numbers
  • can produce plants at any time of year
  • can produce disease free plants

Disadvantages:

  • requires sterile lab facilities and training
  • produces clones so of one is susceptible to a disease, all will be
52
Q

Describe some of the uses of genetically modified crops.

A
  • insect resistance crops: require less pesticide as insects die when eating plant
  • genetically modified tomatoes: extended shop shelf life
  • golden rice: genes inserted to increase beta-carotene which is converted to vitamin A, helps save eyesight in developing countries.
53
Q

How does genetic engineering work?

A

DNA is cut out
The vector DNA is cut open using the same enzyme
The two DNAs are mixed together with ligase - recombinant DNA
The recombinant DNA is inserted into a new cell

53
Q

How can genetically modified plants improve food production?

A

Resistant to herbicides and pesticides

53
Q

How does the immune system respond to disease using phagocytes?
IGNORE

A
  • White blood cells / phagocytes role is to provide body with protection against infectious diseases caused by pathogens
  • Phagocytes are one type of white blood cells that can directly ingest pathogens
  • they engulf them + draw them into their cytoplasm
  • phagocytes then kill and digest pathogen enzymes
53
Q

How does the immune system respond to disease using lymphocytes?
IGNORE

A
  • white blood cells called lymphocytes secrete antibodies into plans a
  • each can secrete only one specific type of antibody which has a shape that fits only one type of pathogen cell wall (antigen)
  • each lymphocyte has a single antigen that it’s antibodies can fit
  • so a single lymphocyte provides protection against only a single disease
53
Q

How can insulin be produced for people with diabetes?

A

Bacteria containing the gene for human insulin can be grown in huge numbers in a fermenter to produce insulin for people with diabetes.

Biology (9 decks)

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