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Biology > Section 3 Plant Nutrition and Transport > Flashcards

Section 3 Plant Nutrition and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water ➡️ glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O ➡️ C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

when is the chemical energy from photosynthesis released?

A

when glucose is broken down in respiration

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3
Q

what is needed for photosynthesis?

A

chlorophyll to absorb sunlight

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4
Q

what does the waxy cuticle do?

A

reduce water loss

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5
Q

why is the upper epidermis transparent?

A

so light can pass to the palisade layer

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6
Q

where are most of the chloroplasts?

A

in the palisade layer

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7
Q

what are the 3 factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?

A

light intensity
cardon dioxide
temperature.

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8
Q

what happens to the rate of photosynthesis over 45 degrees in temperature?

A

the enzymes denature - rate is very slow

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9
Q

how do you test a leaf for starch?

A

kill the leaf by placing it in boiling water
put in ethanol - to get rid of chloroplasts
rinse in cold water
add few drops of iodine solution
If starch present, will turn blue/black.

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10
Q

how can you show chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis?

A

Use variegated leafs
Record which bits on it are green
test for starch
only green bits have starch as they are only parts that turn blue / black
So only parts that contain chlorophyll can photosynthesise and produce starch

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11
Q

how can you show co2 is needed for photosynthesis?

A

Use: sealed bell jar, lights source, soda lime, a plant
soda lime will absorb co2 from air in jar
if you leave plant in the jar with soda lime no starch will be made (prove by testing it for starch)
Shows no starch is made, so co2 needed for photosynthesis

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12
Q

how do you show light is needed for photosynthesis?

A

put a plant in the dark
test a leaf from it for starch
Leaf won’t turn bluey black
Shows light is needed for photosynthesis to produce starch

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13
Q

what plant can be used to show the effect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis?

A

Canadian pondweed

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14
Q

how can pond weed be used to test light on rate of photosynthesis?

A

Place source of white light at specific distance from pondweed
Leave for set time for oxygen to collect in a gas syringe
Use a ruler to measure length of oxygen gas bubbles in tube (this is proportional to volume of O2 produced)
Repeat moving the light closer and further away at different distances

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15
Q

what are the 3 main mineral ions needed for plant growth?

A

nitrates
phosphates
potassium

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16
Q

what happens to a plant deficient in nitrates?

A

stunted

yellow older leaves

17
Q

what do phosphates contain?

A

phosphorus for DNA making
cell membranes

Needed for: respiration and growth

18
Q

what happens to a plant deficient in phosphates?

A

poor root growth

purple older leaves

19
Q

what happens to a plant deficient in potassium?

A

poor flower and fruit growth

discoloured leaves

20
Q

why does a plant need magnesium ions?

A

Needed in small amounts

to make chlorophyll

21
Q

………………………… organisms need transport systems

Why?

A

multicelluar

To move substances to and from individual cells quickly.

22
Q

what carries water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves in the transpiration stream / the other parts of the plant?

A

The xylem.

23
Q

what does the phloem do?

A 
Transport sugars (sucrose and amino acids) between leaves and other parts of the plant.
This is translocation.
24
Q

what is translocation?

A

the movement of food substances around the plant.

25
Q

What do root hair cells do?

A

Absorb water for the plant by osmosis.

26
Q

what is transpiration caused by?

A

the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plants surface

27
Q

What is transpiration?

What happens in transpiration?

A

When water is lost from the surface of a plant.
When the water evaporates, more water is drawn up through the xylem vessels to replace it. So, more water is drawn up through the roots in turn, making a constant transpiration stream.

28
Q

What is transpiration rate affected by?

A 
Light intensity (brighter = greater)
Temperature (warmer = faster)
Wind speed (faster = greater)
Changes in humidity. (drier = faster)
29
Q

what can be used to measure the rate of transpiration?

A

a petometer

30
Q

Describe the experiment to measure the rate of transpiration from a leafy shoot.

A
  1. Cut a shoot underwater at a slant to prevent air entering xylem and to increase surface area for water intake.
  2. Assemble petometer in water and insert shoot under water so no air can enter.
  3. Remove apparatus from water but keep end of capillary tube submerged in beaker of water.
  4. Check apparatus is water and airtight.
  5. Dry the leaves, allow time for shoot to acclimatise and then shut the tap.
  6. Remove end of capillary tube from beaker of water until one air bubble has formed, then put end of tube back into water.
  7. Record starting position of air bubble.
  8. Start stopwatch and record distance moved by bubble per unit time.
  9. Keep conditions constant throughout e.g. temperature and air humidity.
31
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process that produces ‘food’ (glucose) in plants.

32
Q

Describe the structure of a leaf and explain how it is adapted for photosynthesis.

A
  • Broad - so large surface area exposed to light.
  • Most chloroplasts in palisade layer to get most sunlight.
  • Upper epidermis is transparent so light can pass through to palisade. layer.
  • network of vascular bundles called xylem and phloem which deliver water and nutrients to leaf
  • Waxy cuticle reduces water loss by evaporation.
33
Q

What do plants need nitrate ions needed for?

A

Making Amino acids and proteins

34
Q

Describe the structure of a leaf from top to bottom.

A 
Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Paliside Mesophyll
Spongy Mesophyll including the xylem and phloem
Lower epidermis
35
Q

How is the structure of a leaf adapted for gas exchange?

A

Broad structure: large surface area for diffusion
Thin: short distance for gases to travel
Air spaces inside: gases move around easily, increases sa for gas exchange

36
Q

Describe the role of the stomata in gas exchange.

A

Let gases diffuse in and out
Allow water to escape, transpiration
Close when dark, want can’t escape, doesn’t dry out

37
Q

Why do plants need potassium ions?

A

To help enzymes needed for photosynthesis and respiration

38
Q

What happens to a plant deficient in magnesium?

A

Yellow leaves

Biology (9 decks)

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