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Biology > Section 6 Coordination and response > Flashcards

Section 6 Coordination and response Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a change in the environment called?

A

stimulus

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2
Q

what do receptors do and where are they found?

A

detect stimuli

in sense organs

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3
Q

what communicates the receptors to the effectors?

A

nervous system/hormones

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4
Q

what do the effectors do?

A

bring a response to the stimuli

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5
Q

explain the CNS

A

Consists of brain and spinal cord
When stimuli is detected, CNS receives electrical impulses along sensory neurones
CNS then sends electrical impulses to effector along the motor neurone

CNS job is to coordinate the response

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6
Q

what is a reflex?

A

the automatic response to a stimuli

They reduce chances of injury

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7
Q

what is a reflex arc?

A

the route taken by information in a reflex

It goes through the CNS

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8
Q

what is the order of a reflex arc?

A 
stimuli
receptor
Impulses along sensory neuron
Impulses along relay neuron
Impulses along motor neuron
effector
response
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9
Q

what is the job of the lens in an eye?

A

focus the light on the retina

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10
Q

what does the optic nerve do?

A

Carries impulses from the receptors to the brain

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11
Q

what does the iris control?

A

diameter of the pupil

So how much light enters the eye

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12
Q

what does the cornea do?

A

refracts light into the eye

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13
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers sent in the blood

To control things that need constant adjustment

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14
Q

where are hormones produced?

A

in the glands

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15
Q

what is insulin?where is it found?

A

helps control blood sugar level
stimulates liver to turn glucose in to glycogen
found in pancreas

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16
Q

what is the name of the sex hormones in males and females?

A

males - testosterone

females - oestrogen

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17
Q

what does progesterone do and where is it found?

A

ovaries

supports pregnancy and the lining of the uterus, causes menstruation

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18
Q

what are the differences between nervous and hormonal communication?

A

Nerves - fast message, act for a short time, on a precise area
Hormones - slower message, act for long time, on a general area

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19
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

maintenance of a constant internal environment

e.g water content, body temperature

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20
Q

how is water lost from the body?

A

skin - sweat
lungs - breathing
kidneys - urine

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21
Q

what is body temperature?

A

37 degrees

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22
Q

what happens to body water content on a hot day?

A

sweat a lot
concentrated urine
lose more water through breath

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23
Q

what happens to body water content on a cold day?

A

Don’t sweat as much

more urine - pale

24
Q

how does the brain keep the right body temperature?

A

receives messages from temperature receptors in the skin about skin temperature

25
Q

why do organisms that are smaller cool down quicker?

A

Have bigger surface area to volume ratios

Can gain or lose heat faster because there is more area for heat to transfer across

26
Q

what happens to plants in light?what is it called?

A

auxins accumulate on shaded side and the cells on that side grow faster
So shoot bends towards the light
Positively Phototropic

27
Q

what effect does gravity have on plant shoots? what is it called?

A

Gravity produces unequal distribution of auxin in the tip
More auxin on lower side causes more growth on lower side, bending shoot upwards
Negatively Geotropic

28
Q

what are auxin?

A

plant hormones that control growth at tips of shoots and roots
produced at tips and diffuse back simulating cell elongation
Promotes growth in shoot
Inhibits growth in root

29
Q

What protects your eyes in very bright light?

A

A reflex

30
Q

What happens to the eye in bright light?

A

Reflex makes the pupil smaller by making circular muscles contract, allowing less light in

31
Q

What happens to the eye in dim light?

A

Radial muscles contract to make the pupil bigger

32
Q

What happens to your eye when you look at distant objects?

A

The ciliary muscles relax
Suspensory ligaments pull tight
Lens goes thin

33
Q

What happens to the eye when we look at near objects?

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspending ligaments slackens
Lens becomes flat

34
Q

Why are longsighted people unable to focus on near objects?

A

Cornea or lens doesn’t bend the light enough or the eyeball is too short
Near objects are brought to focus behind the retina

35
Q

Why are shortsighted people unable to focus on distant objects?

A

Cornea or lens bends light too much or the eyeball is too long
Distant objects are brought into focus in front of the retina

36
Q

What happens to the skin when you’re too hot?

A

Lots of sweat is produced
Blood vessels close to the skin widen - vasodilation- allows more blood to flow next to the surface so it can radiate
Hairs lie flat

37
Q

What happens to the skin when you’re too cold?

A

Very little sweat is produced
Blood vessels near the surface constrict - vasoconstriction - less hart can be transferred to the surroundings
Shiver- movement generated heat
Hair stands on end - trapping an insulating layer or air

38
Q

What are organisms able to respond to?

A

Changes in their environment.

39
Q

What does a coordinated response require?

A

A stimulus, a receptor and an effector.

40
Q

Responses can be controlled by…..

A

Nervous or hormonal communication.

41
Q

What do plants respond to?

A

Stimuli.

42
Q

What is the difference between negatively geotropic shoots and positively geotropic shoots?

A

Negatively geotropic: shoot bends upwards (away from ground).

Positively geotropic: root bends downwards (towards ground).

43
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

What is it linked to?

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Is linked to sense organs by nerves.

44
Q

How are rapid responses made?

A

Stimulation of receptors in the sense organs sends electrical impulses along nerves into and out of the central nervous system, resulting in rapid responses.

45
Q

Describe a simple experiment to show how the sensitivity of the skin differs on the fingertips, back of hand, wrist and forearm.
(IGNORE)

A
  1. Stick two steel puns into a rubber bung so that the projecting (blunt) pin heads are at a fixed distance apart (1cm).
  2. Student A touches the skin of student B 20 times with both pin heads while student B closes their eyes. Sometimes student A touches with one pin head and sometimes with both.
  3. Each time student B is asked how many pin heads have been used. Only record the answers that are correct for two pin heads.
  4. Test the fingertips, back of hand, wrist and forearm.
  5. Repeat the procedure twice.
  6. What is your conclusion?
46
Q

Describe an experiment to demonstrate positive phototropism.

IGNORE

A
  • two shoots are used, tip of one is covered with a foil cap, the other was left uncovered.
  • both shoots were exposed to light from one side.
  • RESULT: both shoots grow. The shoot covered in foil at the tip (where the auxins are) grew straight because the auxins did not receive any light and so could not grow towards it. The shoot left uncovered grew sideways towards the light as the auxins at the top could receive the light.
47
Q

What does the conjunctiva do?

A

Lubricates and protects the surface of the eye

48
Q

State the sources, roles and effects of the following hormones:

Adrenaline
ADH
Insulin
Glucagon
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone.

IGNORE

A

Adrenaline:

  • source: adrenal gland
  • target: vital organs e.g. Heart
  • effect: prepares body for action.

ADH:

  • source: pituitary gland
  • target: kidneys
  • effect: controls water level by triggering water uptake in kidneys.

Insulin:

  • source: pancreas
  • target: liver and muscles
  • effect: reduces blood glucose levels.

Glucagon:

  • source: pancreas
  • target: liver
  • effect: increases blood glucose levels.

Oestrogen:

  • source: ovaries
  • target: ovary, uterus
  • effect: controls puberty, increases the thickness of uterus lining in the menstruation cycle.

Progesterone:

  • source: ovaries
  • target: uterus
  • effect: maintains uterus lining and causes menstruation.

Testosterone:

  • source: testes
  • target: male reproductive system
  • controls puberty in males.
49
Q

Describe the structure and functioning of a simple reflex arc illustrated by the withdrawal of a finger from a hot object.

IGNORE

A
  • cupcake candle burns finger
  • stimulation of the pain receptor
  • impulses travel along sensory neurone
  • impulses are passed along a relay neurone via a synapse
  • impulses travel along a motor neurone, via a synapse
  • when impulses reach muscle, it contracts.

Pg 44 iGCSE revision guide

50
Q

What does adrenaline do and where is it found?

A

Adrenal glands

Prepares body for action

51
Q

What does ADH do and where is it found?

A

Pituitary gland in brain

Controls water content

51
Q

What does testosterone do and where is it found?

A

Testes

Controls puberty in males

51
Q

What does oestrogen do and where is it found?

A

Ovaries

Controls puberty in females, increases thickness of uterus lining in menstrual cycle

52
Q

What effect does gravity have on roots? What is this called?

A

More auxin produced on lower side
But in a root, extra auxin inhibits growth, so cells on top elongate faster, root bends down
Positively geotropic

53
Q

Describe the structure and functioning of the eye as a receptor.
IGNORE

A

Draw and label eye.

Conjunctiva - lubricates and protects surface of eye.

Cornea - refracts light into eye.

Iris - controls diameter of the pupil (how much light enters the eye).

Lens - focuses light onto the retina.

Retina - contains light receptors.

Choroid - contains blood capillaries to bring nutrients to the eye and absorbs excess light rays.

Optic nerve - carries impulses from the receptors to the brain.

54
Q

Describe the functioning of the eye in focusing near and distant objects and in responding to changes in light intensity.
IGNORE

A

Looking far:

  • ciliary muscle relaxes
  • suspensory ligaments begin to tighten
  • lens will become thin.

Looking nearby:

  • ciliary muscle contracts
  • suspensory ligaments slacken (become loose)
  • lens becomes thicker (more curved).

Dim light:

  • radial muscles contract
  • circular muscles relax
  • pupil will open wider, more light can enter the eye.

Bright light:

  • radial muscles relax
  • circular muscles contract
  • pupil will become smaller, less light will enter the eye.

Biology (9 decks)

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