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Biology > Section 5 Blood And Organs > Flashcards

Section 5 Blood And Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the platelets do?

A

Help the blood clot, which prevents blood loss and stops microorganism entering.
Held together by fibrin.

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2
Q

How are the red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?

A

Biconcave shape - larger surface area
No nucleus - more room
Contains haemoglobin.

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3
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganism that cause disease

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4
Q

How do phagocytes (type of white blood cells) give immunity?

A

Ingest pathogens

Attack anything not supposed to be there so are non specific

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5
Q

How do lymphocytes (type of white blood cells) work?

A

Produce antibodies
Attack pathogens and mark for destruction
Specific to one type antigen

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6
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Some leftover lymphocytes

Reproduce fast if same antigen returns, making you immune

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7
Q

How does a vaccination work?

A

Inject dead pathogens
Immune response triggers antibody production
If live pathogen comes antibodies are made faster

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8
Q

Describe the function and structure of the arteries.

A

To carry blood away from the heart.

Very thick elastic walls
High pressure
Small lumen
No valves.

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9
Q

Where do the veins carry the blood?

A

To the heart

Vena cava

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10
Q

Out of the arteries, veins and capillaries, which has the thickest walls?

A

The arteries.

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11
Q

Describe the function and structure of the veins.

A

Carry blood towards the heart.

Have thin walls
Very low pressure
Large lumen with irregular shape
Have valves to keep blood directed in the right direction.

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12
Q

Describe the function and structure of the capillaries.

A

Are the sites of exchange between the blood and the tissues.

Have permeable, thin walls for diffusion
Low pressure
Lumen very small
No valves.

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13
Q

What effect does exercise have on the heart?

A

Increases heart rate by:

Increases CO2 in blood
This CO2 Detected in the aorta and carotid artery
Sends signals to the brain
Tells heart to contract more frequently

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14
Q

What does the plasma (liquid bit of blood) carry / transport?

A 
Red and white blood cells 
Platelets 
Digested food
Carbon dioxide 
Urea 
Hormones 
Heat energy
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15
Q

What part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava?

A

the right atrium

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16
Q

where does the right ventricle pump the blood? via what?

A

To the lungs

via the pulmonary artery

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17
Q

what delivers the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

A

pulmonary vein

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18
Q

which ventricle has a thicker wall and why?

A

The left ventricle.

It has to pump blood around the whole body.

19
Q

where are the semi-lunar valves?

A

above the ventricles

20
Q

which side is the tricuspid and bicuspid valves?

A

tricuspid - right

bicuspid - left

21
Q

how does the hormonal system help to control heart rate?

A

when threatened adreniline is release which bind to specific receptors in the heart
the cardiac muscles contract more frequently, heart pumps more blood, getting body ready for action

22
Q

what is the word hepatic, renal and plumonary to do with?

A

hepatic - liver
renal - kidneys
pulmonary - lungs

23
Q

what are the three main roles of the kidneys?

A

removal of urea from blood
adjustment of salt levels
adjustment of water content

24
Q

…………………… are the filtration unit in the kidneys?

A

nephrons

25
Q

explain ultrafiltration

A

blood from the renal artery flows into the glomerus
a high pressure is built up and squeezes water, salt,urea and glucose into the bowman capsule
the filtered liquid is called the glomerula filtrate

26
Q

what is the glomerus?

A

a bundle of capilleries

27
Q

where is all the glucose reabsorbed? what process is involved?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

active transport

28
Q

how much salt is reabsorbed?

A

sufficient amounts

29
Q

where is sufficient water reabsorbed into the blood stream?

A

the collecting duct

30
Q

where does the remaining waste go?

A

in the from of urea, continues out of the nephron through the ureter to the bladder and released via the urethra

31
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

balance of water in the body

32
Q

how is water lost from the body?

A

sweating, breathing and weeing

33
Q

how does ADH control water content?

A

makes nephron more permeable

the brain tells the pituitary gland how much to release

34
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

if the water content gets too high or low a mechanism will be triggered to bring it back to normal

35
Q

What is the blood made up of?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma.

36
Q

What is the circulation system made up of?

A 
Blood vessels to and from the heart
Brain
Heart
Lungs
Liver
Gut
Kidneys
37
Q

Describe the structure of the heart (from top left to top right) and how it functions.

A 
Pulmonary artery (including semi lunar valve)
Vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Septum (separates left and right ventricle)
Left ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Left atrium
Pulmonary vein
Aorta (including semi lunar valve)

Pumps blood around the body.

38
Q

Describe how blood gets pumped around the body.

A

Right ventricle contracts, semilunar valves, pulmonary artery, capillaries in the lungs, drops CO2, picks up O2, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, semilunar valves of aorta, body, capillaries at organs, O2 given off, CO2 picked up, vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle.

39
Q

Which three organs are organs of excretion?

A

Lungs
Kidneys
Skin.

40
Q

Describe how the kidney carries out its role of excretion.

A

By filtering stuff out of blood under high pressure and then absorbing useful things. End product is urine.

Nephrons are the filtration units in the kidneys, here’s what happens when the blood passes through them:

  1. Ultrafiltration:
    - blood from renal artery flows through the glomerulus, a bundle of capillaries at the start of the nephron.
    - high pressure is built up which squeezes water, urea, salts and glucose out of the blood and into the bowmans capsule.
    - the membranes between the blood vessels in the glomerulus and bowmans capsule act like filters, so bug molecules like proteins and blood cells are not squeezed out. The filtered liquid in the bowmans capsule is know as the glomerular filtrate.
  2. Re absorption:
    As filtrate flows along nephron, useful substances are selectively reabsorbed back into blood:
    - all glucose reabsorbed from proximal convoluted tube.
    - enough salt reabsorbed.
    - enough water reabsorbed from collecting duct into the bloodstream.
  3. Release of wastes:
    - remaining substances (excess water, excess salts and urea) form urine which continues out of the nephron, through ureter down to the bladder, where it is stored before being released via the urethra.
41
Q

Describe how the kidneys carry out their role of osmoregulation.

A
  • adjusting amount of water that is excreted by kidneys in urine e.g. kidneys can reabsorb more water so less is lost in the urine if needed.
  • brain sends message to pituitary gland to release ADH.
  • ADH makes nephrons more permeable so more water is reabsorbed back into the blood.
42
Q

Describe the structure of the urinary system.

A

Right kidney. Left kidney.

           U                          U
           R                          R
           E                           E
           T                           T
           E                           E
           R                           R

           B   l   a   d   d   e   r
                             U
                             R
                             E
                             T
                             H
                             R
                             A
43
Q

Describe the structure of a nephron, including the bowmans capsule, glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of henle and the collecting duct.

A

(Draw).

44
Q

What does urine contain?

A

Water, urea and salts.

Biology (9 decks)

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