Section 9: Biological Diversity Flashcards
Organisms are classified into categories called
A species is given a name consisting of a ______ (closely related animal) name and ___ name
The study of classifying organisms into categories is
Taxa
Genus name and species
Taxonomy
Domesticated dog is
Wolf is
Canis familiaris
Canis lupis
These are genera that share related features
What is the order of arrangement of classification?
Family
Dumb Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Salad
Species <= Domains.
This is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms (aka phylogeny among organisms)
Systematics
EUKARYOTIC/PROKARYOTIC cells contain long, linear DNA with histone encolsed in a nucleus, have organelles, 9+2 microtubule array for flagella and cillia
Eukaryotic
EUKARYOTIC/PROKARYOTIC cells have a single chromosome is short, circular DNA with/without histone; may contain plasmid; no nucleus; noorganelles; flagella consist of chains of protein FLAGGELIN instead of “9 + 2” microtubules.
Prokaryotes
What do flagella use to spin and give locomotion in bacteria?
Proton Motive Force (electrical gradient)
These organisms manufacture their own organic materials using light or chemicals like H2S, NH3, NO2, NO3
Autotrophs
These organisms obtain energy by consuming organic materials produced by autotrophs
This specific subtype obtains energy from dead decaying matter (they are the decomposers)
Heterotrophs
Saprobes
These organisms must have O2 to live
These must not be in the presence of O2 to live
These grow in the presence of O2, but can switch to anaerobic metabolism when O2 is absent
Obligate aerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Domain Archea are EUKARYOTES/PROKARYOTES but differ from them.
Prokaryotes
Archeal cell walls contain ______
Bacteria contain
Plants contain
Fungi contain
Polysaccharide
Peptidoglycan
Cellulose
Chitin
In archea, phospholipid components such as ___ are different (isomer of either bacteria or eukaryotes)
Hydrocarbon chain is BRANCHED/UNBRANCHED
What type of linkages are there for the hydrocarbon chains?
Glycerol
Branched (straight chained for others)
Ether-linkages (not ester linkages)
DNA of both archea AND eukaryotes are associated with ___, no bacterial DNA
histones
Is the ribosome activity of archea inhibited by the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol?
No, bacteria are tho, This is another way archea are similar to eukaryotes
This is a group of archea that are obligate anaerobes that produce CH4 as a by product of obtaining energy from H2 to fix CO2 (mud, guts)
Methanogens
These archeas live in extreme environments
Extremophiles
These archea are salt lovers, they survive in high salt environments.
Mostly aerobic or anaerobic?
Autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Halophiles
Mostly Aerobic
Mostly Heterotrophic
Other anaerobic and photosynthetic halophiles have this pigment?
Bacteriorhopodsin
These are heat loving arechea and are sulfur based (chemoautotrophs!)
Thermophiles
How many kingdoms comprise the bacteria domain?
Bacteria are distinct from archea and eukaryotes how?
5
Cell Wall (peptidogycan)
bacterial DNA is not associated with histone
Ribosome activity is inhibitied by streptomycin and chloramphenicol
This is a polymer of monosaccharide with amino acid
Peptidoglycan (forms bacterial cell walls)
Bacteria has the ability to produce this, which are resistant bodies that contain DNA and a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a durable wall
Endospore
The means of bacteria are unique, they use _____ which produce a _____ motion to glide through slime material
Flagella, corkscrew motion
These are the three shapes of bacteria
Spherical
Rod shaped
Spirals
Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (rod shaped)
Spirilla (spirals)
This type of bacterial cell wall is a thick peptidoglycan wall
Gram positve
This type of bacterial cell wall is peptidoglycan covered with lipopolysaccharides
Gram negative
This common group of bacteria is photosynthetic, releases O2, and contains an accessory pigment
The specialized pigment is called
They also have these specialized cells which produce nitrogen fixing enzyme into NH3
Cyanobacteria
Phycobilins
heterocysts
Are cyanobacteria photosynthetic?
What molecule do they release?
Yes
O2
These bacteria are autotrophs, that are nitrifying bacteria NO2–>NO3
Chemosynthetic
This common bacteria are heterotrohps that fix N2, they live in the nodules of plants
What type of relationship do they have with plants?
Nitrogen Fixing
Mutualism
This common bacteria is coiled and moves with a corkscrew motion, internal flagella between cell wall layers
Spirochetes
How many kingdoms are there in the eukarya domain?
4
This kingdom of eukaryotes is an artificial kingdom that is poorly understood.
The algaelike (plant like) members of this group all obtain energy by
Protisa
Photosynthesis
These algaelike members of protista have one to three flagella at apical (leading) end; instead of a cellulose wall, thing proteins strips wrap over cell membranes
What are the thin protein strips called?
Euglenoids
Pellicles
In the absence of light, are euglenoids heterotrophic or atuotrophic?
Some have an eyespot that permits the ability to move in response to light, called
Heterotrophic
Phototaxis
This plant algae like member of protista has two flagella, on is posterior and the 2nd is transverse and rests in encircling mid groove perpendicular to first flagellum
Dinoflagellates
Some dinoflagellates are _____, which means that they produce light
Others produce a ___ toxin that concentrates in filter feeding shellfish, causes illness to humans when they are eaten
Bioluminescent
Nerve Toxin
These algaelike members of protista have a test (shell) that fits together like a box with a lid
What molecule do they contain?
Diatoms
SiO2
This algae like member of protista is multicellular and has flagellated sperm cells (like giant seaweed)
Brown Algae
This algaelike like protista is red algae (red accessory pigments phycobilins), they are multicellular gametes and do NOT have flagella
Rhodophyta
This algae like protisa is green algae, they have both chlorophyl a and b, cellulose cell walls, and store energy in starch.
Chlorophyta
Some chlorophyta species have a gamete where both sperm and egg are equal in size and are motile, called ____ gametes
Others have sperm and eggs that difrer in size, called ____ gametes
Others can have a large cell that remains with the parent and is fertilized by a small/motile sperm, called ______ gametes
Isogamous Gametes
Anisogamous Gametes
Oogamous
A lineage of chlorophytes that are believed to be the ancestor of plants…
Charophytes
This group is animals like protists that are heterotrophs and unicellular eukaryotes
Protozoa
This protozoan is an amoeba that moves by extensions of their cell body. They encircle their food for phagocytosis
These extensions are called
Rhizopoda
Pseudopodia
These protozoans are also known as forams, they have tests (shells) usually made of calcium carbonate
What do these shells produce which is important in industry?
Foraminifera
Oil deposits
These protozoans are parasites of animals, they have an apical complex, no physical motility, and form spores which are dispersed by hosts that complete their life cycle
What disease is caused by one?
What is the name?
Apicocomplexans
Malaria
Sporozoan (mosquitoes, remember from microbio?
Theseprotozoans use cilia for moving and other functions; mouths pores, contractile vacuoles, two kinds of nuclei,
What is the most complex of all cells?
Ciliates
Paramecim
This are a genus of protoza, they are shapeless and unicellular
Amoebas
There are fungus like protists that resemble fungi,
This one has both funguslike and protozalike characteristics, spores germinate into amoebas which feed on bacteria, when there is no food, amoebas aggregate unto single units
The single units are individual cells of slug mobilized into a stalk with a capsule at the top to release spores–> it germinates and repeats the cycle. The unit is called a
Cellular Slime Molds
Slug
These fungus like protists are a single, spreading mass feeding on decaying vegetation.
Then there is no food, stalks bearing spore ____ form, HAPLOID/DIPLOID spores released from it germinate into HAPLOID/DIPLOID amoeboid/flagellated cells
They fuse to form HAPLOID/DIPLOID cells
Then they grow into ____, not mutualistic with others
Plasmodial Slime Molds
Capsules
Haploid, haploid
Diploid cells
Plasmodium (single, spreading masses)
This fungus like protist is in water molds, white rusts. They can be parasites or saprobes; the form filaments which secrete enzymes that digest surrounding substances like fungi
They contain many nuclei within a single cell
What are their cell walls made of?
Oomycota
Cellulose
Found in oomycota, these get nutrition from nonliving/decaying organic matter
These are also in oomycotas, they are filaments which secret enzymes that digest surrounding substances like fungi
Sabrobes
Hyphae
Hyphae (found in oomycotas), lack a crosswall which in in true fungi that partitions filaments into comparments, called
The term for lacking septa is
Septa
Coenocytic
In this Kingdom, fungi grow as filaments called
This is the term for a mass of hyphae
Kingdom Fungi
filaments called hyphae
Mycellium
Some fungi have ______ which divide filament (hyphae) into compartments containing a single nucleus
Septum
The cell walls of fungi are made of this N-containing polysaccharide
Chitin
Fungi are either ___ or ______
They absorb food products due to digestive ___
Parasites or Saprobes (decomposers)
enzymes
Parasitic fungi have hyphae that penetrate its host, they are called
Haustoria
In the stages of sexual reproduction of fungi, the first step is the fusing of cells from two different fungal strains to produce a single cell with the nuclei of both strains. This step is called
A pair of DIPLOID/HAPLOID nuclei
This is the term for a fungus with two nuclei inside one compartment
Plasmogamy
Haploid
Dikaryon (dikaryotic hypha is hypha containing dikaryon)
The second step of sexual reproduction in fungi is the fusing of two haploid nuclei of a dikaryon to form a single diploid nucleus
Karyogamy
The final stage of sexual reproduction of fungi has the diploid nucleus restoring haploid conditions; daughter cells develop into haploid spres which germinate into haploid hyphae (has 1 fungal strain) which merge into dikaryon and repeat
Meiosis
In the stages of asexual reproduction of fungi, the first step is breaking up the hyphae
The second step is small hypal outgrowth
The last step can be two different types of
Fragmentation
Budding
Asexual spores
This type of asexual fungal spore is produced in capsules that are each borne on a stalk
The capsules are called
The stalks are called
Sprongiospores
Sporangia
Sporangiophore
This type of asexual reproduction is formed at tips of specialized hyphae, it is not enclosed inside a sac; Has hyphae bearing conidia
The hyphae carrying condida are called
Conidia
Conidiophores
How many fungus groups are there?
What goes at the end of the name?
Six
-mycota (division) or -mycete (classes)
This division of fungi lacks septa, except filaments border reproductive filaments
They reproduce SEXUALLY/ASEXUALLY by fusion of hyphae from different strains and the following steps
Haploid _____ are produced which germinate into new hyphae
Ex: bread molds
Zygomycota
Sexually
Zygospores
This division of fungi lacks septa, but does not produce zygospores. They have mutualistic associations with roots of plants, the plants provide carbs, the fungus increases the ability of plants to absorb nutrients
The roots of plants are called
The nutrient they often help absorb is
Glomeromycota
Mycorrhizae
Phosphorous
This division of fungi has septa they reproduce sexually, producing haploid____
After plasmogamy of hyphae from different strains, dikaryotic hypha produces more filaments by ____
Karyogamy and meiosis occurs in terminal hypal
Ascomycota
ascospores
mitosis
In ascomycota, 4 haploid cells divide by ___ to produce 8 haploid cells in a sac called…
They are grouped together in a fruiting body called
An example of this is
Mitosis
Ascus
Ascocarp
Yeast
This division of fungi has septa and reproduces sexually by producing haploid basidiospores.
Plasmogamy, then mitosis, then a fruiting body called ___ such as a mushroom
Karyogamy occurs in terminal hypal cells called _____
This is followed by meiosis to produce how many haploid basidiospores
Basidiomycota
Basidiocarp
Basidia
4 haploid basidiospores
This division of fungi is imperfect fungi, an artificial group (no sexual reproductive cycle)
What is an important example of this?
Deuteromycota
Penicillium produces penicillin
This division of fungi has mutualistic assocations with algae, usually chlorophyta/cyanobacteria provide carbs.
The algae can also provide ______ if it fixes it
The fungus, called the _____, provides water and protection from UV light or toxic chemical for grazers (aka from the environment
Lichens
Nitrogen
Ascomycete
This next kingdom has adaptation for survival on land
Kingdom Plantae
The dominant generation of the kingdom plantae is the _______ ______ generation, it provides two copies against genetic damage
Except these…
Diploid sporophyte generation
Primitive bryophytes - mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
This is the waxy covering of plants that reduces dessication (drying up/water loss)
Cuticle
The vascular system of plants reduces depency of ________
This led to the formation of….
water (cells no longer need to be close to it)
Specialized tissues (true leaves, true stems, true roots)
The term for water transport in plants is
The term for sugar transport in plants is
Xylem
Phloem
In ADVANCED/PRIMITIVE plant divisions, flagellated sperm require water to swim to eggs
In ADVANCED/PRIMITIVE plant divisions (coniferophyta and anthophyta), sperm is packaged as pollen (delivered by wind)
Primitive
Advanced
This group of plants has gametophytes that are enclosed (protected) inside an ovary
Anthophyta (largest group of plants)
Plants have various ______ of season variations in availability of water and light
Some plants are ____ meaning they shed leaves to prevent water loss through slow growing seasons
Adaptations
Deciduous
This plant division encompasses the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Gametes are produced in protective structures on gametophytes called ______
Dominant _____ stage of life cycle in them
Bryophytes
Gamtangia
Haploid
Male gametangium in bryophytes produces flagellated sperm that swim through water, the male gametangium are called
The female gametangium called _______, produces egg,
The zygote grows into a HAPLOID/DIPLOID structure still connected to the gametophyte
Antheridium
Archegonium
Diploid
In mosses (bryophytes), the diploid structure is a stalk bearing ____ which contains HAPLOID/DIPLOID sores produced by meiosis
The spores are dispersed by wind and germinate and grow into HAPLOID/DIPLOID gametophytes which produces the antheridium and archegonium
Capsules
Haploid
Haploid gametophytes
Do bryophytes have true structures?
Therefore it must remain in
No true roots, leaves true stems (lacks vascular tissues)
It must remain in water
The other major plant divisions (non bryophytes) are vascular plants with true roots, leaves, stems. The word for this type of plant is
Tracheophyte
The dominant generation of tracheophes is a…
DIploid zygote in sporophyte, produced by germination of antheridium and archegonium
These division of plants includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts (herbaceous plants)
Club and spike mosses produce clusters of spore-bearing sporangia in a conelike structure called
Spike mosses can recover from a dead appearance after being watered, they are called a
Lycophyta
Strobili
Resurrection Plant (there are others)
There are three groups of this division called ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns
Pterophyta
This group of pterophyta produces clusters of sporangia that develop on the undersurface of fern fronds
The clusters of sporangia are called
The spores are formed from MEIOSIS/MITOSIS
Ferns
Sori
Meiosis
This group of pterophyta includes extinct woody trees; hollow, ribbed stems that are jointed at nodes, strobili bear spores
Stems, branches, and leaves are green (photosynthetic) and have rough texture due to silica (SiO2)
Horsetails
this group of pterophyta has branching stems without roots. Leaves are reduced to small appendages or are absent.
Absence of roots/leaves is considered
Whisk Ferns
Secondary Loss
These produce males spores
These produce female spores
Microsporangia (produce microspores)
Macrosporangia (macrospores)
This produces numerous microspore mother cells, which divide by meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells
They mature into ______ which represent the gametophyte generation which divides into 3 or 4 cells
In conifers it is 3/4 cells?
In flowering plants it is 3/4 cells?
One is a _____ tube cell that controls the growth of the pollen tube, the others are…
Microsporangium
Pollen grains
Conifers = 4 cells
Flowering plants = 3 cells
Vegetative tube, sperm cell
These are called nucellus and produce a megaspore mother cell
The megaspore mother cells divide by meiosis to produce _____ haploid cells
One survives to become a
The megaspore undergoes _____ to create one egg or two eggs
In flowering plants it creates 1/2 eggs
In conifers it creates 1/2 eggs
Megasporangium
4
Megaspore (female gametophyte generation)
Mitosis
1 egg in flowering plants
2 eggs in conifers
In megasporangium, after the creation of eggs, one to two tissue layers surround the megasporangium, these tissue layers are also called
The integument +nucellus+megaspore daughter cells are called the
This is the opening through integuments for pllen to access the egg
Integuement
Ovule
Micropyle
Once a pollen grain contacts megasporangium, this directs the growth of a pollen tube through the microphyl and toward the egg
This leads to fertilization and the creation of a
Leading to the beginning of the sporophyte generation called
What forms the seed coat?
Tube cell of sperm
Zygote
Embryo
Integument
This plant division is the cone bearing plants (pines, firs, spruces, junipers, redwoods, cedars)
The pollen bearing male + ovule ——>
These are naked seeds produced in unprotected megapores near the surface of the reproductive structure
Fertilization and seed development requires one to three ____ (unit of time)
Coniferophyta
Female bearing cones
Gymnosperms
Years
This division of plants is the angiosperms, or the flowering plants.
What are the 3 major parts of the flower?
Anthophyta
Pistil
Stamen
Petals
This part of the flower is the female reproductive structure with three parts
The three parts are
Pistil
Ovary (egg bearing), Style, and stigma
This part of the flower is the male reproductive structure
It contains a pollen bearing ____ and stalk, _____
Stamen
Anther, filament
This part of the flower functions to attract pollinators
Also called
Petals
Sepals
The major evolutionary advancements of angiosperms (anthophyta)…
attracts pollinators (insects + birds);
ovule protected inside ovary which develops into fruit => dispersal of seeds by wind or other animals
In the process of fertilization of flowering plants, pollen lands on a stick ______
The pollen tube that contains the ________ grows down the style toward an ovule, the ovule has two _______ cells inside the pollen tube
Stigma
Vegetative Nucleus
Two sperm cells inside pollen tube
In the second step of fertilization of flowering plants, the ovule within the ________, which consists of the megaspore mother cell surrounded by nucellus + integuments.
The megaspore mother cell undergoes _____ to 4 haploid megaspores
One survives and undergoes _____ 3 times creating _____ nuclei
Ovary
meiosis
mitosis 3x creating 8 nuclei
6 of the nuclei produced during the 3 mitosis cycles in the fertilization process of plants undergo _____ and form plasma membranes, also known as ______
At the micropyle of the above plasma membranes are 3 cells, what are they?
At the other end of the micropyle are 3 _____ cells
In the middle are 2 haploid cells called
Cytokinesis
Embryo Sacs
egg + 2 synergids
antipodal cells
polar nuclei
In the third step of fertilization of flowering plants, the pollen tube, with 2 sperm cells, enters the _________ through the micropyle
1 sperm cell fertilizes the egg forming a
The nucleus of the 2nd sperm fuses with both ______ forming a ____ nucleus
It undergoes mitosis to create ___ which provides nutrients
Embryo Sac
Diploid zygote
Polar nuclei
Triploid (3N) nucleus
Endosperm
In the fertilization of flowering plants, vegetative propagation is the fertilization of the egg and polar nuclei each by a separate sperm. This process is called
Double Fertilization
In the bryophytes, the common names are (look at table on page 27 it really helps)
The dominant generation is
Fluid transport is VASCULAR/NONVASCULAR
Sperm transport is done via
The dispersal unit is
Mosses, Liverworts, hornworts
Gametophytes
Nonvascular
Flagellated sperm
Spores
In the lycophyta, the common names are the
The dominant generation is the
Fluid transport is
Sperm transport occurs via
The dispersal unit is
Club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
Sporophyte
Vascular
Flagellated Sperm
Spores
In the pterophyta the common names are
The dominant generation is
Fluid transport is
Sperm transport occurs via
The dispersal unit is
Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
Sporophytes
Vascular
Flagellated Sperm
Spores
In the coniferphyta the common names are
The dominant generation is
Fluid transport is
Sperm transport occurs via
The dispersal unit is
Conifers
Sporophytes
Vascular
Wind Dispersed
Seeds
In the anthophyta the common names are
The dominant generation is
Fluid transport is
Sperm transport occurs via
The dispersal unit is
Flowering Plants
Sporophytes
Vascular
Wind/animal
Seeds
The animalia kingdom can all be traced back to one common ancestor, represented by the term ______
They vary in characteristics from the other kingdoms, they are MULTICELLULAR, HETEROTROPHIC, DIPLOID GENERATION, AND ___ LAYERS OF EMBYRONIC DEVELOPMENT
Monophyletic
3 layers of embryonic development
Kingdom animalia has tissue complexity, these are functioning cells organized into tissues
They can have two or three primary layers of the germ in blastula, called
Another group where cells are not organized into tissues, meaning organs don’t develop, is called
Eumetazoa
Diplobastic and triploblastic (ecto, meso, endoderm)
Parazoa
Kingdom animalia demonstrates body symmetries
This type of symmetry is one orientation, front to back
This type of symmetry is dorsal/ventral (top-bottom), anterior/posterior (head/tail)
Radical Symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
In animals with bilateral symmetry, they demonstrate ____, which means greater nerve tissue at anterior end such as the brain
Cephalization
Animals have guts, which digest food, and two openings which form the digestive tract. This system is called the
Gastrovascular tract
This part of animals is derived from the mesoderm, it is a fluid filled cushion for internal organs.
These type of animals lack it
These animals have a cavity, but it is not completely lined by this mesoderm-derived tissue
Coelom
Acoelomate
Pseudocoelomate
This occurs in animalia in insects and worms
Segmentation
Animalia have cleavages, aka cell divisions in the zygote called
Protosomes and deuterosomes
This is the primitive guy that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula. It develops into the digestive tract of an animal
Archenteron
This is a mobile cell in the body of invertebrates such as echinoderms, mollusks, or sponges
They move by a temporary protrusion of the cytoplasm - actin of an amoeba, serving for locomotion or the engulfment of food
Amebocyte
Pseudopodia
This is an animal phyla that comprises the sponges, which feed by filtering water through the sponge wall of flagellated cells
These cells line the interior of sponges, flagella creating a flow of water for the feed filter. They pass food to _____
Water exits through the
The sponge wall contains skeletal needles made from CaCO3 or SiO2, called
Porifera (parazoa)
Choanocytes
Amebocytes
Osculum
Spicules
These animal phyla comprises the hydrozoans, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals
They have two body forms this type is a floating umbrella shaped body with tentacles
This type is a sessile cylinder shape with rising tentacles
Cnidaria
Medusa
Polyp
There are specialized cells located in the tentacles and bodywalls of coloenterates (cnidaria),
Their interior is filled with stinging cells called
Cnidoblasts
Nematocysts
This animal phyla comprises three acoelomate flatwors: free living flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms
Platyhelminthes
This platyhelminthes is an acoelomate flatworm that are planarians (carnivores) in marine or freshwater
Free living flatworms
This platyhelminthes is an acoelomate flatworm that are internal animal parasites or external parasites that suck tissue fluids/blood
Flukes
This platyhelminthes is an acoelomate flatwork are internal parasites that often live in the digestive tract of vertebrates
They appear segmented, but aren’t actually. Do they have a digestive tract?
Tapeworms
No, they absorb predigested food around them
This animal phyla includes roundwords, they are pseudocoelomates with a complete digestive tract.
They are free living soil dwellers that help decompose and recycle nutrients
They cause this is humans from incompletely cooked meat
Nematoda
Trichinosis
This animal phyla is multicellular with specialized organs enclosed in pseudocoelom, they have a complete digestive tract and are filter feeders
Rotifera
This animal phyla includes snails, octopus, squids, bivalves (clams and mussels)
This animal of mollusca has no shell
This one has a small and internal shell
They have coelomate bodies, a complete digestive tract, and an open ciruclatory system with an internal cavity called
Their exoskeletons are mad eof
Mollusca
Octopus
Squid
Homocoel
Calcium Carbonate
This class of mollusca is the largest, includes snails and slugs, characterized by a single shell
This class includes octopus and squid, have high O2 demand, giant nerve fibers, closed circulatory system
This class includes clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters
Class Gastropoda
Class Cephalopoda
Class Bivalvia
This animal phyla includes segmented worms, leeches, earthworms, polychaete worms
These have suckers on both ends
Amnelida
Leeches
This animal phyla includes spiders, insects, crustaceans; they have jointed appendages, a well shaped nervous system, body segments and an exoskeleton
What is the exoskeleton made of?
There are two kinds of life cycles this one has a small version of an adult, it changes shape as growth proceeds
These are maggots specialized for eating, when they reach a certain size they enclose themselves in a ___ to undergo metamorphasis
Arthropoda
Chitin
Nymph
Larvae, pupa,
This class of arthropods has 3 pairs of legs, spiracles, tracheal tubes for breathing
Insects
This animal phyla has four pairs of legs and book lungs, include spiders and scorpions
Arachnids
This animal phyla has a segmented body with variable numbers of appendages and have gills; include crab, shrimp, lobster, crayfish, and barnacles
Crustaceans
This animal phyla includes sea stars, urchin, sand dollars. They are coelomate deuterostomes, have a complete digestive tract
Adults have _____ symmetry but are ____ when young
Echinodermata
adults have radia, young are bilateral (ancestors believed to be bilateral)
This animal phyla has temporary features during embryonic development and are the vertebrates
Chordata
This temporary feature of chordata provides a dorsal, flexible rod that functions as support and is replaced by bone during development
It becomes the _______ of intervertebral discs; arrived from mesoder
Notochord
Nucleus Pulposus
This temporary feature of chordata forms the basis of the nervous system –> the brain and spinal chord
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
This temporary feature of chordata provides channels across the pharynx to outside body, they become gills for O2 or filter feeding, they disappear during embryonic development in other
Pharyngeal Gill Slits
This temporary feature of chordatas is lost during embryonic development in humans
Muscular Tail
There are two groups of chordatas which are
Invertebrates and vertebrates
