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DAT Bio > Section 3: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Section 3: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This is an overall oxidative, exergonic process

A

Cellular Respiration

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2
Q

What is the ΔG for cellular respiration

A

-686 kcal/mole

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3
Q

This is defined as the entry of air into lungs and gas exchange between alveoli and blood

A

External respiration

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4
Q

This is defined as exchange of gas between the blood and the cells, + the intracellular respiration proccess

A

Internal Respiration

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5
Q

During respiration, what high energy atoms are removed from organic molecules?

What type of reaction is this?

A

H atoms

Dehydrogenation

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6
Q

What is the net equation for cellular (aerobic) respiration of glucose

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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7
Q

This type of respiration occurs in the presence of O2

A

Aerobic Respiration

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8
Q

What are the processes of aerbobic respiration?

What is the final product?

A

Glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation

Water

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9
Q

This is the part of aerobic respiration comprising the decomposition of glucose into pyruvate in cytosol

A

Glycolysis

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10
Q

How many ATP does glycolysis use?

How much NADH produced?

How much ATP produced?

How much pyruvate produced?

A

2ATP used

2NADH produced

4 ATP produced

2 pyruvate produced

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11
Q

What is the process that produces ATP during glycolysis?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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12
Q

This part of glycolysis is defined as the direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate to ADP, no extraneous carriers needed

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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13
Q

In substrate level phosphorylation, what enzyme phosphorylates glucose?

This is important because…

A

Hexokinase

The resulting can’t move out and tricks the gradient?

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14
Q

What molecule adds the 2nd phosphate to glucose?

What is the resulting molecule?

Why is this important?

A

PFK (phosphofructokinase-1)

fructose 1,6-biphosphate

Because this step is reversible and commits to glycolysis, major regulatory point!

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15
Q

After glycolysis, what occurs?

Where does this occur?

A

pyruvate decarboxylation

Mitochondrial Matrix

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16
Q

What is consumed and produced in pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

Pyruvate is consumed

Turns into Acetyl CoA, producing 1 NADH and 1 CO2

The net result is 2 NADH and 2 CO2

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17
Q

What enzyme catalyzes pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

PDC enzyme (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex))

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18
Q

This is the last step of aerobic respiration for the pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis

A

Krebs Cycle aka Citric Acid Cycle aka Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

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19
Q

In the Krebs cycle, _____ merges with ____ to form _____

The cycle goes with ___ intermediates

A

Acetyl CoA merges with oxaloacetate to form citrate

7 intermediates

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20
Q

What is produced per turn of the Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (via sub phos), and 2 CO2 are produced per turn

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21
Q

What happens to the 2 CO2 molecules produced during the Krebs cycle in animals?

A

They are exhaled

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22
Q

What is the net products produced from one molecule of glucose during the Krebs cycle?

How many CO2 produced during both glycolysis and krebs cycle?

A

Total 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP (technically GTP), 4CO2

This is because there are 2 pyruvate molecules per glucose, multiply the products per turn by 2

6 total!

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23
Q

How is the ATP produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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24
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondrial Matrix

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25
Q

What occurs after the Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration?

Where does it occur

A

The Electron Transport chain

At the inner membrane/cristae of the mitochondria

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26
Q

What do the cristae (folds) do for the mitochondria and the ETC?

A

Increase surface area for more ETC action

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27
Q

This is the process of converting ADP to –> ATP from NADH and FADH2 in the ETC via passing of electrons through various carrier proteins.

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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28
Q

Where does the energy come from in the ETC?

A

Electrons in the ETC establishing an

H+ gradient that supplies energy to ATP synthase

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29
Q

Which makes more energy, NADH or FADH2?

A

NADH, more H+ is pumped across per NADH (3:2 yield)

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30
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

Oxygen

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31
Q

What does the final electron acceptor (oxygen) form?

A

H2O, it combines with native H+

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32
Q

In the ETC, carrier proteins extract energy from NADH and FADH2 while pumping protons into the intermembrane space, what uses this gradient to make atp?

Where does it shuttle the H+ to?

A

ATP synthase (the gradient is both a pH and electrical)

Back into the inner matrix

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33
Q

This is a soluble carrier dissolved in the membrane that can be fully reduced/oxidized, it passes electrons through the membrane in the ETC

A

Coenzyme Q/Ubiquinone

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34
Q

This is a protein carrier in the ETC, common in many living organisms, used for genetic relation

They have non protein parts for ____ reactions

A

Cytochrome C

Redox reactions

35
Q

This process of the ETC couples exergonic flow of electrons with endergonic pumping of protons across the cistae membrane

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

36
Q

What is the total energy released from glucose in cellular respiration in eukaryotes?

How much in prokaryotes?

A

~36 ATP

~38 ATP

37
Q

What accounts for the difference in total energy released from one molecule of glucose in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have no mitochondria so they don’t need to transfer pyruvate to the mitochondrial matrix (requires active transport), they use the cell membrane for respiration

38
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur in prokaryotes?

A

The cell membrane

39
Q

This organelle has an outer membrane, intermembrane space (H+), inner membrane (ox. phosph) mitochondrial matrix (krebs)

A

Mitochondrial matrix

40
Q

This is the mechanism of ATP generation in the mitochondria that occurs when energy is stored in the form of a proton concentration gradient across a membrane

A

Chemiosmosis

41
Q

Krebs produces ______ and _____ , they are oxidized (lose electrons), H+ transported from matrix to __________
_______, pH and electric charge gradient is created, ATP synthase uses the energy in this gradient to create _____ by letting the protons flow through the channel

A

NADH, FADH2

Intramembrane space

ATP

42
Q

increases H+ cxn INCREASES/DECREASES pH

A

Decreases pH

43
Q

ATP is a DNA/RNA nucleotide

What type of sugar does it have?

A

RNA nucleotide

Ribose (like RNA and DNA)

44
Q

Is ATP stable or unstable? Why?

A

Unstable because the 3 phosphates are all negatively charged so they repel one another

45
Q

In ATP, a phosphate group is removed via ____ rxn

This creates a LESS/MORE stable ADP molecule

This releases or absorbs energy?

A

Hydrolysis

More stable

Releases energy (exergonic)

46
Q

This molecule provides energy for all cells by transferring one of its phosphates to another molecule

A

ATP

47
Q

What are the two processes of anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis and fermentation

48
Q

Aerobic respiration regenerates NAD+ via ___, which is required for continuation of glycolysis

A

O2

49
Q

Without O2 in glycolysis during anaerobic respiration, there would be no replenishing

______ accumulates, the cell would die with no ATP, so ______ occurs

A

NADH accumulates

Fermentation

50
Q

This process occurs in plants, fungi (yeasts) and bacteria (botulinum)

It converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde and CO2,

Acetaldehyde is then converted to ______

And NADH—>

A

Fermemntation

Ethanol

NAD+

51
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

What does this form?

A

Acetaldehyde

Ethanol (similar to O2 being electron acceptor and forming H2O)

52
Q

This type of anaerobic respiration occurs in human muscle cells and other microorganisms

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

53
Q

In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to

A

Lactate (and NADH–> NAD+)

54
Q

In lactic acid fermentation, lactate is transported back to the liver for conversion back to _____ once surplus ATP is available

A

Glucose

55
Q

These anaerobes can tolerate oxygen presence but don’t use it

These cannot live in the presence of oxygen

These can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically and anaerobically

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Obligate anaerobes

Facultative Anaerobes

56
Q

When glucose supply is low, body uses other energy sources, in the priority order of:

These substances are first converted to ___ or ___ intermediates, then decraded in ____ or _____

A

other carbs, fats, and proteins

Glycolysis or CAC

57
Q

We don’t just break down glucose, we can produce it. This process is called

Where does it occur in the body?

A

Gluconeogenesis

Liver and Kidney

58
Q

What organ is responsible for maintaining glucose cxn in the blood?

A

The liver

59
Q

This is a glucose polymer, important in the storage of glucose

What amount of glycogen is stored in the liver?

The kidney?

A

Glycogen

2/3 in liver

1/3 in kidney

60
Q

____ after large meals stores glucose as glycogen

____ has the opposite effect and turns on glycogen

A

Insulin

Glucagon

61
Q

What enzyme does insulin activate/glucagon inhibits it?

A

PFK enzyme

62
Q

Disaccharides are converted into ____, most of which can be converted to glucose or glycolytic intermediates

A

Monosaccharides

63
Q

All cells in the body are capable of producing and storing glycogen but only ____ cells and especially __ cells have large amounts

A

Muscle cells and liver cells

64
Q

Fats store MORE/LESS energy than carbohydrates per carbon

This is because the carbons in fats are in a MORE/LESS reduced state

A

More energy

more reduced

65
Q

Triacylglycerides are converted by ______ in the lumen of small intestine to….

A

Lipases

Monoacylglycerides and fatty acids

66
Q

Where are the lipases located in the body that convert triacylglycerides to monoacylglycerides and fatty acids

A

Lumen of the small intestine

67
Q

The monoacylglycerides broken down by lipases are absorbed in the surface ___ cells

There, they are reformed into _______

These are packed into ____ particles packaged with ____

This creates ___ tissue for storage

A

Intestinal

Triacylglycerides

Chylomicron particles packaged with cholesterol

Adipose tissue

68
Q

Adipose tissue is broken down by _______ which creates ____ and _____

A

Lipases

Glycerol and fatty acids

69
Q

In the breakdown of adipose tisue, glycerol goes to the ______ for _____ or ______

Fatty acids are converted to _____ which goes to other tissue cells, to the __ organelles. It enters the ___ cycle

A

liver for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

Acetyl CoA, goes to mitochondria of cells and enters the CAC cycle

70
Q

Lipases in adipose tissue are sensitive to _____

A

hormones (ex: glucagon)

71
Q

Glycerol in adipose tissue is converted into ___ which enters glycolysis

A

PGAL (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate)

72
Q

When fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA, every ___ carbon from fatty acid chain makes an Acetyl CoA

A

Every 2 carbons

73
Q

Fatty acids in the blood combine with ____ which carriers them

A

Albumin

74
Q

Fatty acids are broken down for energy via ________

This takes place in the __________

How many ATP are spent activating the entire fatty acid chain?

A

Beta oxidation

Mitochondrial Matrix

2 ATP

75
Q

In fatty acid metabolism, how much NADH and FADH2 does every cut into 2 carbons in SATURATED fatty acids produce?

Therefore, an 18C chain is 9 2C pieces, how many times is it cut?

A

1 NADH, 1 FADH2 (1 of each)

8 times! tricky business. 9 fragments formed from 8 cuts

76
Q

How much less FADH2 is produced for each double bond in saturated fatty acids than saturated fatty acids?

A

1 less FADH2

77
Q

Note: fatty acid metabolism results in BIG yield of ATP , yields more ATP per carbon than carbohydrates, more energy in fats than
sugars

A

!

78
Q

This is the least desirable source of energy, it’s only used when carbs and fat are unavailable

A

Protein

79
Q

Most amino acids undergo _____ in the liver

A

deamination

80
Q

Amino acids are deminated in the _______ organ

A

Liver

81
Q

After AAs undergo deamination, they are converted to _____ or _____ or other CAC intermediates, enter cellular respiration at these various points (varies by AA)

A

Pyruvate or Acetyl CoA

82
Q

Oxidative deamination removes _____ molecules directly from AAs.

A

Ammonia

83
Q

Ammonia, released after deamination of AAs, is _______ to vertebrates

Fish excrete it, insects and birds convert in to uric acid, mammals convert to urea for excretion

A

Toxic

DAT Bio (18 decks)

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