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DAT Bio > Section 2: Cells > Flashcards

Section 2: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

These membrane proteins are loosely attached to one side/surface of the membrane

A

Peripheral membrane proteins

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2
Q

This type of membrane protein embeds inside membranes

A

Integral membrane proteins

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3
Q

This type of membrane proteins goes all the way through the membrane, it’s on both sides of the membrane

A

Transmembrane integral proteins

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4
Q

What type of molecules can freely pass across the membrane?

Everything else requires…

A

Small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules

Transport proteins

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5
Q

PERIPHERAL membrane proteins are generally HYDROPHILIC/HYDROPHOBIC

What holds them in place?

How can they be disrupted or detached?

A

hydrophilic

H-bonding, electrostatic interaction

Changing salt concentration or pH

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6
Q

Integral membrane proteins are generally HYDROPHILIC/HYDROPHOBIC?

What can destroy and expose them?

A

Hydrophobic

Detergent

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7
Q

In cells, these proteins provide passageway through membrane for hydrophilic (water-soluble) substances (polar, and charged

A

Channel Proteins

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8
Q

These proteins distinguish between self and foreign

What type of molecule are they? What is attached to them?

What is an example of a recognition protein on macrophages?

A

Recognition proteins

glycoproteins

Oligosaccharides

Major-histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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9
Q

These proteins allow the passage of ions across the cell membrane that respond to stimuli.

What are they called in nerve and muscle cells?

A

Ion channels

Gated channels

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10
Q

These are ion channels that respond to differences in membrane potential

A

Voltage gated ion channels

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11
Q

These are ion channels where a chemical binds and opens the channel

A

Ligand gated ion channels

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12
Q

These are ion channels that respond to pressure, vibration, or temperature differences

A

Mechanically gated ion channels

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13
Q

In cells, these proteins allow the passage of certains ions + small polar molecules

Do they tend to be specific or unspecific?

A

Porins

Specific. If you can’t fit you don’t go through

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14
Q

This type of porin increases the rate of H2O passing in kidney and plant root cells.

A

Aquaporin

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15
Q

These proteins bind to specific molecules, causing a shape change in the proteins (still bound to the molecule) so that the molecule can pass across.

They seem to be specific to movement across membrane via ____________

Ex: glucose going into the cell.

A

Carrier Proteins

Integral membrane proteins

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16
Q

Some of these proteins use ATP to transport materials across the cell membrane. Not all do however.

A

Transport proteins

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17
Q

Transport proteins that use ATP employ this type of transport

What is an example of active transport in cells?

What type of transport is it when transport proteins don’t use active transport

A

Active Transport

Na+ and K+ pump to maintain the electrochemical gradient

Facilitated diffusion

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18
Q

These proteins attach to neighboring cells and provide anchors for internal filaments and tubules which provide stability

A

Adhesion proteins

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19
Q

These proteins are the binding site for hormones and other trigger molecules

A

Receptor proteins

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20
Q

This lipid molecule of the cell adds rigidity to the membrane of animal cells under normal conditions, but at a low temperature maintains its fluidity

What is the similar molecule in plants?

A

Cholesterol

Sterols

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21
Q

Do prokaryotes have cholesterol in their membranes?

What do they have?

A

No.

Hopanoids

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22
Q

This is a carbohydrate coating that covers the outer face of the cell wall of some bacteria and the outer face of the plasma membrane.

What is it made of?

What does it provide?

A

Glyocalyx

Glycolipids (attached to plasma membrane) and glycoproteins (like recognition proteins)

Barrier to adhesive capabilities of pathogens or markers for cell recognition

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23
Q

This organelle contains chromatin, chromosome, histones, nucleosomes, etc.

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

This is the name for DNA when it is not condensed

A

Chromatin

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25
Q

This is the term for condensed chromatin when the cell is ready to divide

A

Chromosome

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26
Q

These proteins organize DNA which coils around them to into bundle nucleosomes

A

Histones

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27
Q

This is the basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein core

A

nucleosome

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28
Q

These are found inside the nucleus and are the maker of ribosomes, aka…..

A

Nucleolus, makes ribosomes AKA rRNA

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29
Q

rRNA synthesized in the nucleolus + ribsomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm =?

A

Ribosomal subunits

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30
Q

After ribosomal subunits form in the nucleolus, where are they exported for final assembly into a complete ribosome?

A

The cytoplasm

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31
Q

The nucleus is bound by a SINGLE/DOUBLE layer nuclear envelope

A

Double layer

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32
Q

What are in the nuclear envelope which allow for transport?

What transports out of them?

A

Nuclear Pores

mRNA, ribosome subunits, dNTPs, proteins like RNA polyermase, histones, etc.

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33
Q

Is there a cytoplasm in the nucleus?

What is the term then for the similar area in the nucleus?

A

No

Nucleoplasm

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34
Q

This is a dense fibrillar network inside the nucleus of ______ cells made of intermediate filaments and membrane associated proteins.

It provides mechanical support and helps regulate DNA replication cell division, and chromatin organization

A

Nuclear Lamina, Eukaryotic cells

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35
Q

This in an irregular shaped region within the cell of a PROKARYOTE that contains almost all genetic material

A

Nucleoid (similar to nucleus in eukaryotes)

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36
Q

Is the nucleoid membrane bound?

A

No, by the nucleus in eukaryotic cells is

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37
Q

Metabolic activity and transport occur here. It doesn’t include the nucleus but does include cytosol, organelles, everything suspended within it except the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm (NOT a structure, just an area)

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38
Q

This is the term for streaming movement within the cell in the cytoplasm

A

Cyclosis

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39
Q

The are made of RNA + protein, they function to make proteins

A

Ribosomes

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40
Q

These cells have a 60S + 40S = 80S ribsome

A

Eukaryotes

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41
Q

These cells have a 50S + 30S = 70S ribosome

A

Prokaryotes

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42
Q

In ribosome formation, the two subunits produced inside the nucleolus move into the cytosplasm where they are assembled into ___S ribosomes (EUKARYOTES)

A

80S

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43
Q

This creates glycoproteins by attaching polysaccharides to polypeptides as they are assmebled by ribosomes

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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44
Q

In eukaryotes, the rough ER is continuous with the…

A

Outer membrane

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45
Q

This organelle synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones for export

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (no ribosomes)

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46
Q

In liver cells, the __________ has functions in breakdown of toxins, drugs, and toxic by products from cellular reactions. It can also store ions

A

Smooth ER

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47
Q

These are vesicles that contain digestive enzymes, functioning in apoptosis by releasing its contents into the cell

A

Lysosomes

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48
Q

Where are lysosomes produced?

The digestive enzymes within them require a LOW/HIGH pH?

A

The Golgi apparatus

low pH, so they any that escape remain inactive in the neutral pH of the cytosol.

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49
Q

Are there lysosomes in the plant cell?

A

Maybe. But generally thought of as none.

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50
Q

These organelles break down substances like fatty acids, and amino acids. It can create or break down hydrogen peroxide.

Where are they common in mammals, where they break down toxins?

A

Peroxisomes

Common in the liver and kidney

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51
Q

This is the term for the cytoplasm without the organelles, it’s the jell-O like substance

A

Cytosol

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52
Q

What function do peroxisomes have in plant cells?

A

They modify by-products of photorespiration

53
Q

What are the peroxisome like structures in germinating seeds which break down stored fatty acids to help generate energy for growth?

A

Glyoxysomes

54
Q

This substance can be produced by peroxisomes which can be used to oxidize substrates. It can also be broken down by peroxisomes

A

Hydrogen peroxide

55
Q

These provide support and motility for cellular activities, they are the spindle apparatus which guide chromosomes during cell division.

A

Microtubules

56
Q

What do microtubules compose, other than the spindle apparatus which guides chromosomes?

What protein are microtubules composed of?

A

Flagella and cilia

Tubulin

57
Q

These provide support for maintaining cell shape

A

Intermiediate filaments

58
Q

These are made up of actin and are involved in cell motility, like in skeletal muscle amoeba pseudopod, cleavage furrow

A

Microfilatments

59
Q

These are made of microtubules, 9+2 array, 9 pairs + 2 singlets in center

A

Flagella and cilia

60
Q

These include centrioles and basal bodies, is a structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge.

9x3 array

A

Microtubule organizing centers

61
Q

These have two main functions: the organization of eukaryotic flagella and cilia and the organization of the mitotic and meiotic spindle apparatus, which separate the chromosomes during cell division.

A

Microtubule organizing center

62
Q

These are MTOCS that are at the base of each flagellum and cilium and organize their development, are a 9x3 array

A

Centrosomes and basal bodies

63
Q

Plant cells lack centrioles because its division is by _______ instead
of cleavage furrow – note that plants DO have MTOC’s

A

Cell plate

64
Q

These move materials between organelles or between organelles and the plasma membrane

A

Tranport vacuoles

65
Q

These are temporary recepticles of nutrients, they merge with lysosomes which break down food

A

Food vacuoles

66
Q

There are large and occupy most of the plant cell interior. They exert turgor when fully filled to maintain rigidity

A

Central vacuoles

67
Q

In addition to maintaining turgidity, these also store nutrients, and carry out functions performed by _____ in animal cells

A

Central vacuoles

Lysosomes

68
Q

What is the name for the specialized membrane of central vacuoles?

A

Tonoplast

69
Q

These are in plants and store starch, pigments, and toxic substances like nicotene

A

Storage vacuoles

70
Q

These are in single celled organisms, they collect and pump excess water out of the cells to prevent bursting

What type of transport is it?

In what organisms are they found?

Are they in hypertonic or hypotonic environment

A

Contractile vacuoles

Active Transport

Protista (ameoba, paramecia)

Hypotonic (less concentration of solutes inside the cell, hence these push water out of the cell to maintain hypotonicity)

71
Q

Cell walls are found in these 4 organisms

A

Plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria

72
Q

This forms the cell wall in plants

This forms it in fungi

This forms it in bacteria

This forms it in archea

A

Cellulose

Chitin

peptidoglycan

polysaccharides

73
Q

This structure provides support in plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria. Sometimes a secondary one develop beneath the primary one

A

Cell wall

74
Q

This is found in animals in the area between adjacent cells beyond the plasma membrane and glycocalyx. It provides mechanical support and helps bind adjacent cells

A

Extracellular matrix

75
Q

What occupies the extracellular matrix?

What is most abundant protein in the extracellular matrix?

A

Fibrous structural proteins, adhesion proteins, and polysaccharides secreted by cells

Collagen

Integrin and fibronectin are also seen

76
Q

These are found in plant cells, include chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and chromoplasts

A

Plastids

77
Q

These are the site of photosynthesis in plant cells

A

Chloroplasts

78
Q

These plastids store starch in plant cells

A

Leucoplasts

79
Q

These plastids store carotenoids in plant cells

A

Chromoplasts

80
Q

This is the site of ATP production,

What else does it perform?

A

Mitochondria

Fatty acid catabolism (β-oxidation)

81
Q

Where are fatty acids made?

A

Cytosol

82
Q

The mitochondira has its own ________ and _________ and a SINGLE/DOUBLE layered membrane

A

Circular DNA

Ribosomes

83
Q

Mitchondria give rise to what theory base upon having its own circular DNA and ribosome?

A

Endosymbiotic theory

84
Q

This structure is made of microtubules (cilia and flagella), microfilaments, intermediate filaments. In eukaryotic cells it aids in cell division, cell crawling, and the movement of the cytoplasm and organelles

A

Cytoskeleton

85
Q

Is the normal state of plant cells hypertonic or hypotonic?

A

Hypotonic

86
Q

In plant cells, the vacuole swells in hypotonic solution leading to…

In an isotonic solution, the cell is

In a hypertonic solution, the cell is

A

turgidity

Flaccid

Plasmolyzed

87
Q

This occurs in hypertonic solutions in plant cells, the cytoplasm is pulled away from the cell wall

A

Plasmolyzed

88
Q

Fungal, in addition to plant cells, will remain turgid in hypertonic solutions due to ______

In an animal cell, it will undergo

A

Cell walls

Cytolysis (bursting)

89
Q

This is the network of organelles and structures, either directly or indirectly connected, that function in the transport of proteins and other
macromolecules into or out of the cell.

A

Endomembrane system

90
Q

What organelles comprise the endomembrane system?

A

Plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles,
endosomes but not the mitochondria or chloroplasts

91
Q

In this category of circulation, Brownian movement, cyclosis, and movement through the ER occur

A

Intracellular Circulation

92
Q

In intracellular circulation, this type of movement occurs when particles move due to kinetic energy, it spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm

A

Brownian Movement

93
Q

This type of intracellular circulation is the circular motion of the cytoplasm around cell transport molecules

A

Cyclosis/Streaming

94
Q

In intracellular circulation, this structure provides a channel through the cytoplasm and provides a direct and continuous pathway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

95
Q

What are the two categories of extracellular circulation?

A

Diffusion and the circulatory system

96
Q

In extracellular circulation, this occurs when cells in close contact with external environment can suffice for food and respiration needs. It is also used for the transport of materials between cells and interstatial fluid around cells in more complex animals

A

Diffusion

97
Q

This type of extracellular circulation occurs in complex animals with cells too far from the external environment, it uses vessels

A

Circulatory System

98
Q

These are keratin filaments inside cells, they attach to adhesion plaques that bind adjacent cells together. They are found in tissues with mechanical stress

They are found in PLANT/ANIMAL cells

A

Desmosomes

Skin epithelium, cervix/uterus are where they are commonly found

Animals

99
Q

Desmosomes form _____ between cells

A

Tight Junctions

100
Q

These completely encircle each cell, producing a seal that prevents the passage of materials BETWEEN cells

A

Tight Junctions

101
Q

Tight junctions are characteristic of cell lining the _______ where materials are required to pass through cells into blood.

A

Digestive tract.

102
Q

These force all materials to enter cells, keeping ions and molecules out of the space between the cells

What two ways can molecules enter the cells?

A

Tight junctions

Active Transport of Diffusion

103
Q

Tight junctions are found in PLANT/ANIMALS cells

A

Animal cells

104
Q

These are narrow tunnels between animal cells (connexins), they prevent the cytoplasms of each cell from mixing but allow the passage of ions and small molecules.

A

Gap Junctions

105
Q

These are essentially channel proteins of two adjacent cells that are closely aligned, tissues like heart have these to pass electrical impulses

A

Gap Junctions

106
Q

These are narrow tunnels between plant cells

A

Plasmodesmata

107
Q

This category of organisms includes all organisms except for bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaebacteria

A

Eukaryotes

108
Q

EUKARYOTES/PROKARYOTES have a plasma membrane

A

Prokaryotes

109
Q

Do prokaryotes have a ribosome?

A

Yes

110
Q

Do prokaryotes have DNA?

A

yes, a single circular DNA molecule

111
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cell wall?

A

Yes, not eukaryotes

112
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

No, nucleoid

113
Q

What is the composition of the ribosome of prokaryotes?

A

50S +30S = 70S

114
Q

Are flagella constructed from microtubules in prokaryotes?

A

No.

115
Q

This is defined as higher solute concentration within cells than the surrounding environment

A

Hypertonic

116
Q

This is defined as a lower solute concentration within cells than the surrounding environment

A

Hypotonic

117
Q

This is defined as equal solute concentration within the cell and outside the environment

A

Isotonic

118
Q

This is the collective movement of substances in the same direction in response to a force or pressure

A

Bulk Flow

119
Q

Simple diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, plasmolysis, facilitated diffusion, countercurrent exchange are all what type of transport?

A

Passive transport

120
Q

This type of passive transport is defined as the diffusion of different solutes across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Dialysis

121
Q

This type of passive transport is defined as the movement of water out of a cell that results in its collapse

A

Plasmolysiis

122
Q

This type of passive transport is defined as diffusion by bulk flow in opposite directions; like blood and water in fish gills

A

Countercurrent Exchange

123
Q

Do all particles move with the gradient in diffusion?

A

No, we speak of net diffusion. Some particles still move against the gradient

124
Q

This type of transport is the movement of particles against their concentration gradient that requires energy. It is usually SOLUTES like small ions, amino acids, and monosaccharides

A

Active transport

125
Q

This is cytosis that uses ATP

A

Endocytosis

126
Q

This is cytosis in which undissolved material (solid) enter a cell, the white blood cell engulfs. The plasma membrane wraps outward around it.

A

Phagocytosis

127
Q

This is cytosis of dissolved material (liquid), the plasma membrane invaginates (infolds)

A

Pinocytosis (like formation of endosome)

128
Q

This cytosis is where specific molecules bind to receptors, proteins that transport cholesterol in blood (LDL) and hormones target specific cells by this.

A

Receptor Mediated Cytosis

129
Q

Receptor mediated cytosis is a form of _____

A

Pinocytosis

DAT Bio (18 decks)

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