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DAT Bio > Section 4: Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Section 4: Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (+6H2O)

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2
Q

Photosynthesis begins with light absorbing ____ in plant cells

They are able to absorb energy from _______

A

Pigments

light

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3
Q

What are the pigments involved in photosynthesis that absorb energy from light?

A

Chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids (red orange, yellow)

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4
Q

In photosynthesis, light energy is incorporated into _____

A

Electrons

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5
Q

Excited electrons in photosynthesis re-emit absorbed energy, which is then reabsorbed by neighboring electrons of a nearby _____ molecule

A

Pigment

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6
Q

The photosynthesis process ends when energy is absorbed by one of two special ___________ molecules

What are these two molecules?

A

Chlorophyll a molecules

P680 and P700

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7
Q

This chlorophyll a molecule forms pigment cluster (PSI)

A

P700

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8
Q

This chlorophyll a molecule forms pigment cluster (PSII)

A

P680

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9
Q

This type of pigement capture wavelengths that chlorophyll a does not, and passes it on to chlorophyll a where the direct light reaction occurs

A

Antenna pigment

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10
Q

What are the antenna pigments?

A

Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, phycobilins (red algae pigment)

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11
Q

Chlorophyll a has a ______ ring, which is alternating double and single bonds, the double bonds are critical for light rxns

What is it complexed with?

A

Poryphin ring

Mg atom

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12
Q

What is the equation for photophosphorylation? AKA the light dependent reaction in photosynthesis

A

ADP + Pi + light => ATP

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13
Q

In this part of photophosphorylation, electrons are trapped by P680 in PSII are energized by light

A

Photosystem II

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14
Q

In photophosphorylation, two excited electrons are passed to a primary electron ______, primary because it is the first in a chain of them

A

Acceptor

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15
Q

The electron transport chain in photophosphorylation consists of ________ which contains proteins and a cofactor

A

Plastoquinone complex (PSII)

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16
Q

What is an example of a protein that plastoquinone complex (PSII) in photophosphorylation contains?

What cofactor does it contain?

A

Cytochrome

Fe2+

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17
Q

What is the electron transport chain analagous to in cellular respiration?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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18
Q

In photophosphorylation, this phase moves 2 electrons down the primary acceptor chain

Does this cause the loss or gain of energy?

A

Phosphorylation

Loss of energy

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19
Q

How much energy does it cost to phosphorylate in photophosphorylation?

A

~1.5 ATP

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20
Q

In this part of photophosphorylation, the electron transport terminates with PSI (P700)

The electrons are again energized by ____ and passed on to another primary electron acceptor

From THIS point forward things can become cyclic or noncyclic

A

Photosystem I

sunlight

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21
Q

If noncyclic photophosphorylation, after photosystem I, 2 electrons pass down a short ETC with proteins like ferrodoxin to combine and create…..

A

NADPH (coenzyme)

NADP+ + H+ + 2e- => NADPH

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22
Q

In noncyclic photophosphorylation, after the formation of NADPH, the loss of electrons from the ____ initially is replaced with….

What does it form

A

PSII

H2O

2e-, 2H+ and 1/2O2

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23
Q

Where does noncyclic photophosphorylation take place in plants?

A

Thylakoid Membranes

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24
Q

How many photosystems in each thylakoid?

A

A few hundred

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25
Q

Where does cyclic photophosphorylation take place?

A

Stroma Lamellae (piece connecting the thylakoids)

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26
Q

Where does photolysis occur?

A

Thlaykoid lumen (passes e- to the membrane for noncyclic photophos)

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27
Q

Where does the calvin cycle take place?

A

Stroma

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28
Q

Where does chemiosmosis take place

A

Thylakoid Membrane

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29
Q

All of the aforementioned processes (photolysis, chemiosmosis, calvin cycle, photosystems, etc) take place inside of the

A

Chloroplast

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30
Q

What absorbs light in photosynthesis?

A

Thlyakoid membranes, NOT chloroplast membranes

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31
Q

This type of photophosphorylation replenishes ATP when the calvin cycle consumes it

When excited, 2 electrons from _____ join with protein carrier in the first ETC and generate how many ATP as they pass through?

They are then recycled into _____ and can take either the cyclic or noncyclic path

A

Cyclic photophosphorylation

PSI

1 ATP

PSI

32
Q

The Calvin cycle fixes ______

It repeats this ____ times

It is used to produce

This is _____ photosynthesis

A

CO2

6 times (6CO2)

C6H12O6 (glucose)

C3 photosynthesis (dark reaction)

33
Q

In this step of cyclic photophosphorylation, 6CO2 + 6RuBP => 12PGA

What catalyzes the reaction? It’s the most common protein in the world!

Why is the calvin cycle called C3 photosynthesis?

A

Carboxylation

RuBisCo

PGA is 3C

34
Q

After carboxylation, this step occurs with the reaction 12PGA => 12G3P

What 2 things do this conversion?

What are the by-products and where do they go?

A

Reduction

12ATP+12NADPH convert it

NADP+ and ADP

They go into noncyclic photophosphorylation

35
Q

After reduction, in this step 6 ATP convert to 10G3P to 6RuBP, which allows the cycle to repeat

A

Regeneration

36
Q

After regeneration, what happens to the 2 remaining G3P?

A

They are used to build glucose

6CO2 + 18ATP + 12NADPH + H+ => 18ADP + 18Pi + 12NADP+ + 1glucose (2G3P)

37
Q

Can the “dark reaction” aka calcin cycle occur without light?

A

No. It is dependent upon high energy molecules produced from the light rxn (ATP and NADPH)

38
Q

The energy stored in glucose during photosynthesis is in the form of chemical bonds, but the energy initially comes from

A

Light

39
Q

Plants DO/DO NOT have mitochondria that make ATP

What is the important difference to remember, then?

A

They do have mitochondria that make ATP

ATP from photosynthesis comes from the chloroplast, not mitochondria

40
Q

Where does the glucose that is made during photosynthesis go to be used as energy?

A

Mitochondria

41
Q

Is photosynthesis ATP used for general cell fxn?

A

No. ?

42
Q

This organelle is where light dependent and light independent reactions occur

A

Chloroplast

43
Q

Does the chloroplast have a double membrane like the mitochondria and nucleus?

A

Yes

44
Q

What are the three components of the double membrane in the chloroplast?

A

Outer membrane (phospholipid bilayer/plasma membrane)

Intermembrane space

Inner Membrane (phospholipid bilayer/plasma membrane)

45
Q

This is the fluid material that fills inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast

What occurs here?

A

Stroma

The Calvin Cycle (fixing Co2=>G3P)

46
Q

These are suspended within stroma (stacks), and are individual membrane layers

What is an entire stack of them called?

A

Thylakoids

Granum

47
Q

What does the membrane of thylakoids contain?

Are thylakoids a phospholipid bilayer?

A

PSI and PSII, cytochromes, and other e- carriers.

Yes.

48
Q

This is the interior of the thylakoid

What accumulates here?

A

Thylakoid Lumen

H+

49
Q

Gradient uses ________ to move the accumulated H+ from thylakoid lumen to _______

H+ moves in to out to generate _______ via the synthase

How is this different than oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP synthase

Stroma

ATP

H+ builds up outside and is shuttled INTO the mitochondria to generate ATP via synthase

50
Q

In chloroplasts, this is the term for using H+ gradient to generate ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

51
Q

What accumulates inside of thylakoids during chemiosmosis?

Where are they released when H2O is split by PSII?

It is also carriend into lumen from stroma by ____ between PSIII and PSI

A

H+ ions

Lumen

cytochrome

52
Q

What type of gradient is created during chemiosmosis?

A

A pH and electrical gradient

53
Q

What is the pH of the gradient during chemiosmosis?

A

pH 5

54
Q

What generates ATP during chemiosmosis?

A

ATP synthase

phosphorylate ADP + Pi => ATP. (3H+ is required for 1ATP

55
Q

The Calvin cycle produce _________ using NADPH and CO2 and ATP

At the end of the ETC following PSI, 2 electrons produce

A

2 G3P

NADPH

56
Q

This is the fixation of oxygen by rubisco (can also fix CO2) => produces no ATP or sugar

A

Photorespiration

57
Q

Is photorespiration efficient?

A

No,rubisco will fix both CO2 and oxygen at the same time if both are present. Probably arose because early earth
atmosphere didn’t have much O2 so it didn’t matter. Peroxisomes breakdown the products of this process

58
Q

This type of photosynthesis occurs when CO2 enters a leaf, it is absorbed by mesophyll cells instead of being fixed by rubisco into PGA

CO2 combines with PEP to form ____ by PEP carboxylase in the mesophyll

A

C4 Photosynthesis

OAA

59
Q

Why is it called C4 synthesis?

A

OAA has 4C

60
Q

What does OAA become in C4 photosynthesis?

Where is it transported to via plasmodesmata?

A

Malate

Bundle Sheath Cell

61
Q

What is malate converted to in C4 photosynthesis?

A

Pyruvate + CO2

62
Q

When malate is converted to pyruvate and CO2 in C4 photosynthesis, where does each go?

A

CO2 is used in Calvin cycle

pyruvate is moved back to the mesophyll

63
Q

The overall purpose of C4 photosynthesis is to move CO2 from the mesophyll to the

A

Bundle Sheath Cell

64
Q

This is the structure of C4 photosynthesis

This is the process of C4 photosynthesis

A

Kranz anatomy

Hatch-Slack pathway

65
Q

Where is C4 photosynthesis found?

It requires 1 additional _____ which becomes ____

A

Hot, dry climates (faster fixation speed and more efficient)

ATP, AMP

66
Q

C3 typically occurs in ____ cells

C4 typically occurs in _____ cells

A

mesophyll cells

Bundle Sheath cells

67
Q

This is another thing that evolved from C3, it is almost identical to C4. It comprises CRASSULEACEAN ACID METABOLISM

A

CAM photosynthesis

68
Q

In CAM photosynthesis, PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 + PEP to

This product is converted to

A

OAA

Malic Acid

69
Q

Where is malic acid shuttled to in CAM photosynthesis?

A

Vacuole of cell

70
Q

In CAM photosynthesis, at night, stomato are ______ which is the opposite of normal

What is active?

So what accumulates in the vacuole?

A

Open

PEP carboxylase

Malic Acid

71
Q

In CAM photosynthesis, during the day, stomata are ____ (opposite of normal)

Where is malic acid?

What is it converted to?

What does this release?

A

Closed

Out of the vacuole

Back to OAA (requires 1 ATP)

CO2 and PEP

72
Q

Where does the CO2 go that is produced during CAM photosynthesis?

A

Calvin cycle with rubisco

73
Q

The advantage of CAM photosynthesis is that it can…

A

Proceed during day while stomata are closed (reduces H2O loss)

74
Q

As leaves age, chlorophyll breaks down to extract valuable components like Mg2+, ______are visible.

A

carotenoids

75
Q

The calvin cycle occurs in the ___ of chloroplast

A

Stroma

76
Q

The splitting of H2O provides ___ for noncyclic photophosphorylation

Where is it incorporated?

A

2e-

NADPH and calvin cycle

77
Q

Is the calvin cycle dependent upon light?

A

No, but ATP and NADPH are produced from a light dependent reaction

DAT Bio (18 decks)

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