Section 13: Animal Behavior

Question 1

Behavior can be inherited through ______ (innate-molded by natural selection to increase fitness) OR learned

Answer 1

Genes

Question 2

This is the study of behavior that seeks to explain how specific behaviors influence fitness

Answer 2

Behavioral Ecology

Question 3

This type of reflex is an automatic 2 nerve (afferent/efferent) response to stimulus controlled @ the spinal cord (lower animals)

Answer 3

Simple Reflex

Question 4

This type of reflex is an automatic response to a significant stimulus (controlled @ brain stem or even cerebrum)

An example of this is the startle response, which is controlled by the ________ system

Answer 4

Complex Reflex

Reticular activating system

Question 5

This is a behavior that is innate or inherited

For example, care for offspring in mammals is done by the ___ parent

Answer 5

Instinct

Female

Question 6

These are innate behaviors following a regular, unvarying pattern.

Answer 6

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)

Hohohohohohoho

Question 7

Fixed action patterns (FAPs) are initiated by a specific stimulus called a _______, it is completed even if the original intent of the behavior cannot be fulfilled

When the stimulus is between members of the same species, it is a

Answer 7

Sign Stimuli

Releaser (?)

Question 8

The goose methodically rolling an egg back to the nest even if it slips away or is removed is a

The male stickleback fish defending its territory against any object with a red underside is too

The swimming actions of fish and flying actions of locusts are aw well

Answer 8

Fixed Action Pattern

Question 9

This is an innate program for acquiring specific behavior only if an appropriate stimulus is experienced during the critical period. Once acquired, the trait it IRREVERSIBLE

Ex: Gray goslings accepting any moving object as mother during first day of life

Ex: salmon hatch in freshwater, migrate to ocean to feed, return to birthplace to breed based on imprinted
odors associated w/ birthplace

Answer 9

Imprinting

Question 10

This occurs when an animal recognizes (learns) that events are connected

A specific form called _____ occurs when an animal performs a behavior in response to substituted stimulus rather than the normal stimulus

Ex: Dogs salivate when presented with food. PAVLOV bell ringing prior to food, could stimulate
salivation with bell alone

Answer 10

Associative Learning

Classical Conditioning (bad explanation)

Question 11

An established innate reflex is a _________ stimulus (food causing salivation)

Natural response to that is the _______ response

The association of a bell with food leads to it becoming a _______ stimulus that will elicit a response even in the absensce of the unconditioned stmiulus

The product of the conditioning experience is the ____ reflex

Answer 11

Unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned Response (salivation)

Conditioned Stimulus

Conditioned Reflex (salivation)

Question 12

This type of associative learning is trial an error learning, it occurs when the animal connects its own behavior with an environmental response, causing the animal to repeat the behavior

The positive environmental response is also called a

If a negative/ undesirable response occurs, the animal avoids that behavior

Answer 12

Operant Conditioning

Reward

Question 13

In operant conditioning, this is adding something good to increase a behavior

This is taking something bad away to increase a behavior

Answer 13

Positive reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Question 14

This type of punishment is adding something bad to decrease a behavior

This type of punishment is taking something good away to decrease a behavior

Answer 14

Positive Punishment

Negative Punishment

Question 15

This is another form of associative learning where an animal associates attributes of a landmark with a reward of identifying and returning to that location

Ex: Wasps able to associate pinecones with location of the nest

Answer 15

Spatial Learning

Question 16

This is a learned behavior that allows an animal to disregard meaningless stimuli

Ex: Sea anemones disregarding repeated “feeding” stimulation with a stick

If a stimulus no longer regularly applies, the response will recover over time. This process is called

Answer 16

Habituation

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 17

This occurs when an animal copies the behavior of another without having experienced any feedback themselves

Ex: All monkeys followed lead of first by washing off potato in water

Answer 17

Observational Learning

Question 18

This occurs when an animal exposed to a new situation without prior experience performs a behavior that generates a positive outcome

Ex: Chimpanzee stacks boxes to reach bananas previously out of reach

Answer 18

Insight

Question 19

Some behaviors appear learned but are actually innate behaviors that require _______

Ex: (ex: bird appears to learn to fly by trial+error or observational learning,
but if raised in isolation will fly on first try if physically capable –> flight ability is innate but requires what is mentioned above

Answer 19

Maturation

Question 20

Inherited behaviors evolved because they increase _______

Imprinting, in contrast, provides ______, if a mother is killed, imprint—> new mother chosen (likely same species)

Answer 20

Fitness

Flexibility

Question 21

This allows individuals to benefit from exposure to unexpected repeated events.

Answer 21

Associative learning

Question 22

This allows individuals to ignore repetitive

events known to be inconsequential from exp.  can remain focused on other, more meaningful events

Answer 22

Habituation

Question 23

These two things provide mechanism to learn new behaviors in response to unexpected events w/out receiving reinforcement –> reduces time for new behavior to be acquired

Answer 23

Observational and Insight

Question 24

Daily cycles of behavior are ______

Answer 24

Circadian Rhythms

Question 25

Learning involves ____ responses to the environment In higher animals the capacity of learning is closely associated with _______ development

Answer 25

Adaptive Neurologica

Question 26

This is when a conditioned organism responds to stimuli similar but not identical to original conditioned stimulus. This involves involves the ability of the learning organism to differentially respond to slightly different stimuli (e.g. only respond to 990 to 1010 Hz range) This implies that the further from the original conditioned stimulus a stimulus is, the lesser the magnitude of the response

Answer 26

Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination Stimulus Generalization Gradient

Question 27

In animal movements, this is an undirected (without direction) change in the speed on an animal's movement in response to a stimulus Like slowing down in a favorable environment or speeding up in an unfavorable environment Ex: animals scurrying when a rock is lifted up

Answer 27

Kinesis

Question 28

This is directed movement in response to a stimulus. Movement is either towards or away from the stimulus This is the movement towards light Ex: moths moving toward light, sharks moving toward food odors

Answer 28

Taxis Phototaxis

Question 29

This is long distance, seasonal movement of animals. Usually in response to availability of food/degradation of environmental conditions Ex: migration by whales, birds, elk, insects, and bats to warmer climates

Answer 29

Migration

Question 30

Chemicals used for communication in animals are called Chemicals that trigger reversible behavioral changes are called Those that cause long term physiological and behavioral changes are called

Answer 30

Pheromones Releaser Pheromones Primer pheromones

Question 31

Pheromones may be detected by ______ing or ______ing them

Answer 31

Smelling or eating them

Question 32

In heat, doe secrete _____ what type of pheromones? Queen bees and aunts secrete _______ pheromones to prevent the development of reproductive capability

Answer 32

Releaser pheromones Primer Pheromones

Question 33

This type of communication occurs during displays of aggression (agonistic behavior) or during courtship

Answer 33

Visual Communication

Question 34

Wolves baring teeth or laying on back is what type of communication?

Answer 34

Visual

Question 35

There is also audio communication like whale sounds, elephant infrasound, frog calls, and songs of male bird

Answer 35

!

Question 36

This type of communication is common in social bonding, infant care, like grooming and mating

Answer 36

Tactile Communication

Question 37

This is behavior that optimizes feeding by minimizing the energy spent and the risk

Answer 37

Foraging Behavior

Question 38

Heds, flocks, and schools have several advantages in foraging behavior, the use ______ to carry out a behavior more successfully as a group

Answer 38

Cooperation

Question 39

This benefit of herds, flocks, and schools, allows most individuals in the flock to be hidden from view Also, in a group individuals can trade off foraging and watching for predators, called Also, a group of individuals can shield their young or mob their predator

Answer 39

Concealment Vigilance Defense

Question 40

This type of group enables members to corner and successfully attack large prey

Answer 40

Packs

Question 41

These help animals find favored or plentifiul food based on specific and or abbreviated target images (like spotting a police car via black and white, or a book on a shelf by the color and shape without reading title)

Answer 41

Search Images

Question 42

This category of social behavior can be aggressive or submissive, like a dog wagging its tail. It originates from the competition for food, mates, or territory. It is ritualized so injuries and time spent in contests are minimized

Answer 42

Agonistic Behavior

Question 43

In animal social behavior, these indicate power and status relationships in a group, and minimize fighting for food/mates

Answer 43

Dominance Hierarchies

Question 44

This is a linear order of status used to describe the dominance hierarchy in chickens

Answer 44

Pecking Order

Question 45

This is active possession and defense of territory, it ensures adequate food/place to mate

Answer 45

Territoriality

Question 46

This is a seemingly unselfish behavior that appears to reduce fitness of an individual, like when an animal risks its safety in defense of another or in order to help another rear its young It increases _____ fitness

Answer 46

Altruistic Behavior Inclusive fitness

Question 47

This is defined as the fitness of an individual plus its relatives who share some identical genes

Answer 47

Inclusive Fitness

Question 48

This is natural selection that increases inclusive fitness ex: Squirrels alarm when predator comes ---> risky to self but save daughters, mothers, sisters, and aunts

Answer 48

Kin Selection

Question 49

This is another example of kin selection the ______ reproductive system of bees MALES/FEMALES are haploid (unfertilized egg) and MALE/FEMALE workers and queen are diploid (fertilized eggs) The MALES/FEMALES are all highly related to each other because they have the same father whose genes all come from a queen mother, inclusive fitness of them is greater if they help each other

Answer 49

Haplodiploid Males are haploid Females are diploid The females work together to increase inclusive fitness