Section 13: Animal Behavior Flashcards
Behavior can be inherited through ______ (innate-molded by natural selection to increase fitness) OR learned
Genes
This is the study of behavior that seeks to explain how specific behaviors influence fitness
Behavioral Ecology
This type of reflex is an automatic 2 nerve (afferent/efferent) response to stimulus controlled @ the spinal cord (lower animals)
Simple Reflex
This type of reflex is an automatic response to a significant stimulus (controlled @ brain stem or even cerebrum)
An example of this is the startle response, which is controlled by the ________ system
Complex Reflex
Reticular activating system
This is a behavior that is innate or inherited
For example, care for offspring in mammals is done by the ___ parent
Instinct
Female
These are innate behaviors following a regular, unvarying pattern.
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
Hohohohohohoho
Fixed action patterns (FAPs) are initiated by a specific stimulus called a _______, it is completed even if the original intent of the behavior cannot be fulfilled
When the stimulus is between members of the same species, it is a
Sign Stimuli
Releaser (?)
The goose methodically rolling an egg back to the nest even if it slips away or is removed is a
The male stickleback fish defending its territory against any object with a red underside is too
The swimming actions of fish and flying actions of locusts are aw well
Fixed Action Pattern
This is an innate program for acquiring specific behavior only if an appropriate stimulus is experienced during the critical period. Once acquired, the trait it IRREVERSIBLE
Ex: Gray goslings accepting any moving object as mother during first day of life
Ex: salmon hatch in freshwater, migrate to ocean to feed, return to birthplace to breed based on imprinted
odors associated w/ birthplace
Imprinting
This occurs when an animal recognizes (learns) that events are connected
A specific form called _____ occurs when an animal performs a behavior in response to substituted stimulus rather than the normal stimulus
Ex: Dogs salivate when presented with food. PAVLOV bell ringing prior to food, could stimulate
salivation with bell alone
Associative Learning
Classical Conditioning (bad explanation)
An established innate reflex is a _________ stimulus (food causing salivation)
Natural response to that is the _______ response
The association of a bell with food leads to it becoming a _______ stimulus that will elicit a response even in the absensce of the unconditioned stmiulus
The product of the conditioning experience is the ____ reflex
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Response (salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Reflex (salivation)
This type of associative learning is trial an error learning, it occurs when the animal connects its own behavior with an environmental response, causing the animal to repeat the behavior
The positive environmental response is also called a
If a negative/ undesirable response occurs, the animal avoids that behavior
Operant Conditioning
Reward
In operant conditioning, this is adding something good to increase a behavior
This is taking something bad away to increase a behavior
Positive reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
This type of punishment is adding something bad to decrease a behavior
This type of punishment is taking something good away to decrease a behavior
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
This is another form of associative learning where an animal associates attributes of a landmark with a reward of identifying and returning to that location
Ex: Wasps able to associate pinecones with location of the nest
Spatial Learning
This is a learned behavior that allows an animal to disregard meaningless stimuli
Ex: Sea anemones disregarding repeated “feeding” stimulation with a stick
If a stimulus no longer regularly applies, the response will recover over time. This process is called
Habituation
Spontaneous Recovery
This occurs when an animal copies the behavior of another without having experienced any feedback themselves
Ex: All monkeys followed lead of first by washing off potato in water
Observational Learning
This occurs when an animal exposed to a new situation without prior experience performs a behavior that generates a positive outcome
Ex: Chimpanzee stacks boxes to reach bananas previously out of reach
Insight
Some behaviors appear learned but are actually innate behaviors that require _______
Ex: (ex: bird appears to learn to fly by trial+error or observational learning,
but if raised in isolation will fly on first try if physically capable –> flight ability is innate but requires what is mentioned above
Maturation
Inherited behaviors evolved because they increase _______
Imprinting, in contrast, provides ______, if a mother is killed, imprint—> new mother chosen (likely same species)
Fitness
Flexibility
This allows individuals to benefit from exposure to unexpected repeated events.
Associative learning
This allows individuals to ignore repetitive
events known to be inconsequential from exp. can remain focused on other, more meaningful events
Habituation
These two things provide mechanism to learn new behaviors in response to unexpected events w/out receiving reinforcement –> reduces time for new behavior to be acquired
Observational and Insight
Daily cycles of behavior are ______
Circadian Rhythms
Learning involves ____ responses to the environment
In higher animals the capacity of learning is closely associated with _______ development
Adaptive
Neurologica
This is when a conditioned organism responds to stimuli similar but not identical to original conditioned stimulus.
This involves involves the ability of the learning organism to differentially respond to slightly different stimuli (e.g. only respond to 990 to 1010 Hz range)
This implies that the further from the original conditioned stimulus a stimulus is, the lesser the magnitude of the response
Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Discrimination
Stimulus Generalization Gradient
In animal movements, this is an undirected (without direction) change in the speed on an animal’s movement in response to a stimulus
Like slowing down in a favorable environment or speeding up in an unfavorable environment
Ex: animals scurrying when a rock is lifted up
Kinesis
This is directed movement in response to a stimulus. Movement is either towards or away from the stimulus
This is the movement towards light
Ex: moths moving toward light, sharks moving toward food odors
Taxis
Phototaxis
This is long distance, seasonal movement of animals. Usually in response to availability of food/degradation of environmental conditions
Ex: migration by whales, birds, elk, insects, and bats to warmer climates
Migration
Chemicals used for communication in animals are called
Chemicals that trigger reversible behavioral changes are called
Those that cause long term physiological and behavioral changes are called
Pheromones
Releaser Pheromones
Primer pheromones
Pheromones may be detected by ______ing or ______ing them
Smelling or eating them
In heat, doe secrete _____ what type of pheromones?
Queen bees and aunts secrete _______ pheromones to prevent the development of reproductive capability
Releaser pheromones
Primer Pheromones
This type of communication occurs during displays of aggression (agonistic behavior) or during courtship
Visual Communication
Wolves baring teeth or laying on back is what type of communication?
Visual
There is also audio communication like whale sounds, elephant infrasound, frog calls, and songs of male bird
!
This type of communication is common in social bonding, infant care, like grooming and mating
Tactile Communication
This is behavior that optimizes feeding by minimizing the energy spent and the risk
Foraging Behavior
Heds, flocks, and schools have several advantages in foraging behavior, the use ______ to carry out a behavior more successfully as a group
Cooperation
This benefit of herds, flocks, and schools, allows most individuals in the flock to be hidden from view
Also, in a group individuals can trade off foraging and watching for predators, called
Also, a group of individuals can shield their young or mob their predator
Concealment
Vigilance
Defense
This type of group enables members to corner and successfully attack large prey
Packs
These help animals find favored or plentifiul food based on specific and or abbreviated target images (like spotting a police car via black and white, or a book on a shelf by the color and shape without reading title)
Search Images
This category of social behavior can be aggressive or submissive, like a dog wagging its tail. It originates from the competition for food, mates, or territory. It is ritualized so injuries and time spent in contests are minimized
Agonistic Behavior
In animal social behavior, these indicate power and status relationships in a group, and minimize fighting for food/mates
Dominance Hierarchies
This is a linear order of status used to describe the dominance hierarchy in chickens
Pecking Order
This is active possession and defense of territory, it ensures adequate food/place to mate
Territoriality
This is a seemingly unselfish behavior that appears to reduce fitness of an individual, like when an animal risks its safety in defense of another or in order to help another rear its young
It increases _____ fitness
Altruistic Behavior
Inclusive fitness
This is defined as the fitness of an individual plus its relatives who share some identical genes
Inclusive Fitness
This is natural selection that increases inclusive fitness
ex: Squirrels alarm when predator comes —> risky to self but save daughters, mothers, sisters, and aunts
Kin Selection
This is another example of kin selection the ______ reproductive system of bees
MALES/FEMALES are haploid (unfertilized egg) and MALE/FEMALE workers and queen are diploid (fertilized eggs)
The MALES/FEMALES are all highly related to each other because they have the same father whose genes all come from a queen mother, inclusive fitness of them is greater if they help each other
Haplodiploid
Males are haploid
Females are diploid
The females work together to increase inclusive fitness
