section 5 test Flashcards
serotonin stimulates other neurons to release enkephalins. t/f
true
which stimulus does not stimulate the reticular activating system (RAS)
- ana alarm clock
- pain
- smoke
- bright light
- movement of the limbs
smoke
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about a feature of the medulla oblongata?
- The inferior cerebellar peduncles are fiber tracts that connect the olives of the medulla to the cerebellum.
- The vestibular nuclear complex is found mostly in the medulla.
- Pyramids contain the main sensory tracts that pass through the brain stem from the spinal cord; they are visible on the dorsal surface of the medulla.
- Vital reflex centers for control of heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are located in the medulla.
Pyramids contain the main sensory tracts that pass through the brain stem from the spinal cord; they are visible on the dorsal surface of the medulla.
Circumventricular organs in the wall of the third ventricle lack a blood-brain barrier. This enables them to:
- facilitate the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles.
- monitor the chemical composition of the blood.
- secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles.
- all of the above.
monitor the chemical composition of the blood
which of the following neurotransmitters does not bind to adrenergic receptors?
- adrenaline
- acetylcholine
- epinephrine
- norepinephrone
acetylcholine
Which of the following lines the eyelid and covers the sclera protecting the anterior surface of the eyeball?
- palpebral fissure
- levator palpebrae
- lacrimal caruncle
- lateral commissure
- conjectiva
conjectiva
A layer of dense connective tissue that covers all of the eyeball except the cornea is called _____.
- choroid coat
- conjunctiva
- sclera
- retina
- iris
sclera
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier:
- is the same thing as the blood-brain barrier.
- is due mainly to tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the brain tissue.
- protects the neurons of the brain from potentially harmful substances in the blood.
- is another name for cranial meninges.
protects the neurons of the brain from potentially harmful substances in the blood
Which of the following statements about the basal ganglia is TRUE?
- The largest nucleus is the globus pallidus.
- The corpus striatum consists of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus.
- The putamen and caudate nucleus regulate muscle tone required for specific movements
- All of the above.
the corpus striatum consists of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus
_ receptors are both alpha and beta and bind norepinephrine
adrenergic
Which of the following does not describe the visual pathway as light enters the eye?
- medial fibers of the retina cross over at the optic chiasma while lateral fibers do not
- all axons from the temporal half of the retina cross in the optic chiasm
- all axons of the retina exit the eye at the optic disc
- the optic tract connects to the thalamus which then travels to the primary visual area in the cortex
all axons of the temporal half of the retina cross the optic chiasma
this is a netlike region of white and gray matter that extends through the brain, maintaining consciousness
- pons
- medulla oblongata
- midbrain
- reticular formation
- decussation of pyramids
reticular formation
The ____ lies between the cochlea and the semicircular canals.
- vestibule
- tympanic membrane
- cochlea
- organ of corti
- none of the above
vestibule
in what part of the brain would you find the pneumotaxic and bpneustic areas?
- thalamus
- limbic system
- cerebellum
- pons
pons
this darkly pigmented structure reduces light reflection within the eyeball
- sclera
- conjunctiva
- iris
- choroid coat
- retina
choroid coat
the _ is a passageway through the midbrain. It connects the third and fourth ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
which of the following does not occur during sleep?
- ANS is stimulated
- decrease of heart rate
- decrease of blood pressure
- skeletal muscles can not contract
- dream during REM
ANS is stimulated
_ receptors are receptors found throughout the body that bind norepinephrine
adrenergic
in what part of the brain would you find the cerebral peduncles?
- midbrain
- medulla oblongata
- hypothalaus
- cerebrum
midbrain
these cells provide for the sense of taste.
- olfactory hair cells
- tastant cells
- basal stem cells
- general receptor cells
- gustatory cells
gustatory cells
nerve impulses from the cochlear hair cells and crest ampullaris of the inner ear are carried by cranial nerve _
vestibulocochlear VIII
static equilibrium is the equilibrium that detects sudden movement and aids in maintaining balance. t/f
false
the blood cerebrospinal fluid layer does not allow any substances from the blood to enter the CSF. t/f
false
olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors. t/f
true
the pineal gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. t/f
false
This cranial nerve is a mixed nerve that conveys impulses for touch, pain, temperature sensation and proprioception . This nerve also has motor control over mastication (chewing).
- vagus
- accessory
- hypoglossal
- glossopharygeal
- facial
- trigeminal
- trochlear
trigeminal
the first order neurons of the olfactory pathway are _ neurons called olfactory receptor cells
bipolar
Where are cold receptors found?
- Stratum Lucidum
- Dermis
- Stratum basale
- Stratum Corneum
- Hypodermis
stratum basale
_ is the deep bridge of nerve fibers connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres
- cerebral peduncles
- cerebellar peduncles
- limbic system
- thalamus
- basal ganglia
- corpus callosum
corpus callosum
which of the following is not found in the frontal lobe?
- wernickes area
- primary motor areas
- frontal eye field
- brocas area
wernickes area
the regions of the brain stem involves in the control of respiration are the:
- medulla and pons
- pons and midbrain
- midbrain and medulla
- midbrain pons and medulla
medulla and pons
some physiological responses require activation of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. t/f
true
_ is when several rods come together and send their impulses along the same nerve fiber
convergence
Which of the following is (are) not a cholinergic receptor(s)?
- alpha 1
- alpha 2
- nicotinic
- muscarinic
- both alpha 1 and alpha 2
- both nicotinic and muscarinic
both alpha 1 and alpha 2
the space within the eye between the lens and the cornea is the anterior cavity. t/f
true
activation of the sympathetic nervous system will cause
- dilation of the pupils
- constriction of the pupils
- increased urone production and wetting the pants
- a and b are correct
- a b and c are correct
dilation of the pupil
If you enter a room and smell a strong odor but the odor soon seems to fade away, you have experienced a ____
- change in the concentration of the substance.
- change in the room temperature.
- damage to your sensory receptors.
- sensory adaptation.
sensory adaption
the first step in visual transduction (nerve pathway) is:
- allowing light through pupil
- topping scattering of light
- enhancing light level
- absorbing light by photopigments
- generating action potentials in optic nerve
absorbing light by photopigments
in what part of the brain would you find the arbor vitae?
- thalamus
- limbic system
- cerebellum
- pons
cerebellum
_ equilibrium is controlled by receptors in the saccule and utricle respond to gravity and report changes in head position maintaining stability and balance when the body is still
static
_ are proprioceptors which have a thin capsule of connective tissue enclosing a few bundles of collagen fibers
golgi tendon organ
Which of the following is a way that cerebral spinal fluid contributes to homeostasis?
- Mechanical protection
- Chemical protection
- Circulation
- Both a and b
- All of the above
all of the above
which of the following responses is a result of sympathetic stimulation?
- decreased heart rate
- pupillary constriction
- increased digestive secretions
- increased rate and depth of breathing
increased rate and depth of breathing
adaption of sensory receptors involves decreasing the receptor potential as a stimulus decreases in intensity. t/f
false
Which of the following is not an event in the process of sensation?
- Stimulation of sensory receptors
- Transduction of the stimulus
- Transmission of the synapse
- Generation of impulses
- Integration of sensory input.
transmission of the synapse
_ and golgi tendon organs are proprioceptors which contain dendrites of slowly adapting sensory neurons
muscle spindles
the _ secretes tears and has a series of ducts that carries tears into the nasal cavity
lacrimal gland
muscle spindle receptors are stimulated more when?
- muscles are metabolically active and produce oxygen
- muscle tension increases
- muscle tension decreases
- muscle tension stays the same
muscle tension decreases
this fluid filled space is located in the midline of the brain beneath the corpus callous
- central canal
- cerebral aqueduct
- lateral ventricle
- fourth ventricle
- third ventricle
third ventricle
this helps maintain consciousness
- reticular activating system
- pons
- substantia nigra
- olive
- inferior peduncles
reticular activating system
the _ is the part of the brain stem that includes the cardiac and vasomotor centers
medulla oblongata
the colored portion of the eye that has a diaphragm composed of mostly connective tissue and smooth muscle is called the _
iris
when the ciliary muscles contract the lens thickens causing close focus. t/f
true
Pyramids are
- Gray matter extensions on the medulla
- White matter extensions on the medulla
- Gray matter extensions on the brain stem
- White matter extensions on the brain stem
- Superior to the medial lemniscus
white matter extensions on the medulla
the _ division of the autonomic nervous system functions primarily to allow for regenerative rest periods under less stressful situations
parasympathetic
Which of the following thalamic nuclei is correctly matched with its function?
- anterior nucleus; emotions and memory
- lateral geniculate nucleus; taste
- medial geniculate nucleus; voluntary motor actions
- ventral posterior nucleus; vision
anterior nucleus. emotions and memory
This is the space that is found between the iris and the vitreous humor.
- anterior chamber
- anterior cavity
- posterior chamber
- posterior cavity
posterior chamber
which of the following is not true about rods?
- have rhodopsin
- recognize the general outline
- black and white vision
- good vision in dim light
- found in the fovea centralis
- none of the above
found in the fovea centralis
which of the following nerves is not responsible for eyeball movement?
- abducens
- oculomotor
- trochlear
- optic
optic
which of the following is true for olfactory hairs?
- they are cilia of olfactory receptors
- they are dendrites of olfactory neurons
- they are cilia of the supporting cells
- tey produce mucus in the olfactory glands
they are cilia of olfactory receptors
Which of the following pairs of terms is incorrectly matched?
- exteroceptors; at or near the surface of the body
- proprioceptors; in walls of blood vessels
- cutaneous receptors; in skin and mucous membranes
- interoceptors; in internal organs (viscera)
proprioceptors; in walls of blood vessels
if the reticular formation is injured, the affected person might exhibit signs of
- hyperactivity
- increased metabolism
- increased sympathetic system responses
- unconsciousness, or coma
Unconsciousness, or coma
____ is an illness involving tremors of the hands, slowed movements, and muscle rigidity.
- Parkinson’s disease
- epilepsy
- schizophrenia
- myasthenia gravis
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Huntington disease
parkinsons disease
the _ division of the ANS is mostly responsible for regulating restorative, energy conserving body activities
parasympathetic
This cranial nerve is a mixed nerve that has sensory input from the viscera, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. This nerve also has motor control over speech, swallowing, and viscera.
- vagus
- accessory
- hypoglossal
- glossopharyngeal
- facial
- trigeminal
vagus
Which of the following is not a function of the basal ganglia?
- control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles
- influence attention, memory and planning
- help initiate and terminate movements
- assist in regulating emotional behaviors
- all the above are functions of the basal ganglia
all of the above are functions of the basal ganglia
ciliary body produces the fluid of the eye known as _
aqueous humor
this area contains neurons that release dopamine
- substantia nigra
- olive
- inferior colliculi
- cerebral peduncles
- apneustic area
substantia nigra
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds with which of the following types of receptors? 1) alpha, 2) beta, 3) nicotinic, and 4) muscarinic
- 1, 2, 3, 4
- 1, 2
- 3, 4
- 3 only
3, 4
_ is an endocrine gland in the brain that controls the majority of endocrine organs
Pituitary gland
in what part of the brain would you find the cerebral aqueduct?
- midbrain
- medulla oblogata
- hypothalamus
- cerebrum
midbrain
cranial nerve VI is the facial nerve. t/f
false
a generator potential produces action potentials and a receptor potential causes release of neurotransmitters. t/f
true
which of the following is not a proprioceptor?
- hair root plexus
- hair cells of the inner ear
- golgi tendon organ
- muscle spindle
hair root plexus
sensation differs from perception in that perception involves activity of the cerebral cortex. t/f
true
in what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary visual area?
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- frontal lobe
occipital lobe
the decrease in level of sensitivity of a receptor to a long lasting stimulus is called _
adaption
nerve impulses from taste receptors can travel in the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerve. t/f
true
the hypothalamus has a large regulatory role in the brain. t/f
true
_ are receptor cells that are more sensitive to light for good night vision
rods
Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
- astrocytes play a primary role
- it consists mainly of gap junctions
- it prevents passage of possible therapeutic drugs
- it allows easy passage of lipid-soluble substances
- it prevents the flow of proteins across it
it consists mainly of gap junctions
during REM sleep
- most dreaming occurs
- most somatic motor neurons are inactive
- the RAS is inhibited by adenosine
- a and b are correct
- a b and c are correct
a b and c are correct
the awareness of differences in the external or internal environment is defined as:
- perception
- transduction
- sensation
- integration
- conduction
sensation
the _ colliculi of the midbrain contain reflex centers for sudden movements of the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli; the _ colliculi contain reflex centers for movements of the eyes, head and neck in response to visual stimuli
inferior, superior
the photoreceptors that have black and white vision and only detect only general outlines are _
rods
a nerve is a group of fibers in the nervous system that transmits impulses. t/f
true
Which of the following does not describe the autonomic nervous system?
- the effectors are primarily skeletal muscles
- the sympathetic division generally stimulates an organ
- the sympathetic division increases heart rate
- it is under involuntary control
- the parasympathetic division decreases heart rate
the effectors are primarily skeletal muscles
melatonin is the hormone that is released by the _ which is an endocrine gland found in the brain that affects circadian rhythms in animals
pineal gland
visceral pain results from stimulating
- nociceptors
- chemoreceptors
- exteroreceptors
- proprioceptors
- none of the above
nociceptors
people would benefit from losing the ability to perceive pain. t/f
false
which of the following is not a feature of the cranial meninges?
- flax cerebelli
- flax cerebri
- tentorium cerebelli
- epidural space
epidural space
The infundibulum is the anatomical link between the brain and the pituitary gland, and therefore it is the primary link between the nervous and endocrine systems. Structures contained in the infundibulum consist of which of the following?
- a tract that transports hormones from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei to the posterior pituitary
- small blood vessels that transport regulating hormones from the median eminence if the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
- Both A and B are correct.
- Neither A or B is correct.
both a and b are correct
An accumulation of blood (hematoma) found between the cranial dura mater and the frontal bone as a result of a head injury is termed a:
- subdural hematoma
- epidural hematoma
- subarachnoid hematoma
- pial hematoma
epidural hematoma
If you forget your watch is on your arm because you can no long feel its presence, you have experienced a ____
- change in the concentration of the substance.
- change in the room temperature.
- damage to your sensory receptors.
- sensory adaptation.
sensory adaption
cranial nerves, like spinal nerves, are all mixed nerves. t/f
false
this structure is responsible for secondary control of respiration
- spinal cord
- midbrain
- pons
- thalamus
- cerebellum
pons
the yellow spot at the center of the posterior portion of the retina, called the macula lutea, contains a depression called_ which contains only cone photoreceptors
fovea centralis
the white matter of the cerebellum is knows as the
- tentorium cerebelli
- flocculomotor lobe
- arbor vitae
- cerebella peduncle
arbor vitae
Which of the following is the pathway of sound waves from the auricle to the spiral organ of Corti?
- external auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? maleus ? incus ? stapes ? oval window ? perilymph
- external auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? stapes ? incus ? maleus ? secondary tympanic membrane ? endolymph
- eustachian tube ? tympanic membrane ? incus ? maleus ? stapes ? oval window ? endolymph
- internal auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? eustachian tube ? maleus ? incus ? stapes ? secondary tympanic membrane ? perilymph
- internal auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? maleus ? incus ? stapes ? secondary tympanic membrane ? Perilymph
external auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? maleus ? incus ? stapes ? oval window ? perilymph
The limbic system is found within the ____ and is considered the ____
- diencephalon, relay station.
- cerebrum, emotional center.
- midbrain, relay station.
- midbrain, emotional center.
cerebrum, emotional center
Which of the following are known to be free nerve endings? 1) nociceptors, 2) thermoreceptors, 3) proprioceptors, 4) type I mechanoreceptors, 5) type II mechanoreceptors, and 6) receptors for itch and tickle
- 2, 4, 6
- 1, 2, 6
- 3, 4, 5
- 1, 2, 3
1, 2, 6
Small masses of gray matter that are scattered throughout the brain stem and the inferior part of the diencephalon and whose function is to influence muscle tone and to cause arousal from sleep are collectively referred to as the_
reticular formation
which of the following is found in the frontal lobe?
- wernicke’s area
- broca’s area
- gustatory cortex
- olfactory cortex
- all of the above
broca’s area
cranial nerve V is the facial nerve. t/f
false
Glaucoma, the most common cause of blindness in the United States, results from abnormal build-up of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye. t/f
true
which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expression?
- oculomotor
- trigeminal
- spinal accessory
- facial
- vagus
facial
the _ contains the photoreceptors in the eye and is a nearly transparent sheet of tissue continuous with the optic nerve
retina
adaption
- occurs rapidly
- is an increase in sensitivity
- is seen in olfaction and hearing
- occurs only with vision
- never occurs with taste
occurs rapidly
alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
- are sensitive to epinephrine
- have several subclasses
- mediate response to the sympathetic nervous system
- a and b are correct
- a b and c are correct
mediate response to the sympathetic nervous system
the main function of this structure is to regulate the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil
- retina
- cornea
- iris
- choroid
- tunic
iris
Which is a function of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve?
- conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp
- turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle
- conveys impulses from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
- conveys impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
conveys impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
_ is the emotional center of the brain
- brocas area
- wernickes area
- gustatory cortex
- olfactory cortex
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
limbic system
these cells provide for the sense of smell
- olfactory hair cells
- glial cells
- basal stem cells
- bowmans glands
- gustatory cells
olfactory hair cells
_ is an illness associated with a decrease in dopamine. the symptoms include tremors of the hands, slowed movements, and muscle rigidity
Parkinson’s disease
the cranial nerve that originates from both the brain and the spinal cord is the _
accessory XI
Venous blood drains into the ______ before leaving the cranium via the jugular veins?
- subdural space
- subarachnoid venous space
- dural venous sinuses
- B and C
- all of the above
dural venous sinuses
which of the following is not found in the temporal lobe?
- wernickes area
- brocas area
- auditory cortex
- olfactory cortex
brocas area
the cranial nerve known as the _ contains motor fibers and sensory fibers that connect to most organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Vagus X
Which of the following statements about the cornea is true?
- The outer surface is keratinized simple squamous epithelium.
- The outer surface is nonkeratinized simple squamous epithelium.
- The connective tissue layer of the cornea is avascular.
- It contains proteins called crystallins.
the connective tissue layer of the cornea is avascular
this structure is responsible for somatic (startle) reflexes in response to loud sounds
- spinal cord
- midbrain
- pons
- thalamus
- cerebellum
midbrain
taste buds consist of supporting c ells, gustatory receptor cells, and basal cells. t/f
true
the dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of motor neurons. t/f
false
temperature receptors adapt rapidly. t/f
true
The postcentral gyri of the parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex
- Are considered the primary gustatory area
- Receives body sensory information
- Controls voluntary body movements
- Receives visual information
- Provides the ability to move the eyeballs
receives body sensory information
this is the space that is found between the cornea and the iris and is filled with aqueous humor
- anterior chamber
- anterior cavity
- posterior chamber
- posterior cavity
- pupil
anterior chamber
The hypothalamus
- produces hormones
- plays a major role in regulating homeostasis, visceral activity and temperature
- regulates certain emotions like rage, sexual arousal, aggression, pain and pleasure
- regulates eating and drinking behavior
- all are correct
all are correct
Loss of taste in the anterior region of the tongue may be an indication of damage to which cranial nerve?
- facial VII
- trigeminal V
- glossopharyngeal IX
- vagus X
facial VII
the lateral cerebral sulcus primarily separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe. t/f
false
which of the following is nor adrenergic receptors?
- alpha 1
- alpha 2
- nicotinic
- muscarinic
- both alpha 1 and alpha 2
- both nicotinic and muscarinic
both nicotinic and muscarinic
cerebrospinal fluid carries chemicals from the _ to neurons
- interstitial fluid
- bile
- intercellular fluid
- arachnoid space
- blood
blood
which of the below receptors is primarily used during hight light situations?
- scotopsin
- b rods
- cones
- vitamin A
- optic nerve
cones
cranial nerve V is also known as the _ nerve
- trochlear
- oculomotor
- trigeminal
- vagus
- abducens
trigeminal
Select the best description for the lacrimal glands:
- near the external opening of the external auditory canal
- embedded in tarsal plate of eyelid
- superior and lateral to the eyeball
- in connective tissue underneath the olfactory epithelium
- at the base of the follicles of the eyelashes
superior and lateral to the eyeball
A block of which nerve would provide anesthesia to the lower teeth and chin?
- maxillary branch of cranial nerve V
- mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
- glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
- cranial nerve VII
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
the yellow spot at the center of the posterior portion of the retina, called the _ contains a depression called the fovea centralis which contains only cone photoreceptios
macula lutea
motor neurons carry impulses from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord. t/f
false
obstruction or blockage of the nasolacrimal duct will prevent drainage of tears into the:
- aqqueous humor
- vitreous humor
- nasal cavity
- ciliary body
nasal cavity
Visual sensations from images focused on the side of the retina tend to be blurred because there ____
- are no rods in this region.
- are more cones than rods in this region.
- are more rods than cones in this region.
- is an optic disk located on the side.
are more rods than cones in this region
sensory information that arrives in the brain from tracts in the spinal cord is relayed by the thalamus along _ fibers to the cerebral cortex
- association
- commissure
- projection
- none of the above
projection
this type of sensory receptor responds t stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue
- encapsulated nerve endings
- free nerve endings
- seperate cells
- nociceptors
- chemoreceptors
nociceptors
Which of the following is true when comparing types of pain sensations?
- C fibers, myelinated, slow pain
- A fibers, unmyelinated, acute pain
- C fibers, unmyelinated, chronic pain
- A fibers, myelinated, slow pain
C fibers, unmyelinated, chronic pain
when the ciliary muscles contract the lens thickens causing a far away focus. t/f
false
the lacrimal gland _
- is responsible for tear secretion
- makes lysozyme
- is found laterally above the eye
- all of the above
all of the above
_ is the cranial nerve that has sensory input for taste and motor output for swallowing and gagging
glossopharyngeal IX
Which of the following is (are) adrenergic receptor(s)?
- alpha 1
- alpha 2
- nicotinic
- muscarinic
- both alpha 1 and alpha 2
- both nicotinic and muscarinic
both alpha 1 and alpha 2
small ridges on the surface of the cerebellar cortex are called
- gyri
- sulci
- folia
- vermis
folia
this contains axons of sensory neurons that extend from the medulla oblongata to the thalamus -tectum -colliculi substantia nigra -pontine nuclei -none of the above
none of the above
the olfactory (I) nerves terminate in masses of gray matter called _ which are located on the inferior surface of the brain, superior to the ethmoid bone
olfactory bulb
sympathetic activity will increase blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscles. t/f
true
Choroid plexuses are specialized capillaries in the CNS that: 1) are covered by ependymal cells, 2) are located in the walls of the ventricles, 3) are located in the dural venous sinuses, 4) are the sites for reabsorption of CSF, and 5) are derived from the arachnoid layer of the meninges
- 3, 4, 5
- 1, 2, 4, 5
- 1, 2
- 2, 3, 4
1, 2
melatonin is the hormone that is released by the _ which is an endocrine gland found in the brain that affects circadian rhythms in animals
pineal gland
all cranial nerves, except for _ and the optic (II), originate from the brain stem
olfactory (I)
the stapes transmits vibrations to the oval window of the middle ear. t/f
true
which part of the brain stem contains the cerebral peduncles
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- midbrain
- pyramids
- none of the above
midbrain
Acetylcholine binds to
- nicotinic receptors
- muscarinic receptors
- alpha receptors
- A and B are correct
- A, B, and C are correct
a and b are correct
the olfactory nerve is a mixed nerve with both motor and sensory functions. t/f
false
Which of the following effects does not occur during the fight-or-flight response?
- the pupils constrict
- the airways increase in diameter
- blood vessels to skeletal muscles dilate
- heart rate speeds up
- blood pressure increases
the pupils constrict
The best example of referred pain is:
- shoulder pain while throwing a baseball
- pain still present several minutes after stubbing your toe
- pain felt into the left arm during a heart attack
- pain down your leg from a pinched nerve in your back
pain felt into the left arm during a heart attack
the primary visual area is located in which lobe of the brain?
- frontal
- occipital
- patietal
- flocculondular
- posterior
occipital
The primary auditory area and the primary olfactory areas are located in the temporal lobe of the cortex; the primary visual area is located in the occipital lobe. t/f
true
in what lobe if the cerebrum would you find the primary somatosensory area?
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- frontal lobe
parietal lobe
which is not considered an accessory structure of the eye?
- eyelids
- eyelashes
- lacrimal apparatus
- eyebrows
- retina
retina
pain sensation is detected by slowly adapting receptors. t/f
true
Which is a function of the accessory (XI) nerve?
- conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue
- conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles
- conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
- controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Select the best description for the ceruminous glands:
- near the external opening of the external auditory canal
- embedded in tarsal plate of eyelid
- superior and lateral to the eyeball
- in connective tissue underneath the olfactory epithelium
- at the base of the follicles of the eyelashes
near the external opening of the external auditory canal
lower motor cell bodies have their cell bodies in the _ and their axons in the _
- ganglia, brain
- spine, brain
- brain, head
- brain, spine
- spine, ganglia
brain, head
which of the following is a part of the diencephalon?
- thalamus
- medulla oblongata
- superior colliculi
- olfactory cortex
thalamus
Which is the correct order in the flow of tears?
- lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, excretory lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity
- lacrimal gland, excretory lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, nasolacrimal duct, lacrimal sac, nasal cavity
- lacrimal gland, excretory lacrimal duct, nasolacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasal cavity
- lacrimal gland, excretory lacrimal duct, superior of inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity
- lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, excretory lacrimal duct, nasal cavity
lacrimal gland, excretory lacrimal duct, superior of inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity
loss of olfactory receptors is a permanent injury. t/f
true
Medulla nuclei are
- Masses of gray matter
- Masses of white matter
- Both a and b
- Decussation of the pyramids
- None of the abov
masses of the gray matter
_ this is the area of the frontal lobe of the brain coordinates motor speech. injury allows understanding of spoken words but the individual is unable to speak
broca’s area
this protects the brain by preventing passage of harmful substances and pathogens
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- cerebrospinal fluid
- blood brain barrier
- all of the above
blood brain barrier
The cranial nerve responsible for taste and facial expression that is a mixed nerve is ____
- vestibulocochlear VIII.
- facial VII.
- abducens VI.
- trigeminal V.
- glossopharyngeal IX.
- trochlear IV.
facial VII
_ circulates through the ventricles of the brain
cerebrospinal fluid
the tiny elevations on the surface of the tongue are called _
papillae
Which statement is false about the medulla oblongata?
- the cardiovascular center regulates heart rate
- the nuclei of the medulla oblongata are masses of white matter where neurons synapse
- some nuclei are involved with coughing swallowing, and sneezing
- the medullary rhythmicity center adjusts breathing
the nuclei of the medulla oblongata are masses of white matter where neurons synapse
The corpus callosum allows information to travel between cerebral hemispheres. Therefore the corpus callosum contains _____ fibers.
- association
- commissural
- projection
- all of the above
commissural
in what part of the brain would you find the olive?
- midbrain
- medulla oblongata
- hpothalamus
- cerebrum
medulla oblongata
which of the below structures carries action potentials caused by sound transduction?
- cochlea
- pinna
- tympanic membrane
- organ or corti
- vestibulocochlear nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve
the primary reason that the sympathetic division of the ANS produces immediate responces within the body is based on the concept of divergence. t/f
true
Which is a true statement regarding the effects of aging on the brain?
- brain mass and conduction velocity stay the same
- conduction velocity increases and brain mass decreases
- the number of synapses remains constant and conduction velocity remains constant
- reflex times increase and brain mass declines
- the number of synapses decreases and reflex time decreases
reflex times increase and brain mass declines
_ receptors are receptors found throughout the body that bind acetylcholine
cholinergic
which of the below responses is not caused by the sympathetic division?
- increased heart rate
- airway constriction
- decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract
- increased blood flow to skeletal and cardiac muscle, liver and fat
- increased blood glucose level
airway constriction
_ is an endocrine gland in the brain that secretes releasing hormones that affect the anterior pituitary gland
hypothalamus
which of the below responses is not caused by the parasympathetic division
- decreased heart rate
- airway dilation
- pupil dilation
- increased digestion
- increased urine production
pupil dilation
the cardiovascular center and the medullary rhythmicity area of the respiratory center are located in the brain stem region called the _
medulla oblongata
this lies between the lens and the retina
- vitreous humor (chamber)
- pupil
- iris
- cornea
- aqueous chamber
vitreous humor (chamber)
which of the following is considered a rapidly adapting receptor?
- meissner corpuscle
- merkel disc
- pacinian corpuscle
- both a and b
- all of the above
meissner corpuscle
the photoreceptors that have color vision and detect sharp images are _
cones
the caudate nucleus and lantiform nucleus are examples of basal ganglia in the cerebrum. t/f
true
the _ is where the nerve fibers and blood vessels leave the eye and become the optic nerve. it lacks receptor cells and is sometimes referred to as the blind spot
optic disk
The cerebellar peduncles conduct information into and out of the cerebellum. The correct statement is:
- the superior cerebellar peduncles conduct only sensory information.
- the inferior cerebellar peduncles contain only motor fibers.
- the middle cerebellar peduncles contain only afferent (sensory) fibers.
- none of the above.
none of the above
the olfactory (I) nerves consist of approximately 40 bundles of axons of olfactory neurons that extend through foramina in the cribriform place of the _ bone
ethmoid
which of the following is not true about cones?
- have fiodopsin
- recognize the general outline
- are responsible for color vision
- have poor vision in dim light
- are responsible for sharp vision
- are found in the fovea centralis
recognize the general outline
in what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the broca’s speech area/
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- frontal lobe
frontal lobe
the parasympathetic division will send signals to the heart of a person in a convenience store that is being burglarized at gunpoint. t/f
false
Temperature receptors adapt slowly. t/f
false
the anatomical structure is responsible for monitoring the change in length of a muscle is called:
- golgi tendon organ
- alpha motor neuron
- muscle spindle organ
- ruffini corpuscle
- free nerve ending
muscle spindle organ
Taste receptors are ____
- found only on the tongue.
- unable to reproduce.
- modified connective tissue cells.
- modified epithelial cells.
modified epithelial cells
which of the below structures acts to convert sound waves to vibrations?
- cochlea
- pinna
- tympanic membrane
- organ of corti
- vestibulocochlear nerve
tympanic membrane
the lateral cerebral sulcus primarily separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe. t/f
false
memory is best defines as:
- the reinforcement that results from frequent retrieval of a piece of information
- the capability for change while learning
- the way in which information is stored and retrieved
- the ability to attain new information or skills
the way in which information is stored and retrieved
this mass contains visual reflexes responsible for moving head in response to sound
- basal ganglia
- brocas area
- superior colliculi
- limbic system
- inferior colliculi
inferior colliculi
optic nerve II is the facial nerve. t/f
false
these are found in the articular capsules of synovial joints
- golgi tendon organs
- gamma motor neurons
- muscle spindles
- kinesthetic receptors
- tactile receptors
kinesthetic receptors
when the ciliary muscles relax the lens thickens causing a far off focus. t/f
false
which of the following is not a feature of the external ear?
- eustachian (auditory) tube
- auricle
- oval window
- tympanic membrane
- a and d
- a and c
a and c
a midsagittal section of the brain would pass through which of the following?
- longitudinal fissure
- corpus callous
- falx cerebri
- all of the above
all of the above
_ nerves originate from the underside of the brain
cranial
the same number of cranial nerves are involved in transmitting sensations in both olfaction and gustation. t/f
false
sleep walking occurs in which stage of non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep?
- stage 1
- stage 2
- stage 3
- stage 4
stage 4
_ is an inherited illness associated with personality changes, loss of coordination, rapid jerky movements that are involuntary and without purpose, and finally death
Huntington’s disease
which of the following would not be considered to be a sensory modality?
- pain
- vision
- equilibrium
- thought
- vibration
thought
which of the following is not a part of the hypothalamus?
- preoptic region
- tuberal region
- supraoptic region
- intermediate mass
intermediate mass
which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for vision
- brocas area
- primary visual area
- common integrative area
- primary olfactory area
- primary somatosensory area
primary visual area
Which of the following sympathetic responses is mismatched with its body part?
- iris of eye - dilation of pupil
- liver - increased glycogen synthesis
- stomach - decreased motility
- hair follicles - contraction of arrector pili muscles
- adipose tissue - increased lipolysis
liver- increased glycogen synthesis
Which of the following is not true when comparing the direct and indirect motor pathways?
- the direct motor pathways are also called the pyramidal pathways
- the indirect motor pathways consist of three major tracts
- the lateral corticospinal tracts are a component of the direct motor pathways
- 90% of the axons decussate in the medulla oblongata in the direct motor pathways
- the rubrospinal tracts are a part of the indirect motor pathways
the indirect motor pathways consist of three major tracts
Identify the incorrect statement.
- Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects
- Proprioceptive sensations are from slowly adapting receptors
- Proprioceptive sensations have receptors embedded in muscles and tendons
- Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures
- Proprioceptive sensations promote activity of the gustatory region of the brain
proprioceptive sensations promote activity of the gustatory region of the brain
If a person can see and hear, but does not have a startle reflex, a clinician would suspect damage to the
- superior colliculus
- inferior colliculus
- tectum
- A and B are correct
- A, B, and C are correct
a b and c are correct
taste receptors are found only on the tongue. t/f
false
Sensory nerve impulses may be integrated at all of the following levels of the CNS. Perception, however, occurs when sensory impulses reach which region?
- spinal cord
- brain stem
- thalamus
- cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex
the brain must have an almost continuous supply of _
- oxygen
- glucose
- fatty acids
- a and b are correct
- a b and c are correct
a and b are correct
tears contain an enzyme that functions to reduce the chances of developing an eye infection. t/f
true
the posterior cavity is filled with a jelly like fluid called _
vitreous humor
which of the below structures conveys vibrations to action potential?
- cochlea
- pinna
- tympanic membrane
- organ of corti
- vestibulocochlear nerve
organ of corti
which component of the brain is referred to as the emotional brain as it plays primary role in a wide range of emotions?
- basal ganglia
- frontal lobe of the cerebrum
- corpus callosum
- limbic system
- cerebral cortex
limic system
autonomic receptors that bine the neurotransmitter norepinephrine are called _ receptors
adrenergic
evaluation of which brain waves might indicate a brain injury in an awake adult?
- alpha waves
- beta waves
- theta waves
- delta waves
- alpha and beta waves
delta waves
Which is a function of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve?
- conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue
- conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles
- conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
- controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one third of the tongue
which of the following are classified as cholinergic receptors?
- Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors
- Muscarinic and somatic receptors
- Adrenergic and somatic receptors
- Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
- Somatic and nicotinic
nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
which of the following s not controlled by the hypothalamus?
- hunger
- thirst
- blood calcium
- emotional behavior
- body temperature
blood calcium
the _ division of the autonomic nervous system functions at times of stress. it is the fight or flight response
sympathetic
the choroid plexus is the fluid produced in the lateral ventricle. t/f
false
the hearing receptors are most closely associated with the_
- ampulla
- cochlear hair cells
- utricle
- saccule
cochlear hair cells
the _ system of the brain seems to cause pleasant or unpleasant feeling about experiences (emotional center)
limbic
the osseous (bony) labyrinth contains perilymph. t/f
true
dynamic equilibrium is the equilibrium that detects sudden movement and aids in maintaining balance. t/f
true
the general senses are detected by receptors on the dendritic nerve endings of first order sensory neurons. t/f
true
which of the following are thought to be diseases of the basal ganglia
- parkinson disease
- huntington disease
- schizophrenia
- a and b are correct
- a b and c are correct
a b and c are correct
stimulation of nociceptors in the skin gives rise to superficial somatic pain. t/f
true
This cranial nerve is a motor nerve that moves the tongue, aides in swallowing, and is involved in speech.
- hypoglossal XII
- hypoglossal IX
- facial VII
- trigeminal VII
- facial V
- trigeminal V
hypoglossal XII
Which of the following nerves serves in a gustatory function?
- Vestibulocochlear
- Oculomotor
- Vagus
- Trigeminal
- Spinal accessory
vagus
olfactory receptors are mechanoreceptors. t/f
false
the organs responsible for static and dynamic equilibrium are collectively known as the _ apparatus
vestibular
Which would be an example of a condition in the body not controlled by autonomic reflexes?
- breathing rate and depth
- rate of urine formation
- tracking a bird flying by
- digestion of your evening meal
- blood pressure change during exercise
tracking a bird flying by
the stapes transmits vibrations to the round window of the inner ear. t/f
false
in what part of the brain would you find the insulation?
- thalamus
- medulla oblongata
- hypothalamus
- cerebrum
cerebrum
your _ coordinates the understanding of speech. damage to this part of your brain can cause incomprehensible speech patterns
- broca’s area
- wernicke’s area
- gustatory cortex
- olfactory cortex
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
wernicke’s area
most people have conscious control over their autonomic nervous system. t/f
false
cerebrospinal fluid
- is an amber colored liquid
- protects the brain
- maintains the permeability of the endothelial cells
- a and b are correct
- a b and c are correct
protects the brain
this structure protects the inner parts of the eyeball
- sclera
- pupil
- iris
- cornea
- retina
sclera
there are two types of thermoreceptors: _ receptors in the dermis of the skin and _ receptors located in the stratum basal of the epidermis
warm, cold
the term used for an increased memory response to an event is:
- synesthesia
- long term potentiation
- memory consolidation
- plasticity
- bradykinesia
long term potentiation
Which statement about the cerebellum is true?
- tracts of gray matter within it are called arbor vitae
- the cerebellar peduncles attach it to the cerebrum
- the cerebellar lobes are also called tentorium cerebelli
- its prime function is to ‘fine tune’ motor function
- the sagittal fissure separates it from the cerebrum
its prime functions is to ‘fine tune’ motor function
_ are proprioceptors located at the junction of a tendon and a muscle
golgi tendon organs
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ____ and functions to ____
- dura mater; maintain a stable ionic concentration in the CNS.
- choroid plexuses in the ventricles; protect the brain from blows to the skull.
- arachnoid mater; provide a pathway to the blood for waste substances.
- capillaries in the dura mater of the ventricles; provide moisture to the surface of the brain tissue.
choroid plexus in the ventricles; protect the brain from blows to the skull
the perception of taste will be significantly altered by obstructions of the nasal cavity. t/f
true
the adult brain represents only _ of the total body weight
- 2%
- 5%
- 10%
- 12%
- 20%
2%
Which of the following cranial nerves carries sensory information to the olfactory area?
- cranial nerve I
- cranial nerve V
- cranial nerve VI
- cranial nerve VIII
- cranial nerve X
cranial nerve I
receptors for taste are found
- on the tongue
- the roof of the mouth
- the cheeks
- the pharyns
- all of the above
all of the above
The primary difference between a sensory and a mixed cranial nerve is that a mixed cranial nerve has its origins within the CNS and the spinal cord. t/f
false
Which of the cells listed below is/are components of the choroid coat of the retina? 1) amacrine cells, 2) bipolar cells, 3) cones, 4) epithelial cells, and 5) rods
- 1, 2
- 1, 2, 4
- 2, 3, 5
- 3, 5
- 4
4
which of the following is considered a receptor for fine touch?
- meissner corpuscle
- merkel disc
- pacinian corpuscle
- osmoreceptors
- photoreceptors
meissner corpuscles
_ are the interconnected, fluid-filled cavities within the brain
ventricle
which of the following is not true about rods?
- have rhodopsin
- recognize the general outline
- black and white vision
- good vision is dim light
- are responsible for sharp vision
- not found in the fovea centralis
are responsible for sharp vision
This portion of the fibrous tunic is white and opaque and continuous with the cornea.
- choroid coat
- ciliary body
- sclera
- conjunctiva
sclera
proprioception is the sense that provides an awareness of body positions and movements of parts of the body. t/f
true
This is the space that is found between the iris and the lens that is filled with aqueous humor.
- anterior chamber
- anterior cavity
- posterior chamber
- posterior cavity
posterior chamber
which networks of neurons is responsible for arousal and maintenance of consciousness?
- limbic system
- reticular activating system
- tectospinal circuit
- b and c are correct
- a b and c are correct
reticular activating system
_ is the motor cranial nerve that controls the tongue during chewing, swallowing, and speech
hypoglossal XII
Receptors for pressure and vibration that consist of an oval multi layered capsule surrounding a dendtrie, and that are located in the skin as well as subcutaneous and submucosal tissues, are called _
pacirian corpuscle
_ are receptor cells that are less sensitive to light but provide color vision
cones
The postcentral gyrus is in the _____ lobe of the cortex; it contains the primary _____ area.
- parietal, somatosensory
- parietal, motor
- frontal, somatosensory
- frontal, motor
parietal, somatosensory
cerebral spinal fluid is produces in which structure?
- choroid plexus
- cerebral aqueduct
- arachnoid villi
- arachnoid granulation
- median aperture
choroid plexus
the _ connects the inner ear to the pharynx
Eustachian tube
sensory receptors can be classified by
- types of stimulus detected
- location
- structure
- a and b are correct
- a b and c are correct
a b and c are correct
The blood-brain barrier is
- created by junctions of endothelial cells.
- maintained by astrocytes.
- essential for protecting the brain.
- A and B are correct.
- A, B and C are correct.
a b and c are correct
This is the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the brain stem and the spinal cord.
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
- pons
- midbrain
thalamus
if you are looking for your glasses and you find them on top of your head, you have experienced a _
- change in the pressure receptor concentration
- change in the pressure receptor location
- damage to your sensory receptors
- sensort adaption
sensory adaption
_ is an illness involving excess dopamine activity in the brain causing delusions, distortions of reality, paranoia and hallucinations
schizophrenia
_ is the pain that feels like it is coming from a part other than the part being stimulated
referred pain
_ receptors are both nicotinic and muscerinic
cholinergic
optic nerve III is the facial nerve. t/f
false
Which statement best describes the location of the cerebellum?
- anterior to cerebrum and anterior to brain stem
- posterior to brainstem and inferior to cerebrum
- superior to cerebrum and posterior to brainstem
- superior to brainstem and posterior to cerebrum
posterior to brainstem and inferior to cerebrum
oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and most anesthetics really pass through the blood brain barrier. t/f
true
The tectum of the midbrain bears four rounded elevations:
- called substantia nigra.
- that control subconscious muscle activities.
- that transmit all sensory and motor information between the upper and lower brain regions.
- that control reflex movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
that control reflex movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli
the utricle and saccule contain the sensory receptors associated with the sense of static equilibrium. t/f
true
which structure within the ampulla contains hair cells that are involved in dynamic equilibrium?
- organ of Corti
- macula
- otolithic membrane
- crista ampullaris
- vestibular apparatus
crista ampullaris
When an individual has a ringing sensation in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli is called:
- presbyopia
- cataracts
- presbycusis
- tinnitus
- glaucoma
tinnitus
the stimulation of nociceptors in skeletal muscles and joints give rise to deep _ pain
somatic
in what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary motor area?
- occipital lobe
- teporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- frontal lobe
frontal lobe
which of the following somatic sensations has an encapsulated nerve ending as its sensory receptor?
- tickle
- pain
- heat or cold
- pressure
- itch
pressure
Which is a function of the abducens (VI) nerve?
- conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp
- turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle
- causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil
- causes movement of eyeball
causes movement of the eyeball
Which is the correct order of structures and fluids that light must pass through to reach the photoreceptor cells.
- conjuctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, vitreous humor, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells
- cornea, conjuctiva, aqueous humor, pupil, vitreous humor, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells
- conjuctiva, cornea, vitreous humor, pupil, aqueous humor, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells
- conjuctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, vitreous humor, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, photoreceptor cells
- conjuctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, vitreous humor, ganglion cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells
conjuctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, vitreous humor, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells
this portion of the fibrous tunic is clear and transparent and continuous with the sclera
- choroid coat
- ciliary body
- sclera
- cornea
- conjunctiva
cornea
a nerve is a single cell in the nervous system that transmits an impulse. t/f
false
the output of the ANS does not control
- exocrine glands
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
- endocrine glands
skeletal muscle
which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for the movement of your tongue while chewing, swallowing, and speech?
- accessory
- trigeminal
- abducens
- trochlear
- hypoglossal
- glossopharyngeal
hypoglossal
when the ciliary muscles relax the lens thickens causing a close focus. t/f
false
sensory neurons carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the periphery. t/f
false
there are two destinations in the brain for proprioceptive information: the _ and the _
cerebellum, cerebrum
changes in neurons that allow for learning and for changes in behavior are known as
- plasticty
- long term potentiation
- NREM
- a and b are correct
- a b and c are correct
plasticity
taste receptors are found though out the mouth, but are concentrated on the tongue. t/f
true
the transverse fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. t/f
true
the sympathetic division is associated with excitement or embarrassment. t/f
true
in dim light, the _ muscles of the iris dilates, causing an increase in the size of the pupil
radial
Hypothalamic axons extend to the pituitary gland and secrete hormones. Therefore, it is considered to be a part of both the nervous and endocrine systems. t/f
true
different somatic sensations are detected by different types of receptors. t/f
true
in what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary auditory area?
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- frontal lobe
temporal lobe
lacrimal fluid (tears) contains water, mucus, salts, and a protective antibacterial enzymes called _
lysozymes
the _ is a nearly transparent sheet of tissue containing the photoreceptors in the back of the eye.
retina
Which of the following are example(s) of chemoreceptors ____
- rods and cones.
- olfactory receptors.
- gustatory receptors.
- rods, cones, and gustatory receptors.
- both olfactory and gustatory receptors.
- all of the above
both olfactory and gustatory receptors
in what part of the brain would you find the cardiovascular center?
- thalamus
- medulla oblongata
- hypothalamus
- cerebrum
medula oblongata
sensation differs from perception in that perception involves activity of the cerebral cortex. t/f
true
Which structure conducts nerve impulses between the different hemispheres of the cerebrum?
- Association tracts
- Corpus callosum
- Projection tracts
- Pyramids
- Sulci
corpus callosum
white matter arranged in a treelike pattern in the cerebellum is called _
arbor vitae
in what part of the brain would you find the corpus striatum?
- midbrain
- medulla oblongata
- hypothalamus
- cerebrum
cerebrum
Place the following in the correct order for the transmission of olfactory information that results in odor perception. 1) olfactory bulbs, 2) olfactory tract, 3) temporal cortex, 4) olfactory nerves, and 5) frontal cortex
- 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
- 4, 2, 1, 3, 5
- 2, 1, 4, 3, 5
- 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
- 4, 1, 2, 5, 3
4, 1, 2, 3, 5
which of the following glands is directly controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus?
- kidney
- pituitary
- thymus
- pancreas
- pineal
Pituitary
The vital centers regulating heart rate, vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and respiratory rate are located in the ____
- occipital lobe.
- frontal lobe.
- diencephalon.
- temporal lobe.
- brain stem.
- parietal lobe.
brain stem
which somatic sensory receptor is rapidly adapting and responsible for fine touch?
- merkel disc
- pacinian corpuscle
- nociceptors
- meissner corpuscle
- ruffini corpuscle
messier corpuscle
this conducts impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalams
- first order neuron
- second order neuron
- third order neuron
- both a and b
- none of the above
second order neuron
Which area is responsible for the head and eye movement in response to visual stimuli?
- substantia nigra
- inferior colliculus
- superior colliculus
- thalamus
- A and B are correct
superior colliculus
_ is the cranial nerve, a motor nerve, associated with the movement of the eyeball, iris and lens
oculomotor III
Which of the following are paired correctly?
- chemoreceptors stimulated by changes in concentration of chemical substances
- pain receptors stimulated by damage to tissues
- thermoreceptors stimulated by temperature changes
- all of the above
all of the above
Olfactory receptors
- are second-order, multipolar neurons.
- are also called basal cells.
- use olfactory hairs to transduce chemical signals from odorants.
- A and B are correct.
- A, B, and C are correct.
use olfactory hairs to transduce chemical signals from odorants
proprioception means awareness of?
- visual acuity
- crude perception of temperature
- color vision
- position
- blood gasses
position
Which of the following continuously receives sensory information from the utricle and saccule, monitors the information, and subsequently sends impulses to the motor cortex of the cerebrum?
- cerebellum
- medulla oblongata
- hypothalamus
- pons
- thalamus
cerebellum
A network of neurons that extends from the upper part of the spinal cord, throughout the brain stem, and into the lower part of the diencephalon
- is the reticular formation
- plays a role in regulating muscle tone
- helps to maintain consciousness
- B and C are correct
- A, B, and C are correct
a b and c
cochlear hair cells are found in the _ in the inner ear
organ of Corti
_ are proprioceptors which are innervated by gamma motor neurons
muscle spindle
small opening in the roof of the third ventricle allow passage of CSF into the subarachnoid space. t/f
false
The vestibule lies between the ____ and the semicircular canals.
- basilar membrane
- tympanic membrane
- cochlea
- organ of corti
- none of the above
cochlea
the _ is the region of sharpest vision within the retina
fovea centralis
The cranial nerves containing neurons of the gustatory pathway are: 1) facial (VII), 2) vagus (X), 3) glossopharyngeal (IX), 4) trigeminal (V), and 5) abducens (VI)
- 1, 3, 5
- 2, 3, 5
- 1, 2, 3
- 1, 4, 5
- 1, 2, 3, 5
1, 2, 3
In what order do the following structures vibrate as sound is transmitted? 1) stapes, 2) tympanic membrane, 3) oval window, 4) incus, and 5) malleus
- 5, 1, 4, 2, 3
- 3, 4, 5, 1, 2
- 2, 1, 5, 4, 3
- 2, 5, 4, 1, 3
- 2, 4, 5, 1, 3
2, 5, 4, 1, 3
If a person has damage to the visual association area, they will
- not be able to see
- see, but be unable to understand what they is viewing
- not be able to remember visual experiences from the past, like the color of their first car
- B and C are correct
- A and C are correct
see, but be unable to understand what they is viewing
most brain tumors are formed from neurons. t/f
false
this is the transparent coat that covers the iris
- retina
- choroid
- tunic
- ciliary body
- cornea
cornea
Temperature receptors do not adapt. t/f
false
in the retina, cones are more numerous than rods. t/f
false
Which is a function of the vagus (X) nerve?
- conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue
- conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles
- conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
- controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac and skeletal muscles
the primary information carried by the spinocerebellar tract is pain and temperature. t/f
false
which of the below structures senses dynamic equilibrium?
- cochlea
- semicircular canals
- maccule of vestibule
- organ of corti
- vestibulocochlear nerve
semicircular canals
a lesion to the _ side of the midbrain would eliminate motor function to the entire left side of the body
- right
- left
right
Which is a function of the facial (VII) nerve?
- conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp
- turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle
- conveys impulses from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
- conveys impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
conveys impulse from the taste buds on the anterior two thirds of the tongue
the primary neurological function of all three pairs of cerebellar peduncles is to relay information between the cerebellum and the skeletal muscles. t/f
false
the types of cells that make a taste bud are _ cells
epithelial
high CSF pressure can result in a condition known as
- arachnoid granulation
- rhombencephalon
- hydrocephalus
- a and b are correct
hydrocephalus
Circumventricular organs of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland lack a blood-brain barrier and are thought to be the sites of entry of HIV into the brain. t/f
true
as they extend from the retina to the brain, _ nerve fibers _
- all, crossover
- all ,fail to crossover
- the medial, of each retina crossover
- the lateral, of each retina crossover
the medial, of each retina crossover
two nuclei in the posterior hypothalamus that serve as relay stations for reflexes related to the sense of smell are the _
mammillary bodies
As they extend from the ____ to the brain, ____ nerve fibers of each retina crossover.
- retina, all
- retina, the medial
- retina, the lateral
- cornea, all
- cornea, the medial
- cornea, the lateral
retina, the medial
Inability to control eyeball movement may indicate damage to which cranial nerve(s)? 1) trochlear IV, 2) optic II, 3) oculomotor III, 4) trigeminal V, and 5) abducens VI
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
- 2, 3, 4, 5
- 1, 2, 4
- 1, 3, 5
1, 3, 5
the hypothalamus is the major control and integration center of the autonomic nervous system. t/f
true
which of the following is part of the inner tunic of the eye?
- ciliary body
- retina
- choroid coat
- sclera
retina
Which is the correct order of events of sound transmission through the ear? 1) sound waves strike the tympanic membrane, 2) the ear ossicles vibrate, 3) cochlear hair cells of the organ of Corti vibrate, 4) the perilymph in the cochlea moves, and 5) sound waves enter the external auditory canal
- 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
- 5, 1, 2, 4, 3
- 5, 2, 1, 3, 4
5, 1, 2, 4, 3
The thalamus
- relays sensory information to correct regions of the cerebral hemispheres
- relays motor information from the cerebellum and basal ganglia to the cerebrum
- plays a role in consciousness
- A and B are correct
- A, B, and C are correct
a b and c are correct
visceral senses and somatic senses are grouped together in the class called general senses. t/f
true
this portion of the fibrous tunic is clear and transparent and continuous with the sclera.
- choroid coat
- ciliary body
- sclera
- cornea
- conjunctiva
cornea
These are networks of capillaries in the walls of the ventricles.
- Choroid plexuses
- Lateral apertures
- Interventricular foramina
- Median aperture
- Aqueduct of the midbrain
choroid plexus
the output component of the ANS has two divisions: _ and _
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Which nerves move the eyeball?
- cranial nerves II, III, and IV
- cranial nerve I, V, and X
- cranial nerve III, IX, and V
- cranial nerve III, IV, and VI
- cranial nerve X, XII, and XII
cranial nerve III, IV, and VI
this conducts impulses from the somatic receptors into the brain stem or spinal cord
- forst order neuron
- second order neuron
- third order neuron
- both a and b
- none of the above
first order neuron
which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for speech
- broca’s area
- primary gustatory area
- common integrative area
- prefrontal cortex area
- primary somatosensory area
broca’s area
in bright light, the _ muscles of the iris contract, causing a decrease in the size of the pupil
circular
this consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
- cerebellum
- brain stem
- cerebrum
- diensephalon
- dura mater
diencephalon
the septum pellucidum is the lining of the third ventricle. t/f
false
during this, the frequency of nerve impulses in the first order neuron decreases during prolonged stimulus
- fatigue
- adaption
- perception
- modality
- transduction
adaption
which of the following is a way that cerebral spinal fluid contributes to homeostasis?
- mechanical protection
- chemical protection
- circulation
- both a and b
- all of the above
all of the above
capillaries are unnecessary in nervous tissue of the CNS due to the existence of cerebrospinal fluid, which fulfills the functions of blood. t/f
false
the area of the brain called the _ consists of connected masses of gray matter and is involved in short-term memory formation and emotions
limbic system
in bright light, impulses from sympathetic neurons cause a constriction of the pupil due to contraction of the radial muscle fibers of the iris. t/f
false
This structure is responsible for somatic (startle) reflexes in response to loud sounds.
- Spinal cord
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Thalamus
- Cerebellum
midbrain
serotonin stimulates other neurons to release endorphins. t/f
false
The Golgi tendon organ is stimulated more when ____
- muscles are metabolically active.
- muscle tension increases.
- muscle tension decreases.
- muscle tension stays the same.
muscle tendon increases
which statement is false in reference to the cranial meninges?
- have the same basic structure as the spinal meninges
- have three layers of the dura mater
- are continuous with the spinal meninges
- are names the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater
have three layers of the dura mater
olfactory epithelium consists of _, supporting cells and basal cells
olfactory receptors
which is not considered a major part of the brain?
- brain stem
- cerebellum
- cauda equina
- diencephalon
- cerebrum
cauda equina
which of the following is a sensation that is not carried by the spinothalamic pathways?
- pain
- itch
- tickle
- proprioception
proprioception
which of the following types of cells is the first to Receive a light ray as it travels through the retina?
- bipolar cell
- ganglion cell
- pigmented epithelium
- photoreceptor cell
- rods
ganglion cell
The limbic system
- plays a major role in emotions, such as fear, pleasure and rage
- detects body temperature changes and initiates responses to maintain homeostasis
- controls hunger and food seeking behavior
- A and C are correct
- A, B, and C are correct
plays a major role in emotions, such as fear, pleasure and rage
Which of the following is/are innervated only by the sympathetic division? 1) arrector pili muscles, 2) blood vessels in the kidney, 3) sweat glands, 4) adipose tissue, 5) skeletal muscle arterioles, 6) brain arterioles, and 7) adrenal medulla
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
- 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
- 1, 3, 4, 7
- 2, 4, 5, 6
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Which is a function of the trochlear (IV) nerve?
- conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp
- conveys nerve impulses related to vision
- causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil
- causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
causes movement of the eyeball via superior oblique muscle
Which is a function of the trigeminal (V) nerve?
- conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp
- turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle
- causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil
- causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp
both visceral and somatic afferent neurons have cell bodies located in the:
- lateral horn
- dorsal root ganglion
- ventral horn
- dorsal column
dorsal root ganglion
_ is the cranial nerve that is a sensory nerve for equilibrium and hearing
vestibulocochlear VIII
The basal ganglia
- consist of the substantia nigra and putamen
- helps to start and stop movement
- does not function properly in Parkinson disease
- B and C are correct
- All are correct
B and C are correct
how many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving the eye?
- 10
- 12
- 6
- 4
- 20
6
perception is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the internal or external environment. t/f
false
which part of the brain is associated with ten of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- midbrain
- brain stem
- none of the above is correct
brain stem
which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for sensing body touch and temperature
- brocas area
- primary visual area
- common integrative area
- prefrontal cortex area
- primary somatosensory area
primary somatosensory area
The reticular activating system (RAS) is a part of the reticular formation. The primary function of the descending fibers of the RAS is to maintain muscle tone. t/f
true
Your cones provide you ____ , while your rods provide you ____
- sharp color vision, outlines in black and white vision.
- outlines in color vision, sharp black and white vision.
- sharp black and white vision, outlines in color vision.
- outlines in black and white vision, sharp color vision.
sharp color vision, outlines in black and white vision
during periods of rest and recovery, the sympathetic activity to glands and smooth muscles predominates over parasympathetic activity. t/f
false
Functions of the cerebellum include
- smooth and coordinate skilled muscle activity
- detect problems in carrying out voluntary muscle activity and correct them
- regulation of balance and posture
- A and B are correct
- A, B, and C are correct
a b and c
_ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that functions by itself unconsciously
autonomic nervous system
in what part of the brain would you find the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei?
- thalamus
- medulla oblongata
- hypothalamus
- cerebrum
thalamus
binocular vision
- gives depth perception
- provides accurate color vision
- is only seen in humans
- can be created with only one eye
- all of the above
gives depth perception
in what part of the brain would you find the puberal region?
- midbrain
- medulla oblongata
- hypothalamus
- cerebrum
hypothalamus
which of the following develop as specialized muscle fibers?
- golgi tendon organs
- hair cells of the inner ear
- muscle spindles
- joint kinesthetic receptors
muscle spindels
visceral pain occurs when nociceptors in internal organs, skeletal muscles, tendons or joints are stimulated. t/f
false
_ equilibrium is controlled by an equilibrium organ called the crest ampularis and detects sudden movement and aids in maintaining balance.
dynamic
the oculomotor nerve is a mixed nerve with both motor and sensory functions. t/f
false
control centers for coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and swallowing are located in the medulla oblongata. t/f
true
The disorder called glaucoma is usually caused by ____
- clouding of the lens.
- clouding of the lens capsule.
- excessive accumulation of vitreous humor.
- excessive accumulation of aqueous humor
excessive accumulation of aqueous humor
Which of the following statements about the ventricles of the brain is FALSE?
- A membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the anterior portions of the two lateral ventricles.
- The third ventricle is between the left and right halves of the thalamus.
- The lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle via the lateral apertures.
- The walls of all of the ventricles contain choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
the lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle via the lateral apertures
which cranial nerve is responsible for regulating visceral activity?
- oculomotor
- trigeminal
- spinal accessory
- facial
- vagus
vagus
This consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
- Brain stem
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon
- Dura mater
brain stem
where is the pineal gland found?
- thalamus
- cerebellum
- hypothalamus
- cerebral cortex
- epithalamus
epithalamus
the fingertips, hands and lips are supplied with both rapidly adapting and slowly adapting touch receptors. t/f
true
Which of the following describes the individual layers of the wall of the eyeball, from the outermost layer to the innermost layer:
- vascular tunic, fibrous tunic, sensory tunic
- fibrous tunic, sensory tunic, vascular tunic
- sensory tunic, vascular tunic, fibrous tunic
- fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, sensory tunic
- sensory tunic, fibrous tunic, vascular tunic
- vascular tunic, sensory tunic, fibrous tunic
fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, sensory tunic
which structure transducer mechanical vibrations into electoral signals?
- hair cells
- supporting cells
- tympanic membrane
- oval window
- auricle
hair cells
cholinergic neurons are names after the neurotransmitters that they release, the catecholamines. t/f
false
this is a narrow cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus
- lateral ventricle
- septul pellucidum
- third ventricle
- fourth ventricle
- fifth ventricle
third ventricle
which of the following is primarily responsible for sensation of hearing?
- organ or corti
- ampulla
- saccule
- utrilce
- cemi circular canals
organ of corti
which nuclei are found in the pons?
- potine nuclei
- apneustic area
- pneumotaxic area
- all of the above
- none of the above
all of the above
which is not a special sense that uses hair cells to detect the sensation
- olfaction
- vision
- gustation
- hearing
- equilibrium
vision
nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors both interact with acetylcholine. t/f
true
the dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons. t/f
true
Which is a function of the olfactory (I) nerve?
- conveys nerve impulses related to smell
- conveys nerve impulses related to vision
- causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil
- causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
conveys nerve impulses related to smell
a person is only truly in a coma when all reflex activitiy ceases. t/f
false
the receptors for pain, temperature, itch and a tickle are all free nerve endings. t/f
true
olfactory receptor cells are unipolar neurons. t/f
false
which of the following does not consist primarily of slowly adapting sensory receptors
- body position
- touch
- pressure
- smell
body position
Which fiber tracts carry impulses for voluntary muscle activity from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum?
- superior cerebellar peduncles
- middle cerebellar peduncles
- inferior cerebellar peduncles
- cerebral peduncle
middle cerebellar peduncles
the general senses require separate cells found in an organ specialized for detection of that sensation. t/f
false
which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for conscious movements of the body
- brocas area
- primary visual area
- somatoensory association area
- primary frontal area
- primary somatosensory area
primary frontal area
Which of the following is not a function of the cerebellum?
- monitors actual movement
- provides movement corrections
- monitors intentions for movement
- initiates movement
- receives input from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear
initiates movement
infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in:
- blood shot eyes
- inhibition of crying
- sty
- tumor
- blindness
sty
long term memory is stored in a particular region of the hippocampus. t/f
false
The lacrimal gland ____
- is responsible for tear secretion.
- makes lysozymes.
- is found medially above the eye.
- is responsible for tear secretion and makes lysozymes.
- is responsible for tear secretion and is found medially above the eye.
- all of the above
is responsible for tear secretion and makes lysozymes
pigmented nuclei in the midbrain called substantial nigra control subconscious muscle activities. t/f
true
is a person is unable to show signs of consciousness or is in a coma it is likely that the _ has been injured
- basal ganglia
- brocas area
- superior colliculi
- reticulat formation
- wernickes area
reticular formation
_ is the receptor organ associated with the cochlear hair cells of the inner ear
organ of Corti
_ is the illness that causes memory loss, depression, disorientation, dementia, hallucinations and finally death
Alzheimers disease
the main function of muscle spindles are
- to determine tension of the tendon
- to pick up referred pain
- to receive cutaneous sensations
- to measure muscle length
- to pick up muscle fatigue
to measure muscle length
cerebrospinal fluid contains all of the following except:
- erythrocytes
- lymphocytes
- water
- electrocytes
erythrocytes
Which is a function of the optic (II) nerve?
- conveys nerve impulses related to smell
- conveys nerve impulses related to vision
- causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil
- causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
conveys nerve impulses related to vision
receptors that detect blood pressure are
- exteroceptors
- proprioceptors
- mechanoreceptors
- a and b are correct
- a b and c are correct
mechanoreceptors
the utricle and saccule contain the sensory receptors assiociated with the sense of dynamic equilibrium. t/f
false
release of acetylcholine will
- stimulate the heart
- dilate bronchioles
- increase digestion
- a and b are correct
- a b and a are correct
a b and c are correct
Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?
- receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, effector
- effector, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron
- effector, sensory neuron, receptor, interneuron, motor neuron
- receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
the autonomic nervous system operates by reflex arcs. t/f
true
cones
- outnumber rods
- function only at low light levels
- allow color vision
- are concentrated at the periphery of the retina
- are most critical for night vision
allow for color vision
the basal ganglia
- suppress unwanted movement
- regulate muscle tone
- initiate and terminate movements
- both a and b
- all of the above
all of the above
the _ connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
Eustachian tube
Which is a function of the oculomotor (III) nerve?
- conveys nerve impulses related to smell
- conveys nerve impulses related to vision
- causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil
- causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, construction of pupil
the space between the cornea and iris filled with vitreous humor is called the _
anterior chamber
te receptors for pain:
- are free nerve ending called nociceptors
- may be stimulated by chemicals released by injured tissues
- respond to ant type of stimulus of it is of sufficient intensity
- all of the above
all of the above
transduction of a somatic sensory stimulus involves generation of an action potential. t/f
false
In what part of the brain would you find the hippocampus?
- thalamus
- limbic system
- hypothalamus
- cerebrum
limbic system
the optic nerve is a mixed nerve with both motor and sensory functions. t/f
false
Which is a function of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve?
- conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue
- conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles
- conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
- controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
