section 1 test Flashcards
anatomy
structure or morphology
physiology
functions of body parts
what can effect a persons physiology/
herbs and plants
metabolism
describes a physical and chemical reactions of body. making and breaking
movements
body and organs
responsiveness
reacts tp changes in and out of body
growth
increases in size without change in shape
reproduction
new organisms or new cells
respiration
O2 needed and CO2 removed
digestion
breakdown of food into simple compounds
absorption
passage through membranes
circulation
fluid carries substances through the body
assimilation
changes in chemical form
excretion
removes metabolic waste
environmental requirement of water
metabolism, transport, and regulation
environmental requirements of food
chemical nutrients provide energy
environmental requirements of oxygen
needed to release energy from nutrients
environmental requirements of heat
higher temp. usually have faster chemical reactions
Environmental requirements of pressure
Atmospheric pressure needed for breathing. heart makes blood pressure
Homeostasis
controls our internal environment within stable limits. feedback signals and self regulation
negative feedback
Mechanism used to regulate homeostasis, as body moves away from set point signal is sent to be pushed back
positive feedback
is movement away from a normal state
viscera
organs contain within cavity
appendicular
upper and lower limbs
axial
head, neck and trunk
abdominal
stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, SI, and colon
pelvic cavity
terminal end of colon, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
diaphragm cavity
separates thoracic from abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic cavity
lungs
mediastinum
located in center of thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
lines thoracic cavity while visceral covers lungs.
Parietal pericardium
lines pericardial cavity, while visceral pericardium (epicardium)
covers heart. Pericardial cavity is any space between visceral pericardium and
parietal pericardium.
Parietal peritoneum
lines walls of abdominopelvic cavity, while visceral peritoneum
covers each organ. All space between these two membranes is peritoneal cavity.
what organ system is for body covering
integumentary
what organ systems are for support and movement
skeletal and muscular
what organ systems are in charge of integration and coordination
nervous and endocrine
what organ system is used for transport
Cardiovascular and lymphatic
reproduction
reproductive
matter
takes up space and has mass
elements
can’t be broken down
atomic symbol
1/2 letter name of element
subatomic particles
protons, neutrons and electrons
protons
1 positive charge, 1 atomic mass unit
electrons
1 negative charge, no mass
neutrons
no charge, 1 atomic mass unit
atomic weight
the combined weight of neutrons and protons
atomic number
number of protons it has
number of neutrons
atomic weight minus atomic number
isotopes
The number of protons remains constant in a given atom, but the number of
neutrons differs. Atomic number remains the same and the number of
neutrons changes.
molecule
smallest part of a compound that still has properties of that compound
simple molecules
2 or more atoms of same element reacting with one another.
Atmospheric oxygen is not O but instead O2
ionic bonds
former when electrons are transferred from sone atom to another
acids
molecules that release H ions
bases
molecules that take up H ions
macromolecules
are polymers made up of monomers. Functional groups can then attach to polymers
Carbohydrates
monosaccharides or simple sugars make up polysaccharides
lipids
Made up of fatty acids on a glycerol backbone. Insoluble in H2O they lack a
polar group.
peptides or proteins
amino acids are monomers
nucleic acids
nucleotide are monomers making up DNA or RNA
DNA
job is to make proteins
cell
Cells are smallest unit of living matter. Largest is the egg. They are the structural and functional unit. Usually self-replicating.
plasma membrane
regulates molecules going in and coming out
diffusion
movement of molecules
osmosis
diffusion of water
tonicity
strength of solution in relation to osmosis
protein carriers
specific and rapid transport through the membrane
histology
study of tissues
characteristics of epithelium
- avascular: no blood vessels
- readily reproduces
- cells are located close together
function of epithelium
serve as protective layer, secretory, absorption and excretion
shape of epithelium
squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional
simple squamous epithelium
- centrally located nucleus
2) . lines heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, alveoli, Bowman’s capsule
3) . filtration, diffusion, osmosis, secretion
simple cuboidal epithelium
2) . lines heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, alveoli, Bowman’s capsule
3) . filtration, diffusion, osmosis, secretion
simple columnar epithelium
1) . nuclei near base of cell
2) . goblet cells
3) . cells with microvilli
4) . stomach to the anus – lining, ducts of some glands and gallbladder
5) . secretion and absorption
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
1). nuclei near base
2). goblet cells
3). lines some bronchioles, uterine tubes, uterus, central canal of spinal cord,
and ventricles of brain
4). moves mucus and substances by ciliary action
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
1). not really striated
2). nuclei of cells are at different levels
3). all attached to basement membrane but not all reach the apical surface
4). trachea, large ducts of glands, epididymis, and male urethra
5). secretion and movement of mucus by ciliary action, absorption and
protection
stratified squamous epithelium
1) . basal layer cells replace cells lost on the apical surface
2) . keratinized – superficial layer of skin
3) . nonkeratinized – lines wet surfaces like the mouth
4) . protection
stratified cuboidal epithelium
1) . ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands and male urethra
2) . protection and little secretion and absorption
stratified columnar epithelium
1). urethra, excretory ducts of some glands like esophageal glands, anus mucus
membrane, and conjunctiva of the eye
2). protection and secretion
transitional epithelium
1) . appearance is squamous to cuboidal
2) . lines urinary bladder and part of ureter and urethra
3) . permits distension
glandular epithelium
cells specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids
exocrine glands
secrete product into duct that opens onto some internal or external surface
endocrine glands
secrete product into tissue or fluid or blood hormones
connective tissue characteristics
good blood supply, cells spaced far apart with matrix between cells.
functions of connective tissue
Bind structures together, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protects against infection, and helps repair damage.
fibroblast
most numerous; migrate through connective tissue and secrete
protein fibers and components of ground matrix
adipocytes
adipose cells store triglycerides deep in the skin and around
organs
mast cells
produce histamine (dilates blood vessels – part of inflammatory response), binds and kills bacteria
macrophages
derived from monocytes (white blood cell), engulf bacteria and
cellular debris, responsible for part of specific immunity
plasma cells
specialized B lymphocytes that secrete antibodies that
neutralizes foreign substances – specific immunity
ground substances
fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified; binds
substances together and provides support and
exchange of substances
glycosaminoglycans
hyaluronic acid
fibronectin
main adhesion protein which bind both collagen fibers
and ground substances together
mesenchyme
developing embryo and fetus
mucos connective tissue
umbilical chord
areolar connective tissue
i. thin delicate membranes
ii. fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes
iii. collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers
iv. everywhere, especially in the subcutaneous layer with adipose
v. strength, elasticity, and support
adipose tissue
i. store triglycerides centrally
ii. nucleus and cytoplasm are peripheral
iii. subcutaneous layer, around heart and kidney, yellow bone marrow,
padding around joints, and behind eyeball
iv. reduces heat loss (insulate), energy reserve, cushions, supports, protects,
and brown adipose in newborns generates heat
reticular connective tissue
i. network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells
ii. stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular lamina of
basement membrane, and around blood vessels and muscles
iii. forms stroma of organs, binds together smooth muscle, filters and
removes worn-out blood cells and microbes
dense connective tissue
i. closely packed, thick, collagen bundles, fibroblasts between bundles
ii. tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone), aponeuroses (sheet-
like tendons – attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone)
iii. strong attachments between structures
iv. poor blood supply – slow to heal
dense irregular connective tissue
i. randomly arrange collagen fibers with a few fibroblasts
ii. fasciae (around muscles and organs), reticular region (deep) of the dermis,
periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, membrane
capsules around organs (kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes) and
pericardium of heart
iii. provides strength
elastic connective tissue
i. elastic fibers and fibroblasts between the fibers
ii. lung, walls of arteries, trachea, bronchi, true vocal cords, suspensory
ligament of penis and ligaments between vertebrae
iii. allows for stretching of organs
hyaline cartilage
i. bluish-white shiny ground substance with thin fine collagen fibers and
chondrocytes
ii. ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and embryonic and fetal skeleton
iii. provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, adds flexibility and
support
fibrocartilage
i. chondrocytes scattered among thick bundles of collagen fibers and matrix
ii. pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, parts of tendons
inserting into cartilage – shock absorption
elastic cartilage
i. chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers and matrix
ii. epiglottis, auricle of ear, eustachian tubes
iii. support and maintain shape
compact bone
ostrons containing Haversian canals
spongy bone
trabeculae
blood tissue
found within blood vessels and chambers of the heart
erythrocytes
transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide
leukocytes
phagocytosis
thrombocytes
platelets clot blood
lymph tissue
found in lymphatic vessels and in the tissue
muscle tissue characteristics
muscle fibers, contractile movement, cannot reproduce
muscle tissue skeletal
fibers (striations), voluntary movement, many nuclei on periphery
cardiac muscle
strained, involuntary, usually 1 nuclei, intercalated disk, desmosomes, gap junctions
smooth muscle
no striations, involuntary movement, 1 nucleus, walls of hallow organs, gap junctions
nervous tissue
found in brain, spinal chord, muscles or glands
neurons
-cell body or soma
-one axon (message out)
-multiple dendrites (message in)
-action potential
can’t reproduce
neuroglia cells
support and bind tissue
- neurons are not nerves
serous membranes
-lines body cavity that lack opening
mucous membranes
-lines cavities and tubes that open to the outside
synovial membranes
-inner lining of joint cavities
cutaneous membrane
skin
integumentary system functions
- body temp.
- protect body
- excretes waste and absorbs substances, vitamin D
epidermis
outer layer of skin, keratinized, no blood vessels
keratinocytes
905 skin cells, thicken, form tight layer, keratinize
melanocytes
melanin absorbs damaging Uv rays
langerhans cells
small amount. bone marrow.
stratum basale
deepest
a. single row of cuboidal and columnar keratinocytes
b. some are stem cells – reproduction
c. tonofilaments attach to desmosomes binding cells to each other and cells of the
spinosum
d. melanocytes and Merkel cells scattered among keratinocytes
stratum spinousum
thick
a. 8-10 layers of keratinocytes fitting close together
b. adds strength and flexibility
c. Langerhans cells and melanocyte projections
stratum granulosum
a. 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes undergo apoptosis – genetically
programmed cell death
b. keratinocytes have lamellar granules that release a lipid rich secretion filling
spaces between granulosum, lucidum, and corneum
c. mark between metabolically active cells and dead superficial cells
stratum lucidum
a. only in thick skin
b. 3-5 layers of flattened clear dead keratinocytes
c. large amounts of keratin
stratum corneum
a. 25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes
b. continuously shed and replaced from deeper strata
c. mostly keratin internally
d. lamellar granules between cells – effective as water repellent barrier
e. constant friction forms callus – abnormally thickening
basement membrane
separates epidermis from dermis
dermis
thicker than epidermis and contains fibrous connective, blood vessels,
epithelial, smooth muscle, glands, hair follicles, and nerves.
papillary region
top 5th of the layer, elastic fibers,
reticular region
bottom 80%, attached to subcutaneous layer, hair follicles
subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
beneath dermis, stores fat
skin color
Everyone has roughly same number of melanocytes. Genetics controls
amount of melanin produced.
melanin
pale yellow to reddish brown to black. phenomelanin and eumelanin
melanocytes
plentiful in penis, nipple, face and limbs. skin color, freckles, age or liver spots, mole, tan
cyanotic
bluish- low oxygen
jaundice
yellowish- liver disease
erythema
redness- injury, heat, infection or allergy
hair
on all of body but palms, hormones can control
apocrine
puberty, odorless
ceruminous gland
cerumen or earwax
epidermal wound healing
abrasions and minor burns
cells at basement membrane enlarge and migrate across the wound
appear to migrate as a sheet
contact inhabitation
when the contact the other side they stop migrating
epidermal growth factor
stimulates basal stem cells to divide and replace the
ones that moved into the wound
deep wound healing
Injury in dermis and subcutaneous layer multiple tissue layers must be repaired
