section 4 test Flashcards
the _ are neuroglia cells that form the blood brain barrier of the CNS
astrocytes
_ is the most common neurotransmitter that inhibits the central nervous system functions
GABA
which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?
- sensory function
- integrative function
- motor function
- all are functions of the nervous system
all are functions of the nervous system
select the best description of the satellite cells:
- form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
- help maintain the blood brain barrier
- form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system
- surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia
- form lining of brain ventricles
surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia
a typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the cord?
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
2
In response to excessive tension on a tendon, a tendon organ generates a somatic spinal reflex that, ultimately, causes what response?
- Contraction of the agonist muscle
- Relaxation of the antagonist muscle
- Contraction of the antagonist muscle
- Relaxation of the agonist muscle
- Both c and d
both c and d
which layer is found surrounding the entire spinal nerve?
- dura mater
- pia mater
- endoneurium
- perineurium
- epineurium
epineurium
sensory information is transmitted ti the cell body along dendrites. t/f
true
neurofibrils are membranous sacs spread throughout the cytoplasm of a neuron. t/f
false
an EPSP is when the potassium channels open and potassium diffuses out hypo polarizing the membrane. t/f
false
_ is when sodium is actively pumped out of the neuron while potassium is actively pumped into the neuron
refractory period
the two main routes for motor information in the spinal cord are _ pathways and _ pathways
direct, indirect
select the best description of nissl bodies:
- forms pert of the cytoskeleton
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
- usually short and branched
- usually myelinated
rough endoplasmic reticulum
The main plexuses formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves are:
-thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
-cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral.
-cervical, lumbar, sacral, and inguinal.
=cervical, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
another term for the thoracic nerves is
- brachial
- lumbar
- sacral
- cervical
- intercostals
intercostals
which of the following statements is not true regarding oligodendrocytes?
- they are smaller than astrocytes
- they form myelin sheaths around central nervous system axons
- they line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain
- they are not as numerous as astrocytes
they line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain
select the area innervated by the median nerve.
- quadriceps femoris musccle
- extensors of the wrist
- flexors of the wrist
- skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder
- diaphragm
flexors of the wrist
the refractory period requires ATP to complete the movement of ions. t/f
true
an EPSP is when the sodium channels open and sodium diffuses in hyper polarizing the membrane. t/f
false
all regions of the spinal cord contain lateral, dorsal and ventral gray horns. t/f
false
a _ is the junction between the parts of two neurons where the impulse is conducted
synapse
a neuron having one axon and one dendrite such as those located in the retina or inner ear are classified as _ neurons
bipolar
motor impulses that help maintain muscle tone and posture are conveyed from the brain through the spinal cord by the:
- direct pathways
- indirect pathways
- spinothalamic tracts
- dorsal column tracts
indirect pathways
A main difference between neurons and neuroglia is:
- neuroglia are found only in the central nervous system.
- mature neurons do not normally divide; neuroglia do.
- neurons are more numerous than neuroglia.
- neurons are generally smaller than neuroglia.
mature neurons do not normally divide, neuroglia do
during a somatic spinal reflex, when one effector muscle is stimulated and the opposing muscle is inhibited, this type of innervation is called
- reversal
- relaxed
- representative
- reciprocal
- relegated
reciprocal
membrane sacs found throughout the cytoplasm of neurons that consists of rough endoplasmic reticulum are called?
- synaptic vesicles
- nissl bodies
- neurofibrils
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- none of the above
nissl bodies
saltatory conduction
- occurs though unmyelinated axons
- happens due to even distribution of voltage gated channels
- encode only action potentials in response to pain
- both a and b
- none of the above
none of the above
the neuroglia cells that are derived from monocytes are called astrocytes. t/f
false
bipolar neurons have only one nerve fiber which leaves the cell body and branches into two separate fibers- the axon and the dendrite. t/f
false
sensory information is transmitted to the neuron cell body along dendrites. t/f
true
the two main routes for sensory information on the spinal cord are spinothalamic tracts and _ columns
posterior
_ contributes to the myelin sheath of the central nervous system neurons
oligodendrocyte
In response to a muscle being overstretched, a muscle spindle generates a somatic spinal reflex that, ultimately, causes what response?
- Contraction of the agonist muscle
- Relaxation of the antagonist muscle
- Contraction of the antagonist muscle
- Relaxation of the agonist muscle
- Both a and b
both a and b
dendrites are processes of a neuron that:
- carry nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body
- are usually myelinated
- are usually longer than axons
- none of the above
none of the above
The peripheral nervous system carries _____ (or motor) impulses from the _____ to the _____.
- efferent, muscles, central nervous system
- efferent, central nervous system, muscles
- afferent, central nervous system, muscles
- afferent, muscles, central nervous system
efferent, central nervous system, muscles
spinal nerves:
- are part of the PNS
- connect the CNS to the body
- are named according to the region of the cord from which they emerge
- both a and c
- all of the above
all of the above
Select the area innervated by the tibial nerve.
- quadriceps femoris muscle
- adductor muscles of thigh
- gluteus maximus
- gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
- tibialis anterior and fibularis (peroneal) muscles
gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
astrocytes form the myelin sheaths within the central nervous system. t/f
false
the nodes of Ranvier are the myelin covered portions of the axon. t/f
false
a significant difference between neurons and neuroglia is that the mature neuroglia can divide, mature neurons cannot. t/f
true
the _ plexus serves the skin muscles of the head, neck and super pat of the shoulders and chest
cervical
one class of neuroglia cells is found as a single layer of epithelial cells that serve as a lining for fluid filled spaces in the CNS creating the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier. these neuroglia are called_
ependymal cells
this neural circus consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons.
- diverging circuit
- converging circuit
- reverberating circuit
- parallel after discharge circuit
- normal circuit
diverging circuit
the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the?
- dorsal root ganglion
- ventral root ganglion
- ventral horn or gray matter
- dorsal horn or gray matter
dorsal root ganglion
this serves the deep muscles and skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk
- meningeal branch
- rami communicates
- brachial plexus
- dorsal ramus
- ventral ramus
dorsal ramus
which of the following neurotransmitters functions to inhibit central nervous system functions?
- acetylcholine
- epinephrine
- serotonin
- dopamine
- GABA
GABA
the following are all function of astrocytes except:
- they help maintain the blood-brain barrier
- they synthesize neurotransmitters
- they participate in brain development
- they help maintain proper K+ balance
they synthesize neurotransmitters
the portion of the plasma membrane of a neuron that surrounds the axoplasm is called the axolemma. t/f
true
dendrites conduct signals toward the neuron cell body, the axon conducts nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body. t/f
true
neurons are cells in the nervous system that transmits a nerve impulse. t/f
true
_ neurons are cells that have many nerve fibers that serve as dendrites, bot inly have one axon
multipolar
_ is an excitatory amino acid that may be responsible for half of the synapses in the brain
glutamate
When a nerve fiber has been depolarized, the concentration of ___
- sodium and potassium ions are higher on the inside of membrane.
- sodium and potassium ions are higher on the outside of membrane.
- sodium ions are higher inside and potassium ions are higher outside the membrane.
- sodium ions are higher outside and potassium ions are higher inside the membrane.
sodium and potassium ions are higher on the inside of membrane
An IPSP is an ___ where ___ channels open ___ the membrane.
- excitatory postsynaptic potential; Na+; hyperpolarizing
- excitatory postsynaptic potential; Na+; depolarizing
- inhibitory postsynaptic potential; K+; hyperpolarizing
- inhibitory postsynaptic potential; K+; depolarizing
- none of the above
inhibitory postsynaptic potential, K+, hyperpolarizing
Select the best description of the Schwann cells:
- form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
- help maintain the blood-brain barrier
- form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system
- surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia
- form lining of brain ventricles
form myelin sheaths of the peripheral nervous system
which of the following are not components of the nervous system?
- brain and cranial nerves
- sensort receptors and ganglia
- spinal cord and spinal nerves
- none of the above
none of the above
A typical reflex arc involves the following components: 1) sensory neuron, 2) motor neuron, 3) receptor, 4) one or more interneurons, and 5) effector. The correct order is:
- 3, 1, 4, 2, 5
- 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
- 3, 1, 2, 5
- 3, 4, 2, 5
3, 1, 4, 2, 5
sensory information is transmitted to the neuron cell body along the axon. t/f
false
interneurons are links between multipolar neurons in the central nervous system. t/f
true
a nerve is a single neuron that transmits a nerve impulse. t/f
false
_ is when the sodium channels close and the potassium Chanels open causing potassium to flood out of the axon
repolarization
_ channels open as the action potential reaches the synaptic knob causing synaptic vesicles to exocytosis their contents into the synaptic cleft
calcium
Select the best description of nerve fiber:
- may refer to either axons or dendrites
- join axon to cell body
- fine processes at the ends of axons
- usually short and branched
- fine processes at the ends of dendrites
may refer to either axons or dendrites
Which neuroglia would be most responsible for helping to prevent pathogens and toxins from entering the brain from the blood?
- Schwann cells
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- ependymal cells
- microglia
astrocytes
What is the best description of the subarachnoid space?
- contains a layer of adipose tissue
- between arachnoid mater and pia mater
- between pia mater and spinal cord
- contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
- consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
between arachnoid mater and Pia mater
Select the best description of dendrites:
- stored in synaptic vesicles
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
- usually short and branched
- usually myelinated
usually short and branched
Select the best description of the oligodendrocytes:
- form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
- help maintain the blood-brain barrier
- form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system
- surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia
- form lining of brain ventricles
form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
the vast majority of neurons in the body are interneurons. t/f
true
new fibers can form along the degenerating neurilemma in the central nervous system allowing for some tissue regeneration. t/f
false
an IPSP is when the potassium channels open and potassium diffuses out hype-polarizing the membrane. t/f
true
_ are small masses of nervous tissue primarily made up of neuron cell bodies found outside the CNS
ganglia
_ is an endogenous pain inhibitor that binds the opioid receptor and is much stronger than morphine
enkephalin
the gray matter of the spinal cord:
- is subdivided into regions called horns
- is surrounded by white matter
- contains neuroglia, neuron cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons and dendrites
- all of the above
all of the above
The cell has the following conditions during the resting potential
- high Na+ inside with high K+ outside waiting for the Na+ channels to open
- high Na+ inside with high K+ outside waiting for the K+ channels to open
- high Na+ outside with high K+ inside waiting for the Na+ channels to open
- high Na+ outside with high K+ inside waiting for the K+ channels to open
- none of the above
high Na+ outside with high K+ inside waiting for the Na+ channels to open
diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to
- remove a neurotransmitter
- stop a spatial summation
- continue a temporal summation
- inhibit a presynaptic potential
- excite a presynaptic potential
remove a neurotransmitter
The action potential depolarizes the membrane by ___
- opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood out of the cell.
- opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood into the cell.
- opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood out of the cell.
- opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood into the cell.
- none of the above
opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood into the cell
_ is a major neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
- dopamine
- acetylcholine
- serotonin
- norepinephrine
- glycine
- GABA
acetylcholine
the thin transparent spinal meninx called Pia mater separates the spinal cord from the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid. t/f
true
the denticulate ligaments and the film terminale are both structures that help anchor the spinal cord and protect it against sudden displacement. t/f
true
gray matter is located only in the brain. t/f
false
the adult spinal cord extend from the _ of the brain inferiorly to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra
medulla oblongata
during repolarization _ open and this ion floods out of the neuron
potassium channel
this neurotransmitter inhibits motor functions at the basal ganglia
- acetylcholine
- norephinephrine
- dopamine
- serotonin
- glycine
- GABA
dopamine
Which of the following cells form myelin sheaths in the nervous system?
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- microglia
- ependyma
- Schwann cells
- astrocytes and Schwann cells
- oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
- ependyma and Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
denticulate ligaments are thickenings of the _?
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
- dura mater
- interstitial fluid
- subdural space
pia mater
select the best description of axon terminals
- stored in synaptic vesicles
- join axon to cell body
- fine processes at the ends of axons
- usually short and branched
- usually myelinated
fine processes at the ends of axons
if a resisting potential becomes less negative, the membrane is said to be
- depolarizing
- hyperpolarizing
- repolarizing
- summating
Depolarizing
sensory neurons carry impulses from the brain to the periphery. t/f
false
the choroid plexus is the fluid produces in the lateral ventricle. t/f
false
the dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons. t/f
true
_ is a catecholamine involved in arousal, dreaming and regulating mood
norepinephrine
_ are little membrane enclosed sacs contained within the synaptic end bulbs containing neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicles
What phenomenon explains why a light touch feels different than a touch applied with more pressure?
- Saltatory conduction
- Continuous conduction
- Frequency of impulses
- Propagation
- Refractory period
frequency of impulses
Which cells produce the myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system?
- Schwann
- astrocytes
- microglia
- oligodendrocytes
- ependyma
Schwann
Which of the following parts of a reflex arc monitors body conditions?
- Sensory receptor
- Sensory neuron
- Motor neuron
- Effector
- Integration neuron or interneuron
sensory receptor
During which period can a second action potential be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus?
- Refractory period
- Absolute refractory period
- Relative refractory period
- All of the above
- None of the above
relative refractory period
this pathway governs automatic movements and coordinates them with visual stimuli
- indirect pathway
- direct pathway
- reflex arc
- somatic arc
- muscle spindles
indirect pathway
motor neurons carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the periphery. t/f
true
the name given to rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons is liopfuscin granules. t/f
false
Lateral extensions of the pia mater, called denticulate ligaments, suspend the spinal cord in the middle of the dural sheath, providing protection against shock and sudden displacement. t/f
true
cerebrospinal fluid is found between two layers of the meninges, in a space called the _
subarachnoid space
the _ mater of the spinal cord lies next to the white mater of the cord
pia
The cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the ___
- dorsal root ganglion.
- ventral root ganglion.
- ventral horn of gray matter.
- dorsal horn of gray matter.
ventral horn of gray mater
Plasticity means
- The ability to regenerate
- Sending a signal through a converging circuit
- Signal transmission at a synapse
- Capability to change based on experience
- The ability to stretch without damage
capability to change based on experience
This tract carries nerve impulses for proprioception.
- Dorsal gray columns
- White columns
- Ventral gray column
- Dorsal gray horn
- Dermatome tract
white columns
Select the best description of the ependymal cells:
- form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
- help maintain the blood-brain barrier
- form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system
- surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia
- form lining of brain ventricles
form lining of brain ventricles
Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?
- receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, effector
- effector, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron
- effector, sensory neuron, receptor, interneuron, motor neuron
- receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
sensory neurons carry information from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord. t/f
true
unipolar neurons are always sensory neurons. t/f
true
the refractory period requires calcium to complete the movement of ions. t/f
false
_ are a bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons that leave the brain or spinal cord
nerve
the astrocytes from the _ which protects the neurons from harmful substances in the blood
blood brain barrier
Select the best description of neurotransmitter molecules:
- stored in synaptic vesicles
- accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
- fine processes at the ends of axons
- usually short and branched
- usually myelinated
stored in synaptic vesicles
What is the best description of the dura mater?
- meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column
- between arachnoid mater and pia mater
- between pia mater and spinal cord
- contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
- consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column
A cell membrane moving toward zero to a more positive state is called ___
- hyperpolarization.
- depolarization.
- a local potential.
- a threshold potential.
depolarization
The inferior extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx is called the _____.
- cauda equina
- filum terminale
- denticulate ligament
- conus medullaris
film terminale
When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles are released in response to the presence of ___
- calcium ions.
- sodium ions.
- neurotransmitters.
- neuropeptides.
calcium ions
a neurolemma is a characteristic of cells located in the peripheral nervous system, but not in the central nervous system. t/f
true
complete paralysis of the diaphragm occurs of the spinal cord is served just below the fifth cervical spine. t/f
false
the efferent portion of the automatic nervous system consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. t/f
true
motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles have cell bodies in_ gray horns of the spinal cord and their axons exit the cord via a _ root
anterior, anterior
a bundle of nerves in the central nervous system is called a _
tract
This has the property of electrical excitability.
- Muscle cells
- Neurons
- both muscle cells and neurons
- None of the above
both muscle cells and neurons
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are found where within the nervous system?
- dorsal horn of the gray matter
- ventral horn of the gray matter
- funiculi of the spinal cord
- dorsal root ganglion
dorsal foot ganglion
Spinal nerves T2-T12 differ from all other spinal nerves in that:
- they do not branch to form rami.
- they are autonomic nerves.
- the ventral rami do not contribute to a plexus.
- the dorsal rami form a plexus.
the ventral rami do not contribute to a plexus
This pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
- Indirect pathway
- Direct pathway
- Reflex arc
- Somatic arc
- Muscle spindle
direct pathway
Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would have a cell body in the dorsal root (ganglion)s?
- Sensory neuron
- Sensory receptor
- Motor neuron
- Effector
- Integration neuron or interneuron
sensory neuron
a nerve is a group of fibers in the nervous system that transmits impulses. t/f
true
the femoral nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. t/f
false
motor neurons carry impulses from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord. t/f
false
_ are phagocytic neuroglia cells that function like immune cells in the brain
microglia
during depolarization _ open and this ion flood into the neuron
sodium channels
Which of the following is not true for spinal nerves?
- Each spinal nerve has two roots; an ventral motor root and a dorsal sensory root.
- The outer covering of spinal nerve roots is dura mater.
- The outer covering of spinal nerves is epineurium.
- Every pair of spinal nerves exits through the intervertebral foramina above the vertebra that has the same name and number as the nerves.
every pair of spinal nerves exit through the intervertebral foramina above the vertebra that has the same name and numbers as the nerves
IPSP stands for:
- Inhibitory presynaptic summation potential
- Inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential
- Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
- Inhibitory presynaptic potential
- None of the above
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
An ipsilateral and intersegmental spinal somatic reflex
- Controls only one flexor muscle on one side of the body
- Controls many flexor muscles on one side of the body
- Controls many flexor and extensor muscles on one side of the body
- Controls many flexor muscles on the opposite side of the body
- Controls many flexor and extensor muscles on the opposite side of the body
controls many flexor and extensor muscles on one side of the body
As the membrane potential becomes more negative (moving from -70 mV to -90 mV), the membrane is ___
- depolarizing.
- hyperpolarizing.
- summating.
- refractory.
hyperpolarizing
which of the following ions is responsible for the exocytosis of the neurotransmitters housed in the synaptic vesicles?
- Na+
- K+
- Cl
- PO4
- Ca+2
Ca+2
most brain tumors are formed from neuroglia cells. t/f
true
motor information is transmitted to the cell body along dendrites. t/f
false
an IPSP is when the sodium channels open and sodium diffuses in hyper-polarizing the membrane. t/f
false
the _ form the myelin sheath of peripheral neurons
Schwann cells
_ neurons carry impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to the effector organs
motor
a synapse is a junction between:
- two neurons
- a neuron and a muscle cell
- a neuron and a glandular cell
- all of the above
all of the above
Select the area innervated by the radial nerve.
- deltoid muscle
- extensors of the wrist
- flexors of the wrist
- skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder
- diaphragm
extensors of the wrist
___ is the stage of an action potential where sodium is being pumped out and potassium is being pumped in by active transport restoring the membrane potential.
- refractory period
- depolarization
- hyperpolarization
- repolarization
- resting potential
refractory period
Select the best description of astrocytes:
- form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
- help maintain the blood-brain barrier
- form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system
- surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia
- form lining of brain ventricles
help maintain the blood brain barrier
where does summation occur?
- in the synaptic cleft
- in the dendrites
- at the trigger zone
- in the neuron nucleus
- in the neuroplasm
at the trigger zone
most brain tumors are formed from neurons. t/f
false
there are two types of neuroglia that produce myelin sheaths, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. t/f
true
the nodes of ranvier are the non myelinated portions of the axon. t/f
true
the three basic functions of the nervous system are sensory function, integrative function and _ function
motor
a neuron typically consists of three parts, cell body _ and _
dendrites, axon
Lack of sensation in the umbilical region is most likely the result of an injury to:
- the ventral root of T10
- the ventral ramus of T10
- the dorsal root of T10
- the dorsal ramus of T10
the dorsal root of T10
this neurotransmitter is relieves to be involved in inducing sleep within central nervous system
- acetylcholine
- norepinephrine
- dopamine
- serotonin
- glycine
- GABA
serotonin
from which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?
- brachial
- cervical
- lumbar
- sacral
- thoratic
brachial
The superficial covering over the entire nerve is called:
- Endoneurium
- Nerve bundle
- Perineurium
- Fascicle
- Epineurium
epineurium
a pathway called a reflex arc terminates at an effector, which could be-skeletal muscle
- smooth or cardiac muscle
- gland
- all of the above
all of the above
the ventral median fissure of the spinal cord is shallower and narrower than the dorsal median sulcus. t/f
false
the afferent portion of the autonomic nervous system carrier sensory information from the viscera to the central nervous system. t/f
true
motor neurons that supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands via the autonomic nervous system can be found in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. t/f
true
there are _ pairs of spinal nerves, consisting of the following groups: _ pairs of cervical, _ pairs of thoracic, _ pairs of lumbar, _ pairs of sacral, and _ pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves
31,8,12,5,5,1
the two principal divisions of the nervous system are the _ and _ nervous systems
central, peripheral
Select the area innervated by the axillary nerve.
- deltoid muscle
- extensors of the wrist
- flexors of the wrist
- skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder
- diaphragm
deltoid muscle
From which plexus does the axillary nerve arise?
- brachial
- cervical
- lumbar
- sacral
- thoracic
brachial
From which plexus does the phrenic nerve arise?
- brachial
- cervical
- lumbar
- sacral
- thoracic
cervical
The stretch and tendon spinal reflexes do NOT provide what function?
- Awareness of muscle tension in body
- Prevention of damage to muscles
- Protection of spinal nerves
- Prevention of damage to tendons
- Maintenance of muscle tone
protection of spinal nerves
What is the best description of the arachnoid mater?
- meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column
- between subarachnoid space and pia mater
- between pia mater and spinal cord
- contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
- consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
consists of collagen and elastic fiber network, has no blood vessels
hyper polarization is the membrane potential moving away from zero in a more negative direction. t/f
true
the epidural space if found between the dura meter and the wall of the vertebral canal contains a protective cushion of fat and connective tissue. t/f
true
a nerve is a cell in the nervous system that transmits an impulse. t/f
false
_ is a neurotransmitter which inhibits motor functions that is depleted in Parkinsons disease
dopamine
_ is when the sodium channels open causing sodium to flood into the axon
depolarization
A reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS is called
- Visceral reflex
- Somatic reflex
- Polysynaptic reflex arc
- Autonomic reflex arc
- None of the above
none of the above
A depolarizing graded potential
- Makes the membrane more polarized, moving away from zero
- Makes the membrane less polarized, moving toward zero
- Is not considered a graded potential
- Is the last part of an action potential
- Is seen when the cell approaches threshold
makes the membrane less polarized, making toward zero
The action potential repolarizes the membrane by ___
- opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood into the cell.
- opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood out of the cell.
- opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood into the cell.
- opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood out of the cell.
opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood out of the cell
An EPSP is an ___ where ___ channels open ___ the membrane.
- excitatory postsynaptic potential; Na+; depolarizing
- excitatory postsynaptic potential; K+; depolarizing
- inhibitory postsynaptic potential; Na+; depolarizing
- excitatory postsynaptic potential; Na+; repolarizing
excitatory postsynaptic potential, Na+, depolarizing
the nerve fiber that provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are
- neurofibrils
- nissl fibers
- axons
- dendrites
dendrites
the afferent portion f=of the somatic nervous system carrier sensory information from the eyes and ears to the central nervous system. t/f
true
neurons that originate in the central nervous system and that function to carry information to smooth, skeletal or cardiac muscles are efferent neurons. t/f
true
new fibers can form along the degenerating neurilemma in the peripheral nervous system allowing for some tissue regeneration. t/f
true
_ is the drug that blocks serotonin reuptake in the brain. it is believed that increasing serotonin can help relieve depression
Prozac
_ carry nerve impulses from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord
sensory neurons
The white matter of the spinal cord:
- contains sensory and motor, or ascending and descending, tracts.
- is surrounded by gray matter.
- is subdivided into regions called horns.
- all of the above.
contains sensory and motor or ascending and descending tracts
This is a structure that results from nervous input from the lower extremities.
- Lumbar enlargement
- Filum terminale
- Cauda equine
- Spinal nerve 12
- Cervical enlargement
lumbar enlargement
Which is not a type of channel used in production of an electrical signal in neurons?
- Leakage channel
- Voltage-gated channel
- Ligand-gated channel
- Mechanically gated channel
- Ion dependent channel
ion dependent channel
The central canal of the spinal cord is located in the:
- ventral white commissure.
- ventral gray horn.
- dorsal white column.
- gray commissure.
gray commissure
These white matter tracts of the spinal cord contain ascending information:
- Sensory tracts
- Motor tracts
- Integration tracts
- Columnar tracts
- Epidural tracts
sensory tracts
interneurons are links between multipolar neurons in the peripheral nervous system. t/f
false
the dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of motor neurons. t/f
false
_ is when a single presynaptic neuron synapses with several postsynaptic neurons
divergence
_ is when several presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron
convergence
Which of the following parts of a reflex arc changes body condition levels?
- Sensory receptor
- Sensory neuron
- Motor neuron
- Effector
- Integration neuron or interneuron
effector
which of the three spinal meninges is the most superficial?
- arachnoid mater
- dura mater
- meninx mater
- pia mater
- epi mater
dura mater
This neurotransmitter inhibits spinal cord functions.
- acetylcholine
- norepinephrine
- dopamine
- serotonin
- glycine
- GABA
- serotonin
glycine
Which type of axons contain endoneurium?
- Myelinated
- Unmyelinated
- Dendrites only have endoneurium
- Both myelinated and unmyelinated
- None of the above
both myelinated and unmyelinated
Select the best description of axon:
- stored in synaptic vesicles
- accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
- fine processes at the ends of axons
- usually short and branched
- usually myelinated
usually myelinated
during the refractory period _ moves into the neuron and _ moves out of the neuron
potassium, sodium
The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into:
- Sympathetic division
- Parasympathetic division
- Enteric division
- Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- All of the above
both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
from which plexus does the femoral nerve arise?
- brachial
- cervical
- lumbar
- sacral
- thoratic
lumbar
Accidentally stepping on a nail with the sole of your foot causes you quite a bit of discomfort. Which type of pathway is involved in relaying information about the nail?
- efferent
- afferent
- visceral
- motor
afferent
Regeneration of nerve fibers in the central nervous system is highly unlikely because:
- there are no neurolemmas.
- oligodendrocytes inhibit axon regeneration.
- astrocytes rapidly form a physical barrier of scar tissue.
- all of the above.
all of the above
If the body had a low calcium level, then this could affect the release of neurotransmitters by ___
- increasing the quantity released from synaptic knobs.
- breaking down acetylcholine to acetyl and choline in synaptic knobs.
- causing a greater amount to be synthesized and stored in synaptic knobs.
- causing a decrease in the amount released from synaptic knobs.
causing a decrease in the amount released from synaptic knobs
_ blocks enzymatic degradation of norepinephrine in the presynaptic cell elevating mood
- nicotine
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- tricyclic antidepressants
- curare
- Prozac and SSRI
- valium
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
in order to flex your fingers, what type of impulse will the flexor digitorum superficials muscle need to receive?
- efferent
- afferent
- visceral
- sensory
efferent
This contains only sensory axons that conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs into the CNS.
- Spinal nerves
- Cauda equine
- Ventral root
- Dorsal root
- Central canal
dorsal root
Select the best description of neurofibrils:
- form(s) part of the cytoskeleton
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
- usually short and branched
- usually myelinated
forms part of the cytoskeleton
which of the below contains cerebrospinal fluid?
- epidural space
- subarachnoid space
- dural space
- meninx
- pia mater
subarachnoid space
if a neurotransmitter depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane it is referred to as:
- excitatory
- inhibitory
- spatial
- temporal
- summation
excitatory
a polarized cell:
- can vary from +5 to -100 mV
- includes most cells of the body
- exhibits a membrane potential
- both b and c
- all of the above
all of the above
This contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia.
- Gray matter
- White matter
- Astrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Ependymal cells
gray matter
A postsynaptic neuron may respond to inhibitory and excitatory effects in which of the following ways:
- EPSP
- Nerve impulse
- IPSP
- Both a and c
- All of the above
all of the above
this type of neuron has one main dendrite and one main axon
- multipolar neuron
- bipolar neuron
- unipolar neuron
- purkinje cell
- renshaw cell
bipolar neuron
What is the best description of the pia mater?
- contains a layer of adipose tissue
- between arachnoid mater and pia mater
- between pia mater and spinal cord
- contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
- consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
The roots of which spinal nerves make up the cauda equina? 1) Thoracic, 2) Lumbar, 3) Sacral, and 4) Coccygeal
- 1, 2, 3, 4
- 2, 3, 4
- 3, 4
- 4 only
2, 3, 4
In response to being stretched a muscle spindle generates nerve impulses that propagate along a sensory neuron through which below structure, to get into the spinal column?
- Ventral root
- Dorsal root
- Tectospinal tract
- Central canal
- Lateral reticulospinal tract
dorsal root
What is the best description of the epidural space?
- contains a layer of adipose tissue
- between arachnoid mater and pia mater
- between pia mater and spinal cord
- contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
- consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
contains a layer of adipose tissue
A motor unit in skeletal muscle is activated by a/an _____.
- sympathetic motor neuron
- parasympathetic motor neuron
- somatic motor neuron
- afferent motor neuron
somatic motor neuron
the peripheral nervous system can be divided into: -somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system -entric nervous system -all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following pairs of terms is most closely matched?
- gray matter, myelinated axons of the peripheral nervous system
- white matter, neuron cell bodies in a ganglion
- gray matter, neurolemmocytes in the peripheral nervous system
- white matter, tracts in the central nervous system
white matter, tracts in the central nervous system
which structure of the neuron will contain the greatest number of neurotransmitter receptors?
- the nissl bodies
- the axoplasm
- the synaptic vesicles
- the dendrites
the dendrites
which cells produce the myelinated axons in the central nervous system?
- schwann
- astrocytes
- microgila
- oligodendrocytes
- ependyma
oligodendrocytes
When a depolarizing graded potential makes the membrane depolarize to threshold
- Ligand gated Ca+ channels close rapidly
- Voltage gated Ca+ channels open rapidly
- Ligand gated Na+ channels close rapidly
- Voltage gated Na+ channels open rapidly
- None of the above
voltage gated Na+ channels open rapidly
The simplest reflex arc is a pathway that:
- contains only one neuron.
- consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron.
- consists of a sensory neuron and an interneuron.
- none of the above.
none of the above
The meninges are layers of connective tissue that:
- surround the brain and spinal cord.
- cover the spinal nerves up to where they exit through the intervertebral foramina.
- are called, in order from external to internal: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
- all of the above.
all of the above
_ enhances the receptor binding of GABA decreasing anxiety
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- tricyclic antodepressants
- valium
- prozac and SSRI
- curare
- tryptophan
valium
nerve fiber refers to: -axon dendrites -nissl body -both axon and dendrites -all of the above
both axon and dendrites
The peripheral nervous system consists of:
- somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
- sensory neurons and motor neurons.
- cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
- all of the above.
all of the above
The peripheral nervous system carries _____ (or sensory) impulses from the _____ to the _____.
- efferent, central nervous system, receptors
- efferent, receptors, central nervous system
- afferent, receptors, central nervous system
- afferent, central nervous system, receptors
afferent, receptor, central nervous system
When a nerve fiber is at its resting potential (polarized), the concentration of ___
- Na+ and K+ ions is higher on the inside of its membrane.
- Na+ and K+ ions is higher on the outside of its membrane.
- Na+ ions is higher on the inside of its membrane and K+ ions is higher on the outside.
- Na+ ions is higher on the outside of its membrane and K+ ions is higher on the inside.
Na+ ions is higher on the outside of its membrane and K+ ions is higher on the inside
At a synapse between the axon of one cell and the dendrite of another cell, the axon would always be part of the _____ neuron; the dendrite would always be part of the _____ neuron.
- presynaptic, postsynaptic
- visceral, somatic
- postsynaptic, presynaptic
- somatic, visceral
presynaptic, postsynaptic
The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:
- +5 to 100 mV
- -25 to -70 mV
- -40 to -90 mV
- -90 to 5 mV
- None of the above
-40 to -90 mV
Select the area innervated by the phrenic nerve.
- quadriceps femoris muscle
- adductor muscles of thigh
- flexors of the wrist
- skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder
- diaphragm
diaphragm
white matter includes:
- ganglia
- a thin outer layer of most of the brain
- nuclei in the brain
- tracts in the spinal cord
tracts in the spinal cord
which axons have the largest diameter?
- a fibers
- b fibers
- c fibers
- none of the above
a fibers
Which of the following is not found in neurons?
- neurofibrils
- neurilemma
- Nissl bodies
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- granular cytoplasm
- nucleus
sarcoplasmic reticulum
which of the following terms describes synapses?
- axodendritic
- axosomatic
- axoaxonic
- none of the above
- all of the above
all of the above
When compared to unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons: 1) are electrically insulated, 2) are gray in color, 3) have a faster speed of nerve impulse conduction, 4) are more numerous
- 1, 2, 3, 4
- 1, 3, 4
- 2, 3, 4
- 1, 2, 4
1, 3, 4
A cell membrane moving away from zero to a more negative state is called ___
- hyperpolarization
- depolarization.
- a local potential.
- a threshold potential.
hyperpolarization
Which of the following is a difference between neurons and cells from other organ systems?
- Neurons have Golgi apparatuses.
- Neurons have Nissl bodies.
- Neurons have mitochondria.
- Neurons have lysosomes.
neurons having nissl bodies
Select the area innervated by the femoral nerve.
- quadriceps femoris muscle
- adductor muscles of thigh
- gluteus maximus
- gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
- tibialis anterior and fibularis (peroneal) muscles
quadriceps femoris muscle
the descending tracts of the spinal cord carry what type of information?
- sensory
- motor
- integration
- both a and b
- both a and c
motor
Select the best description of the microglia:
- form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
- help maintain the blood-brain barrier
- phagocytes of the central nervous system
- phagocytes of peripheral nervous system
- form lining of brain ventricles
phagocytosis of the central nervous system
the arachnoid mater lies between two fluids: interstitial fluid on its outer surface and _ fluid on its inner surface
- blood
- cytoplasm
- cerebrospinal
- extracellular
cerebrospinal
The conus medullaris is:
- the junction between the medulla and the spinal cord.
- the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
- the inner portion of the spinal cord, seen in cross section.
- the attachment of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord.
the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement
