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A&P 1 lecture > section 4 test > Flashcards

section 4 test Flashcards

1
Q

the _ are neuroglia cells that form the blood brain barrier of the CNS

A

astrocytes

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2
Q

_ is the most common neurotransmitter that inhibits the central nervous system functions

A

GABA

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3
Q

which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

  • sensory function
  • integrative function
  • motor function
  • all are functions of the nervous system
A

all are functions of the nervous system

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4
Q

select the best description of the satellite cells:

  • form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
  • help maintain the blood brain barrier
  • form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system
  • surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia
  • form lining of brain ventricles
A

surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia

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5
Q

a typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the cord?

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
A

2

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6
Q

In response to excessive tension on a tendon, a tendon organ generates a somatic spinal reflex that, ultimately, causes what response?

  • Contraction of the agonist muscle
  • Relaxation of the antagonist muscle
  • Contraction of the antagonist muscle
  • Relaxation of the agonist muscle
  • Both c and d
A

both c and d

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7
Q

which layer is found surrounding the entire spinal nerve?

  • dura mater
  • pia mater
  • endoneurium
  • perineurium
  • epineurium
A

epineurium

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8
Q

sensory information is transmitted ti the cell body along dendrites. t/f

A

true

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9
Q

neurofibrils are membranous sacs spread throughout the cytoplasm of a neuron. t/f

A

false

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10
Q

an EPSP is when the potassium channels open and potassium diffuses out hypo polarizing the membrane. t/f

A

false

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11
Q

_ is when sodium is actively pumped out of the neuron while potassium is actively pumped into the neuron

A

refractory period

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12
Q

the two main routes for motor information in the spinal cord are _ pathways and _ pathways

A

direct, indirect

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13
Q

select the best description of nissl bodies:

  • forms pert of the cytoskeleton
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
  • usually short and branched
  • usually myelinated
A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

The main plexuses formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves are:
-thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
-cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral.
-cervical, lumbar, sacral, and inguinal.
=cervical, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

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15
Q

another term for the thoracic nerves is

  • brachial
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • cervical
  • intercostals
A

intercostals

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16
Q

which of the following statements is not true regarding oligodendrocytes?

  • they are smaller than astrocytes
  • they form myelin sheaths around central nervous system axons
  • they line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain
  • they are not as numerous as astrocytes
A

they line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain

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17
Q

select the area innervated by the median nerve.

  • quadriceps femoris musccle
  • extensors of the wrist
  • flexors of the wrist
  • skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder
  • diaphragm
A

flexors of the wrist

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18
Q

the refractory period requires ATP to complete the movement of ions. t/f

A

true

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19
Q

an EPSP is when the sodium channels open and sodium diffuses in hyper polarizing the membrane. t/f

A

false

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20
Q

all regions of the spinal cord contain lateral, dorsal and ventral gray horns. t/f

A

false

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21
Q

a _ is the junction between the parts of two neurons where the impulse is conducted

A

synapse

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22
Q

a neuron having one axon and one dendrite such as those located in the retina or inner ear are classified as _ neurons

A

bipolar

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23
Q

motor impulses that help maintain muscle tone and posture are conveyed from the brain through the spinal cord by the:

  • direct pathways
  • indirect pathways
  • spinothalamic tracts
  • dorsal column tracts
A

indirect pathways

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24
Q

A main difference between neurons and neuroglia is:

  • neuroglia are found only in the central nervous system.
  • mature neurons do not normally divide; neuroglia do.
  • neurons are more numerous than neuroglia.
  • neurons are generally smaller than neuroglia.
A

mature neurons do not normally divide, neuroglia do

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25
Q

during a somatic spinal reflex, when one effector muscle is stimulated and the opposing muscle is inhibited, this type of innervation is called

  • reversal
  • relaxed
  • representative
  • reciprocal
  • relegated
A

reciprocal

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26
Q

membrane sacs found throughout the cytoplasm of neurons that consists of rough endoplasmic reticulum are called?

  • synaptic vesicles
  • nissl bodies
  • neurofibrils
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • none of the above
A

nissl bodies

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27
Q

saltatory conduction

  • occurs though unmyelinated axons
  • happens due to even distribution of voltage gated channels
  • encode only action potentials in response to pain
  • both a and b
  • none of the above
A

none of the above

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28
Q

the neuroglia cells that are derived from monocytes are called astrocytes. t/f

A

false

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29
Q

bipolar neurons have only one nerve fiber which leaves the cell body and branches into two separate fibers- the axon and the dendrite. t/f

A

false

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30
Q

sensory information is transmitted to the neuron cell body along dendrites. t/f

A

true

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31
Q

the two main routes for sensory information on the spinal cord are spinothalamic tracts and _ columns

A

posterior

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32
Q

_ contributes to the myelin sheath of the central nervous system neurons

A

oligodendrocyte

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33
Q

In response to a muscle being overstretched, a muscle spindle generates a somatic spinal reflex that, ultimately, causes what response?

  • Contraction of the agonist muscle
  • Relaxation of the antagonist muscle
  • Contraction of the antagonist muscle
  • Relaxation of the agonist muscle
  • Both a and b
A

both a and b

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34
Q

dendrites are processes of a neuron that:

  • carry nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body
  • are usually myelinated
  • are usually longer than axons
  • none of the above
A

none of the above

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35
Q

The peripheral nervous system carries _____ (or motor) impulses from the _____ to the _____.

  • efferent, muscles, central nervous system
  • efferent, central nervous system, muscles
  • afferent, central nervous system, muscles
  • afferent, muscles, central nervous system
A

efferent, central nervous system, muscles

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36
Q

spinal nerves:

  • are part of the PNS
  • connect the CNS to the body
  • are named according to the region of the cord from which they emerge
  • both a and c
  • all of the above
A

all of the above

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37
Q

Select the area innervated by the tibial nerve.

  • quadriceps femoris muscle
  • adductor muscles of thigh
  • gluteus maximus
  • gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
  • tibialis anterior and fibularis (peroneal) muscles
A

gastrocnemius and soleus muscles

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38
Q

astrocytes form the myelin sheaths within the central nervous system. t/f

A

false

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39
Q

the nodes of Ranvier are the myelin covered portions of the axon. t/f

A

false

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40
Q

a significant difference between neurons and neuroglia is that the mature neuroglia can divide, mature neurons cannot. t/f

A

true

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41
Q

the _ plexus serves the skin muscles of the head, neck and super pat of the shoulders and chest

A

cervical

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42
Q

one class of neuroglia cells is found as a single layer of epithelial cells that serve as a lining for fluid filled spaces in the CNS creating the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier. these neuroglia are called_

A

ependymal cells

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43
Q

this neural circus consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons.

  • diverging circuit
  • converging circuit
  • reverberating circuit
  • parallel after discharge circuit
  • normal circuit
A

diverging circuit

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44
Q

the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the?

  • dorsal root ganglion
  • ventral root ganglion
  • ventral horn or gray matter
  • dorsal horn or gray matter
A

dorsal root ganglion

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45
Q

this serves the deep muscles and skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk

  • meningeal branch
  • rami communicates
  • brachial plexus
  • dorsal ramus
  • ventral ramus
A

dorsal ramus

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46
Q

which of the following neurotransmitters functions to inhibit central nervous system functions?

  • acetylcholine
  • epinephrine
  • serotonin
  • dopamine
  • GABA
A

GABA

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47
Q

the following are all function of astrocytes except:

  • they help maintain the blood-brain barrier
  • they synthesize neurotransmitters
  • they participate in brain development
  • they help maintain proper K+ balance
A

they synthesize neurotransmitters

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48
Q

the portion of the plasma membrane of a neuron that surrounds the axoplasm is called the axolemma. t/f

A

true

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49
Q

dendrites conduct signals toward the neuron cell body, the axon conducts nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body. t/f

A

true

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50
Q

neurons are cells in the nervous system that transmits a nerve impulse. t/f

A

true

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51
Q

_ neurons are cells that have many nerve fibers that serve as dendrites, bot inly have one axon

A

multipolar

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52
Q

_ is an excitatory amino acid that may be responsible for half of the synapses in the brain

A

glutamate

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53
Q

When a nerve fiber has been depolarized, the concentration of ___

  • sodium and potassium ions are higher on the inside of membrane.
  • sodium and potassium ions are higher on the outside of membrane.
  • sodium ions are higher inside and potassium ions are higher outside the membrane.
  • sodium ions are higher outside and potassium ions are higher inside the membrane.
A

sodium and potassium ions are higher on the inside of membrane

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54
Q

An IPSP is an ___ where ___ channels open ___ the membrane.

  • excitatory postsynaptic potential; Na+; hyperpolarizing
  • excitatory postsynaptic potential; Na+; depolarizing
  • inhibitory postsynaptic potential; K+; hyperpolarizing
  • inhibitory postsynaptic potential; K+; depolarizing
  • none of the above
A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential, K+, hyperpolarizing

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55
Q

Select the best description of the Schwann cells:

  • form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
  • help maintain the blood-brain barrier
  • form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system
  • surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia
  • form lining of brain ventricles
A

form myelin sheaths of the peripheral nervous system

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56
Q

which of the following are not components of the nervous system?

  • brain and cranial nerves
  • sensort receptors and ganglia
  • spinal cord and spinal nerves
  • none of the above
A

none of the above

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57
Q

A typical reflex arc involves the following components: 1) sensory neuron, 2) motor neuron, 3) receptor, 4) one or more interneurons, and 5) effector. The correct order is:

  • 3, 1, 4, 2, 5
  • 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
  • 3, 1, 2, 5
  • 3, 4, 2, 5
A

3, 1, 4, 2, 5

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58
Q

sensory information is transmitted to the neuron cell body along the axon. t/f

A

false

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59
Q

interneurons are links between multipolar neurons in the central nervous system. t/f

A

true

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60
Q

a nerve is a single neuron that transmits a nerve impulse. t/f

A

false

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61
Q

_ is when the sodium channels close and the potassium Chanels open causing potassium to flood out of the axon

A

repolarization

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62
Q

_ channels open as the action potential reaches the synaptic knob causing synaptic vesicles to exocytosis their contents into the synaptic cleft

A

calcium

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63
Q

Select the best description of nerve fiber:

  • may refer to either axons or dendrites
  • join axon to cell body
  • fine processes at the ends of axons
  • usually short and branched
  • fine processes at the ends of dendrites
A

may refer to either axons or dendrites

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64
Q

Which neuroglia would be most responsible for helping to prevent pathogens and toxins from entering the brain from the blood?

  • Schwann cells
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • ependymal cells
  • microglia
A

astrocytes

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65
Q

What is the best description of the subarachnoid space?

  • contains a layer of adipose tissue
  • between arachnoid mater and pia mater
  • between pia mater and spinal cord
  • contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
  • consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
A

between arachnoid mater and Pia mater

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66
Q

Select the best description of dendrites:

  • stored in synaptic vesicles
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
  • usually short and branched
  • usually myelinated
A

usually short and branched

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67
Q

Select the best description of the oligodendrocytes:

  • form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
  • help maintain the blood-brain barrier
  • form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system
  • surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia
  • form lining of brain ventricles
A

form myelin sheaths in central nervous system

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68
Q

the vast majority of neurons in the body are interneurons. t/f

A

true

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69
Q

new fibers can form along the degenerating neurilemma in the central nervous system allowing for some tissue regeneration. t/f

A

false

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70
Q

an IPSP is when the potassium channels open and potassium diffuses out hype-polarizing the membrane. t/f

A

true

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71
Q

_ are small masses of nervous tissue primarily made up of neuron cell bodies found outside the CNS

A

ganglia

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72
Q

_ is an endogenous pain inhibitor that binds the opioid receptor and is much stronger than morphine

A

enkephalin

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73
Q

the gray matter of the spinal cord:

  • is subdivided into regions called horns
  • is surrounded by white matter
  • contains neuroglia, neuron cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons and dendrites
  • all of the above
A

all of the above

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74
Q

The cell has the following conditions during the resting potential

  • high Na+ inside with high K+ outside waiting for the Na+ channels to open
  • high Na+ inside with high K+ outside waiting for the K+ channels to open
  • high Na+ outside with high K+ inside waiting for the Na+ channels to open
  • high Na+ outside with high K+ inside waiting for the K+ channels to open
  • none of the above
A

high Na+ outside with high K+ inside waiting for the Na+ channels to open

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75
Q

diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

  • remove a neurotransmitter
  • stop a spatial summation
  • continue a temporal summation
  • inhibit a presynaptic potential
  • excite a presynaptic potential
A

remove a neurotransmitter

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76
Q

The action potential depolarizes the membrane by ___

  • opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood out of the cell.
  • opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood into the cell.
  • opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood out of the cell.
  • opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood into the cell.
  • none of the above
A

opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood into the cell

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77
Q

_ is a major neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

  • dopamine
  • acetylcholine
  • serotonin
  • norepinephrine
  • glycine
  • GABA
A

acetylcholine

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78
Q

the thin transparent spinal meninx called Pia mater separates the spinal cord from the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid. t/f

A

true

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79
Q

the denticulate ligaments and the film terminale are both structures that help anchor the spinal cord and protect it against sudden displacement. t/f

A

true

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80
Q

gray matter is located only in the brain. t/f

A

false

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81
Q

the adult spinal cord extend from the _ of the brain inferiorly to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra

A

medulla oblongata

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82
Q

during repolarization _ open and this ion floods out of the neuron

A

potassium channel

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83
Q

this neurotransmitter inhibits motor functions at the basal ganglia

  • acetylcholine
  • norephinephrine
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
  • glycine
  • GABA
A

dopamine

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84
Q

Which of the following cells form myelin sheaths in the nervous system?

  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependyma
  • Schwann cells
  • astrocytes and Schwann cells
  • oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
  • ependyma and Schwann cells
A

oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

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85
Q

denticulate ligaments are thickenings of the _?

  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
  • dura mater
  • interstitial fluid
  • subdural space
A

pia mater

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86
Q

select the best description of axon terminals

  • stored in synaptic vesicles
  • join axon to cell body
  • fine processes at the ends of axons
  • usually short and branched
  • usually myelinated
A

fine processes at the ends of axons

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87
Q

if a resisting potential becomes less negative, the membrane is said to be

  • depolarizing
  • hyperpolarizing
  • repolarizing
  • summating
A

Depolarizing

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88
Q

sensory neurons carry impulses from the brain to the periphery. t/f

A

false

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89
Q

the choroid plexus is the fluid produces in the lateral ventricle. t/f

A

false

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90
Q

the dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons. t/f

A

true

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91
Q

_ is a catecholamine involved in arousal, dreaming and regulating mood

A

norepinephrine

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92
Q

_ are little membrane enclosed sacs contained within the synaptic end bulbs containing neurotransmitters

A

synaptic vesicles

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93
Q

What phenomenon explains why a light touch feels different than a touch applied with more pressure?

  • Saltatory conduction
  • Continuous conduction
  • Frequency of impulses
  • Propagation
  • Refractory period
A

frequency of impulses

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94
Q

Which cells produce the myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system?

  • Schwann
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • oligodendrocytes
  • ependyma
A

Schwann

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95
Q

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc monitors body conditions?

  • Sensory receptor
  • Sensory neuron
  • Motor neuron
  • Effector
  • Integration neuron or interneuron
A

sensory receptor

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96
Q

During which period can a second action potential be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus?

  • Refractory period
  • Absolute refractory period
  • Relative refractory period
  • All of the above
  • None of the above
A

relative refractory period

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97
Q

this pathway governs automatic movements and coordinates them with visual stimuli

  • indirect pathway
  • direct pathway
  • reflex arc
  • somatic arc
  • muscle spindles
A

indirect pathway

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98
Q

motor neurons carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the periphery. t/f

A

true

99
Q

the name given to rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons is liopfuscin granules. t/f

A

false

100
Q

Lateral extensions of the pia mater, called denticulate ligaments, suspend the spinal cord in the middle of the dural sheath, providing protection against shock and sudden displacement. t/f

A

true

101
Q

cerebrospinal fluid is found between two layers of the meninges, in a space called the _

A

subarachnoid space

102
Q

the _ mater of the spinal cord lies next to the white mater of the cord

A

pia

103
Q

The cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the ___

  • dorsal root ganglion.
  • ventral root ganglion.
  • ventral horn of gray matter.
  • dorsal horn of gray matter.
A

ventral horn of gray mater

104
Q

Plasticity means

  • The ability to regenerate
  • Sending a signal through a converging circuit
  • Signal transmission at a synapse
  • Capability to change based on experience
  • The ability to stretch without damage
A

capability to change based on experience

105
Q

This tract carries nerve impulses for proprioception.

  • Dorsal gray columns
  • White columns
  • Ventral gray column
  • Dorsal gray horn
  • Dermatome tract
A

white columns

106
Q

Select the best description of the ependymal cells:

  • form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
  • help maintain the blood-brain barrier
  • form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system
  • surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia
  • form lining of brain ventricles
A

form lining of brain ventricles

107
Q

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

  • receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, effector
  • effector, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron
  • effector, sensory neuron, receptor, interneuron, motor neuron
  • receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
A

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

108
Q

sensory neurons carry information from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord. t/f

A

true

109
Q

unipolar neurons are always sensory neurons. t/f

A

true

110
Q

the refractory period requires calcium to complete the movement of ions. t/f

A

false

111
Q

_ are a bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons that leave the brain or spinal cord

A

nerve

112
Q

the astrocytes from the _ which protects the neurons from harmful substances in the blood

A

blood brain barrier

113
Q

Select the best description of neurotransmitter molecules:

  • stored in synaptic vesicles
  • accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
  • fine processes at the ends of axons
  • usually short and branched
  • usually myelinated
A

stored in synaptic vesicles

114
Q

What is the best description of the dura mater?

  • meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column
  • between arachnoid mater and pia mater
  • between pia mater and spinal cord
  • contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
  • consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
A

meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column

115
Q

A cell membrane moving toward zero to a more positive state is called ___

  • hyperpolarization.
  • depolarization.
  • a local potential.
  • a threshold potential.
A

depolarization

116
Q

The inferior extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx is called the _____.

  • cauda equina
  • filum terminale
  • denticulate ligament
  • conus medullaris
A

film terminale

117
Q

When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles are released in response to the presence of ___

  • calcium ions.
  • sodium ions.
  • neurotransmitters.
  • neuropeptides.
A

calcium ions

118
Q

a neurolemma is a characteristic of cells located in the peripheral nervous system, but not in the central nervous system. t/f

A

true

119
Q

complete paralysis of the diaphragm occurs of the spinal cord is served just below the fifth cervical spine. t/f

A

false

120
Q

the efferent portion of the automatic nervous system consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. t/f

A

true

121
Q

motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles have cell bodies in_ gray horns of the spinal cord and their axons exit the cord via a _ root

A

anterior, anterior

122
Q

a bundle of nerves in the central nervous system is called a _

A

tract

123
Q

This has the property of electrical excitability.

  • Muscle cells
  • Neurons
  • both muscle cells and neurons
  • None of the above
A

both muscle cells and neurons

124
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are found where within the nervous system?

  • dorsal horn of the gray matter
  • ventral horn of the gray matter
  • funiculi of the spinal cord
  • dorsal root ganglion
A

dorsal foot ganglion

125
Q

Spinal nerves T2-T12 differ from all other spinal nerves in that:

  • they do not branch to form rami.
  • they are autonomic nerves.
  • the ventral rami do not contribute to a plexus.
  • the dorsal rami form a plexus.
A

the ventral rami do not contribute to a plexus

126
Q

This pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

  • Indirect pathway
  • Direct pathway
  • Reflex arc
  • Somatic arc
  • Muscle spindle
A

direct pathway

127
Q

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would have a cell body in the dorsal root (ganglion)s?

  • Sensory neuron
  • Sensory receptor
  • Motor neuron
  • Effector
  • Integration neuron or interneuron
A

sensory neuron

128
Q

a nerve is a group of fibers in the nervous system that transmits impulses. t/f

A

true

129
Q

the femoral nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. t/f

A

false

130
Q

motor neurons carry impulses from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord. t/f

A

false

131
Q

_ are phagocytic neuroglia cells that function like immune cells in the brain

A

microglia

132
Q

during depolarization _ open and this ion flood into the neuron

A

sodium channels

133
Q

Which of the following is not true for spinal nerves?

  • Each spinal nerve has two roots; an ventral motor root and a dorsal sensory root.
  • The outer covering of spinal nerve roots is dura mater.
  • The outer covering of spinal nerves is epineurium.
  • Every pair of spinal nerves exits through the intervertebral foramina above the vertebra that has the same name and number as the nerves.
A

every pair of spinal nerves exit through the intervertebral foramina above the vertebra that has the same name and numbers as the nerves

134
Q

IPSP stands for:

  • Inhibitory presynaptic summation potential
  • Inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential
  • Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
  • Inhibitory presynaptic potential
  • None of the above
A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

135
Q

An ipsilateral and intersegmental spinal somatic reflex

  • Controls only one flexor muscle on one side of the body
  • Controls many flexor muscles on one side of the body
  • Controls many flexor and extensor muscles on one side of the body
  • Controls many flexor muscles on the opposite side of the body
  • Controls many flexor and extensor muscles on the opposite side of the body
A

controls many flexor and extensor muscles on one side of the body

136
Q

As the membrane potential becomes more negative (moving from -70 mV to -90 mV), the membrane is ___

  • depolarizing.
  • hyperpolarizing.
  • summating.
  • refractory.
A

hyperpolarizing

137
Q

which of the following ions is responsible for the exocytosis of the neurotransmitters housed in the synaptic vesicles?

  • Na+
  • K+
  • Cl
  • PO4
  • Ca+2
A

Ca+2

138
Q

most brain tumors are formed from neuroglia cells. t/f

A

true

139
Q

motor information is transmitted to the cell body along dendrites. t/f

A

false

140
Q

an IPSP is when the sodium channels open and sodium diffuses in hyper-polarizing the membrane. t/f

A

false

141
Q

the _ form the myelin sheath of peripheral neurons

A

Schwann cells

142
Q

_ neurons carry impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to the effector organs

A

motor

143
Q

a synapse is a junction between:

  • two neurons
  • a neuron and a muscle cell
  • a neuron and a glandular cell
  • all of the above
A

all of the above

144
Q

Select the area innervated by the radial nerve.

  • deltoid muscle
  • extensors of the wrist
  • flexors of the wrist
  • skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder
  • diaphragm
A

extensors of the wrist

145
Q

___ is the stage of an action potential where sodium is being pumped out and potassium is being pumped in by active transport restoring the membrane potential.

  • refractory period
  • depolarization
  • hyperpolarization
  • repolarization
  • resting potential
A

refractory period

146
Q

Select the best description of astrocytes:

  • form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
  • help maintain the blood-brain barrier
  • form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system
  • surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia
  • form lining of brain ventricles
A

help maintain the blood brain barrier

147
Q

where does summation occur?

  • in the synaptic cleft
  • in the dendrites
  • at the trigger zone
  • in the neuron nucleus
  • in the neuroplasm
A

at the trigger zone

148
Q

most brain tumors are formed from neurons. t/f

A

false

149
Q

there are two types of neuroglia that produce myelin sheaths, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. t/f

A

true

150
Q

the nodes of ranvier are the non myelinated portions of the axon. t/f

A

true

151
Q

the three basic functions of the nervous system are sensory function, integrative function and _ function

A

motor

152
Q

a neuron typically consists of three parts, cell body _ and _

A

dendrites, axon

153
Q

Lack of sensation in the umbilical region is most likely the result of an injury to:

  • the ventral root of T10
  • the ventral ramus of T10
  • the dorsal root of T10
  • the dorsal ramus of T10
A

the dorsal root of T10

154
Q

this neurotransmitter is relieves to be involved in inducing sleep within central nervous system

  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
  • glycine
  • GABA
A

serotonin

155
Q

from which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

  • brachial
  • cervical
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • thoratic
A

brachial

156
Q

The superficial covering over the entire nerve is called:

  • Endoneurium
  • Nerve bundle
  • Perineurium
  • Fascicle
  • Epineurium
A

epineurium

157
Q

a pathway called a reflex arc terminates at an effector, which could be-skeletal muscle

  • smooth or cardiac muscle
  • gland
  • all of the above
A

all of the above

158
Q

the ventral median fissure of the spinal cord is shallower and narrower than the dorsal median sulcus. t/f

A

false

159
Q

the afferent portion of the autonomic nervous system carrier sensory information from the viscera to the central nervous system. t/f

A

true

160
Q

motor neurons that supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands via the autonomic nervous system can be found in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. t/f

A

true

161
Q

there are _ pairs of spinal nerves, consisting of the following groups: _ pairs of cervical, _ pairs of thoracic, _ pairs of lumbar, _ pairs of sacral, and _ pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves

A

31,8,12,5,5,1

162
Q

the two principal divisions of the nervous system are the _ and _ nervous systems

A

central, peripheral

163
Q

Select the area innervated by the axillary nerve.

  • deltoid muscle
  • extensors of the wrist
  • flexors of the wrist
  • skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder
  • diaphragm
A

deltoid muscle

164
Q

From which plexus does the axillary nerve arise?

  • brachial
  • cervical
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • thoracic
A

brachial

165
Q

From which plexus does the phrenic nerve arise?

  • brachial
  • cervical
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • thoracic
A

cervical

166
Q

The stretch and tendon spinal reflexes do NOT provide what function?

  • Awareness of muscle tension in body
  • Prevention of damage to muscles
  • Protection of spinal nerves
  • Prevention of damage to tendons
  • Maintenance of muscle tone
A

protection of spinal nerves

167
Q

What is the best description of the arachnoid mater?

  • meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column
  • between subarachnoid space and pia mater
  • between pia mater and spinal cord
  • contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
  • consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
A

consists of collagen and elastic fiber network, has no blood vessels

168
Q

hyper polarization is the membrane potential moving away from zero in a more negative direction. t/f

A

true

169
Q

the epidural space if found between the dura meter and the wall of the vertebral canal contains a protective cushion of fat and connective tissue. t/f

A

true

170
Q

a nerve is a cell in the nervous system that transmits an impulse. t/f

A

false

171
Q

_ is a neurotransmitter which inhibits motor functions that is depleted in Parkinsons disease

A

dopamine

172
Q

_ is when the sodium channels open causing sodium to flood into the axon

A

depolarization

173
Q

A reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS is called

  • Visceral reflex
  • Somatic reflex
  • Polysynaptic reflex arc
  • Autonomic reflex arc
  • None of the above
A

none of the above

174
Q

A depolarizing graded potential

  • Makes the membrane more polarized, moving away from zero
  • Makes the membrane less polarized, moving toward zero
  • Is not considered a graded potential
  • Is the last part of an action potential
  • Is seen when the cell approaches threshold
A

makes the membrane less polarized, making toward zero

175
Q

The action potential repolarizes the membrane by ___

  • opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood into the cell.
  • opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood out of the cell.
  • opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood into the cell.
  • opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood out of the cell.
A

opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood out of the cell

176
Q

An EPSP is an ___ where ___ channels open ___ the membrane.

  • excitatory postsynaptic potential; Na+; depolarizing
  • excitatory postsynaptic potential; K+; depolarizing
  • inhibitory postsynaptic potential; Na+; depolarizing
  • excitatory postsynaptic potential; Na+; repolarizing
A

excitatory postsynaptic potential, Na+, depolarizing

177
Q

the nerve fiber that provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are

  • neurofibrils
  • nissl fibers
  • axons
  • dendrites
A

dendrites

178
Q

the afferent portion f=of the somatic nervous system carrier sensory information from the eyes and ears to the central nervous system. t/f

A

true

179
Q

neurons that originate in the central nervous system and that function to carry information to smooth, skeletal or cardiac muscles are efferent neurons. t/f

A

true

180
Q

new fibers can form along the degenerating neurilemma in the peripheral nervous system allowing for some tissue regeneration. t/f

A

true

181
Q

_ is the drug that blocks serotonin reuptake in the brain. it is believed that increasing serotonin can help relieve depression

A

Prozac

182
Q

_ carry nerve impulses from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord

A

sensory neurons

183
Q

The white matter of the spinal cord:

  • contains sensory and motor, or ascending and descending, tracts.
  • is surrounded by gray matter.
  • is subdivided into regions called horns.
  • all of the above.
A

contains sensory and motor or ascending and descending tracts

184
Q

This is a structure that results from nervous input from the lower extremities.

  • Lumbar enlargement
  • Filum terminale
  • Cauda equine
  • Spinal nerve 12
  • Cervical enlargement
A

lumbar enlargement

185
Q

Which is not a type of channel used in production of an electrical signal in neurons?

  • Leakage channel
  • Voltage-gated channel
  • Ligand-gated channel
  • Mechanically gated channel
  • Ion dependent channel
A

ion dependent channel

186
Q

The central canal of the spinal cord is located in the:

  • ventral white commissure.
  • ventral gray horn.
  • dorsal white column.
  • gray commissure.
A

gray commissure

187
Q

These white matter tracts of the spinal cord contain ascending information:

  • Sensory tracts
  • Motor tracts
  • Integration tracts
  • Columnar tracts
  • Epidural tracts
A

sensory tracts

188
Q

interneurons are links between multipolar neurons in the peripheral nervous system. t/f

A

false

189
Q

the dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of motor neurons. t/f

A

false

190
Q

_ is when a single presynaptic neuron synapses with several postsynaptic neurons

A

divergence

191
Q

_ is when several presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron

A

convergence

192
Q

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc changes body condition levels?

  • Sensory receptor
  • Sensory neuron
  • Motor neuron
  • Effector
  • Integration neuron or interneuron
A

effector

193
Q

which of the three spinal meninges is the most superficial?

  • arachnoid mater
  • dura mater
  • meninx mater
  • pia mater
  • epi mater
A

dura mater

194
Q

This neurotransmitter inhibits spinal cord functions.

  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
  • glycine
  • GABA
  • serotonin
A

glycine

195
Q

Which type of axons contain endoneurium?

  • Myelinated
  • Unmyelinated
  • Dendrites only have endoneurium
  • Both myelinated and unmyelinated
  • None of the above
A

both myelinated and unmyelinated

196
Q

Select the best description of axon:

  • stored in synaptic vesicles
  • accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
  • fine processes at the ends of axons
  • usually short and branched
  • usually myelinated
A

usually myelinated

197
Q

during the refractory period _ moves into the neuron and _ moves out of the neuron

A

potassium, sodium

198
Q

The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into:

  • Sympathetic division
  • Parasympathetic division
  • Enteric division
  • Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
  • All of the above
A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

199
Q

from which plexus does the femoral nerve arise?

  • brachial
  • cervical
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • thoratic
A

lumbar

200
Q

Accidentally stepping on a nail with the sole of your foot causes you quite a bit of discomfort. Which type of pathway is involved in relaying information about the nail?

  • efferent
  • afferent
  • visceral
  • motor
A

afferent

201
Q

Regeneration of nerve fibers in the central nervous system is highly unlikely because:

  • there are no neurolemmas.
  • oligodendrocytes inhibit axon regeneration.
  • astrocytes rapidly form a physical barrier of scar tissue.
  • all of the above.
A

all of the above

202
Q

If the body had a low calcium level, then this could affect the release of neurotransmitters by ___

  • increasing the quantity released from synaptic knobs.
  • breaking down acetylcholine to acetyl and choline in synaptic knobs.
  • causing a greater amount to be synthesized and stored in synaptic knobs.
  • causing a decrease in the amount released from synaptic knobs.
A

causing a decrease in the amount released from synaptic knobs

203
Q

_ blocks enzymatic degradation of norepinephrine in the presynaptic cell elevating mood

  • nicotine
  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • tricyclic antidepressants
  • curare
  • Prozac and SSRI
  • valium
A

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

204
Q

in order to flex your fingers, what type of impulse will the flexor digitorum superficials muscle need to receive?

  • efferent
  • afferent
  • visceral
  • sensory
A

efferent

205
Q

This contains only sensory axons that conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs into the CNS.

  • Spinal nerves
  • Cauda equine
  • Ventral root
  • Dorsal root
  • Central canal
A

dorsal root

206
Q

Select the best description of neurofibrils:

  • form(s) part of the cytoskeleton
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
  • usually short and branched
  • usually myelinated
A

forms part of the cytoskeleton

207
Q

which of the below contains cerebrospinal fluid?

  • epidural space
  • subarachnoid space
  • dural space
  • meninx
  • pia mater
A

subarachnoid space

208
Q

if a neurotransmitter depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane it is referred to as:

  • excitatory
  • inhibitory
  • spatial
  • temporal
  • summation
A

excitatory

209
Q

a polarized cell:

  • can vary from +5 to -100 mV
  • includes most cells of the body
  • exhibits a membrane potential
  • both b and c
  • all of the above
A

all of the above

210
Q

This contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia.

  • Gray matter
  • White matter
  • Astrocytes
  • Satellite cells
  • Ependymal cells
A

gray matter

211
Q

A postsynaptic neuron may respond to inhibitory and excitatory effects in which of the following ways:

  • EPSP
  • Nerve impulse
  • IPSP
  • Both a and c
  • All of the above
A

all of the above

212
Q

this type of neuron has one main dendrite and one main axon

  • multipolar neuron
  • bipolar neuron
  • unipolar neuron
  • purkinje cell
  • renshaw cell
A

bipolar neuron

213
Q

What is the best description of the pia mater?

  • contains a layer of adipose tissue
  • between arachnoid mater and pia mater
  • between pia mater and spinal cord
  • contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
  • consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
A

contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord

214
Q

The roots of which spinal nerves make up the cauda equina? 1) Thoracic, 2) Lumbar, 3) Sacral, and 4) Coccygeal

  • 1, 2, 3, 4
  • 2, 3, 4
  • 3, 4
  • 4 only
A

2, 3, 4

215
Q

In response to being stretched a muscle spindle generates nerve impulses that propagate along a sensory neuron through which below structure, to get into the spinal column?

  • Ventral root
  • Dorsal root
  • Tectospinal tract
  • Central canal
  • Lateral reticulospinal tract
A

dorsal root

216
Q

What is the best description of the epidural space?

  • contains a layer of adipose tissue
  • between arachnoid mater and pia mater
  • between pia mater and spinal cord
  • contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
  • consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
A

contains a layer of adipose tissue

217
Q

A motor unit in skeletal muscle is activated by a/an _____.

  • sympathetic motor neuron
  • parasympathetic motor neuron
  • somatic motor neuron
  • afferent motor neuron
A

somatic motor neuron

218
Q 
the peripheral nervous system can be divided into:
-somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
-entric nervous system
-all of the above
A

all of the above

219
Q

Which of the following pairs of terms is most closely matched?

  • gray matter, myelinated axons of the peripheral nervous system
  • white matter, neuron cell bodies in a ganglion
  • gray matter, neurolemmocytes in the peripheral nervous system
  • white matter, tracts in the central nervous system
A

white matter, tracts in the central nervous system

220
Q

which structure of the neuron will contain the greatest number of neurotransmitter receptors?

  • the nissl bodies
  • the axoplasm
  • the synaptic vesicles
  • the dendrites
A

the dendrites

221
Q

which cells produce the myelinated axons in the central nervous system?

  • schwann
  • astrocytes
  • microgila
  • oligodendrocytes
  • ependyma
A

oligodendrocytes

222
Q

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the membrane depolarize to threshold

  • Ligand gated Ca+ channels close rapidly
  • Voltage gated Ca+ channels open rapidly
  • Ligand gated Na+ channels close rapidly
  • Voltage gated Na+ channels open rapidly
  • None of the above
A

voltage gated Na+ channels open rapidly

223
Q

The simplest reflex arc is a pathway that:

  • contains only one neuron.
  • consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron.
  • consists of a sensory neuron and an interneuron.
  • none of the above.
A

none of the above

224
Q

The meninges are layers of connective tissue that:

  • surround the brain and spinal cord.
  • cover the spinal nerves up to where they exit through the intervertebral foramina.
  • are called, in order from external to internal: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
  • all of the above.
A

all of the above

225
Q

_ enhances the receptor binding of GABA decreasing anxiety

  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • tricyclic antodepressants
  • valium
  • prozac and SSRI
  • curare
  • tryptophan
A

valium

226
Q 
nerve fiber refers to:
-axon
dendrites
-nissl body
-both axon and dendrites
-all of the above
A

both axon and dendrites

227
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of:

  • somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
  • sensory neurons and motor neurons.
  • cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
  • all of the above.
A

all of the above

228
Q

The peripheral nervous system carries _____ (or sensory) impulses from the _____ to the _____.

  • efferent, central nervous system, receptors
  • efferent, receptors, central nervous system
  • afferent, receptors, central nervous system
  • afferent, central nervous system, receptors
A

afferent, receptor, central nervous system

229
Q

When a nerve fiber is at its resting potential (polarized), the concentration of ___

  • Na+ and K+ ions is higher on the inside of its membrane.
  • Na+ and K+ ions is higher on the outside of its membrane.
  • Na+ ions is higher on the inside of its membrane and K+ ions is higher on the outside.
  • Na+ ions is higher on the outside of its membrane and K+ ions is higher on the inside.
A

Na+ ions is higher on the outside of its membrane and K+ ions is higher on the inside

230
Q

At a synapse between the axon of one cell and the dendrite of another cell, the axon would always be part of the _____ neuron; the dendrite would always be part of the _____ neuron.

  • presynaptic, postsynaptic
  • visceral, somatic
  • postsynaptic, presynaptic
  • somatic, visceral
A

presynaptic, postsynaptic

231
Q

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

  • +5 to 100 mV
  • -25 to -70 mV
  • -40 to -90 mV
  • -90 to 5 mV
  • None of the above
A

-40 to -90 mV

232
Q

Select the area innervated by the phrenic nerve.

  • quadriceps femoris muscle
  • adductor muscles of thigh
  • flexors of the wrist
  • skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder
  • diaphragm
A

diaphragm

233
Q

white matter includes:

  • ganglia
  • a thin outer layer of most of the brain
  • nuclei in the brain
  • tracts in the spinal cord
A

tracts in the spinal cord

234
Q

which axons have the largest diameter?

  • a fibers
  • b fibers
  • c fibers
  • none of the above
A

a fibers

235
Q

Which of the following is not found in neurons?

  • neurofibrils
  • neurilemma
  • Nissl bodies
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • granular cytoplasm
  • nucleus
A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

236
Q

which of the following terms describes synapses?

  • axodendritic
  • axosomatic
  • axoaxonic
  • none of the above
  • all of the above
A

all of the above

237
Q

When compared to unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons: 1) are electrically insulated, 2) are gray in color, 3) have a faster speed of nerve impulse conduction, 4) are more numerous

  • 1, 2, 3, 4
  • 1, 3, 4
  • 2, 3, 4
  • 1, 2, 4
A

1, 3, 4

238
Q

A cell membrane moving away from zero to a more negative state is called ___

  • hyperpolarization
  • depolarization.
  • a local potential.
  • a threshold potential.
A

hyperpolarization

239
Q

Which of the following is a difference between neurons and cells from other organ systems?

  • Neurons have Golgi apparatuses.
  • Neurons have Nissl bodies.
  • Neurons have mitochondria.
  • Neurons have lysosomes.
A

neurons having nissl bodies

240
Q

Select the area innervated by the femoral nerve.

  • quadriceps femoris muscle
  • adductor muscles of thigh
  • gluteus maximus
  • gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
  • tibialis anterior and fibularis (peroneal) muscles
A

quadriceps femoris muscle

241
Q

the descending tracts of the spinal cord carry what type of information?

  • sensory
  • motor
  • integration
  • both a and b
  • both a and c
A

motor

242
Q

Select the best description of the microglia:

  • form myelin sheaths in central nervous system
  • help maintain the blood-brain barrier
  • phagocytes of the central nervous system
  • phagocytes of peripheral nervous system
  • form lining of brain ventricles
A

phagocytosis of the central nervous system

243
Q

the arachnoid mater lies between two fluids: interstitial fluid on its outer surface and _ fluid on its inner surface

  • blood
  • cytoplasm
  • cerebrospinal
  • extracellular
A

cerebrospinal

244
Q

The conus medullaris is:

  • the junction between the medulla and the spinal cord.
  • the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
  • the inner portion of the spinal cord, seen in cross section.
  • the attachment of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord.
A

the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement

A&P 1 lecture (6 decks)

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