Section 4, 1688 - 1702 Flashcards
What triggered the Glorious Revolution?
June 1688
Birth of James & Cath Mary of Modena’s son
James is 54
Signals continued catholic reign in England to Parliament
1688, James re-issues Declaration of Indulgence
What was the Glorious Revolution?
1688 - 89
The removal of Cath James II by the PN, and his replacement by the Prot William of Orange & Mary
Who were the Immortal Seven?
1688
2 Tory & 5 Whig MPs invite William of Orange & Mary, James’ Protestant Daughter, to take the Throne
What did Mary & William’s ‘invasion’ consist of?
Nov 1688
Attempts made by James to meet them in battle fail, as many soldiers desert to the other side
Only significant battle of the ‘revolution’ is in Reading, where William defeats the Jacobite forces
When do Mary of Modena & her son, & later James II flee to France?
December 1688
What signals the beginning of William’s reign?
December 1688
Enters London
What was the Convention Parliament of 1689?
Held to Determine whether James Abdicated the Throne by Fleeing after the Glorious Revolution
What was the Declaration of Right ?
1689
Makes them Defacto Monarchs
Stipulates that their only legitimate heirs will be from Mary, & if she were to die before William, then his heirs would not inherit the throne
Share title of monarch but executive power is only granted to William
When was William & Mary’s coronation?
April 1689
Crowned as Co-Rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland
What was the Willemite War?
1689
Consolidation in Ireland
James II lands in Ireland with 6,000 French Troops
Parliamentary handling of the war made sure the crown was underfunded, so William dependent on them for finance
The million loan act meant the crown was well funded, but still needed parliament, the money was raised by new innovative taxes that were more agreeable
What was the Grand Alliance?
May 1689
Allies William with Emperor Leopold I of the Habsburg Monarchy, against French expansionist policies
What was the Toleration Act?
May 1689
Religious tolerance for dissenters who aren’t Catholic
Dissenters exempt form penal laws if took oath against transubstantiation
Marks the end of the Glorious Revolution
What was the Jacobite Rising in Scotland?
July 1689
Jacobite Rebels defeat Willemite Covenanters at the Battle of Killiecrankie
Covenant victory over Jacobites in August at the Battle of Dunkeld
Consolidation in Scotland
What was the Nonjuring Schism?
Aug 1689
Over 1000 Clergymen, including Archbishop Sancroft are suspended for refusing to swear allegiance to the New Monarchs (petition of right)
What was the Act of Grace?
1690
Loyal followers of James II forgiven
Grant of £4.6 mill to manage threat from Louis XIV & James II - shown in Battle of Boyne
What was the Battle of Beachy Head?
1690
War of the Grand Alliance: French Naval victory over English and Dutch Forces
What was the Battle of The Boyne?
1690
James II returns to exile after being defeated by William III in Ireland
What was the Treaty of Limerick?
1691
Ends the Willemite War in Ireland - Jacobin armies leave shortly after
When & why was the Duke of Marlborough arrested?
1692
On orders of Queen Mary, suspecting him as part of a Jacobin plot
What diminishes fears of a French invasion in 1692
Naval battles won by Britain: Battles of Barfleur and La Hogue
What were the Junto Whigs?
Emerges 1694
A group of influential Whigs in parliament who established a cabal & a united front for control
What was the Meeting of Parliament Act?
1694
Dictated that Parliament is to be held every year, and elections held every three years
When does Mary die?
Dec 1694
William now sole monarch
What was the Corrupt Practices Act?
1695
Forced MPs who are found guilty of accepting bribes to abstain from sitting
When do the Whigs win a majority in the General Election?
Nov 1695
What was the Window Tax?
1695
House tax based on number of windows
When was the suspension of Habeas Corpus?
1696
In midst of rumours of a Jacobite plot
What was the Treaty of Ryswick?
1697
Ends Nine Years War
France officially recognises William III as England’s legitimate monarch
How is the army changed in 1699, following the end of the 9 Years War in 1697?
Parliament limits standing army to 7,000 Native born men, leading to the dispansion of William’s Blue Dutch Guards
What was significant about the death of Prince William?
1700
Princess Anne, Heir to the Throne‘s only son
Leaves fate of the throne in doubt
What was the Act of Settlement?
1701
Crown of Great Britain to be passed to Sophia of Hanover over 57 potential Cath heirs, following the deaths of William, & then Anne
Concreting protestant rule, and avoiding the risk of catholic inheritance of the throne
Puts limits on foreign monarchs
When does William die?
March 1702
Anne succeeds him
Why is Britain involved with the War of the Spanish Succession that breaks out in May 1702?
Through their grand alliance with the Dutch, and the holy roman empire, the emperor of such has a claim to the throne
Why were William & Mary perceived to be absolutist by some?
Attempt to retain standing army after 9 Years War
Suspension of habeus corpus
Use of suspensory veto
Absolutism spikes fears of Catholicism
How expensive was the 9 Years War?
How was it financed?
£36 million
Whigs: Million Loan Act, 1693 & est of Bank of England, 1694
What was cabinet government?
Form of gov William accepted
Small group of chosen ministers who would provide advice & direction for the crown
When was William’s first Parliament?
1690-95
What was the Act of Grace?
1690
May - loyal followers of James forgiven
July - James defeated in Battle of Boyne & returns to exile
What showed Whig & Tory cooperation in William’s first Parliament?
Treason Trial Bill & Judge’s Bill
to limit monarchs prerogative in legal matters
However, they are split on english involvement in the 9 Years War
When was William’s Second Parliament?
1695-98
Increasing opp to 9 Years War
Oath to office holders to swear to Will as ‘rightful & lawful king’
Many Tories didn’t as saw W & M as de-facto monarchs
Whigs replace Tories w/ own supporters, allowing prevalence of Junto Whig influence
When was William’s Third Parliament?
1698-1700
Disbanding Bill, 1699 - reduce army to 7,000
Civil list - monarchy funded by taxpayer, not by own means
When was William’s Fourth Parliament?
1701
Act of Settlement
What was the oath of association?
1696
Triggered by Jacobite plot
Tories argued de facto monarchs
Acknowledgement of William & Mary as ‘rightful & lawful’ monarchs
Many Tories refused oath
