Section 3, 1660 - 78 Flashcards
What was the Declaration of Breda?
1660
Charles took advantage of Monck’s uprising to restore stability
Charles’ restoration in return for:
Full pay for the army
Political amnesty for those who weren’t the main perpetrators of the Regicide
Religious toleration
Retention of land from owners who had purchased it during the interregnum
When was the start of the Convention Parliament?
Who did it consist of?
1660
Following general elections, a new parliament, composed of mostly Presbyterians and Royalists was formed, with only 15 members of the rump re-elected
Upon viewing the declaration of Breda, what did the Convention Parliament agree the nation’s governance should consist of?
King
House of Lords (reinstated since its abolition in 1649)
House of Commons
This parliament holds no Oath of Allegiance to the Crown or the Commonwealth
What was the Indemnity & Oblivion Act?
1660
Effectively turns a blind eye to a number of crimes committed in the Interregnum and Civil Wars
Apart from more extreme items, or specific individuals, mainly ones noted in signing the death warrant of Charles I
What was the significance of William Juxton being made Archbishop of Canterbury?
1660
Reinstatement of Arminian ecclesiastical officials
What was eth significance of the charter granted to the Royal African Company?
1660
Monopoly over trade in Africa granted by James & Charles
A method of going around (Convention) parliament for royal income
What were the Posthumous Executions?
1661
The bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Ireton, Bradshaw & Pride are exhumed, and then ‘posthumously executed’, with their heads being placed on spikes outside the palace of Westminster
When was the start of the Cavalier Parliament?
May 1661
Lasts for almost 18 years
Around two weeks after Charles II’s coronation
Charles’ first Parliament
What changes does Charles make during the cavalier Parliament’s first session?
1661
Orders the public burning of the Solemn League and Covenant
Repeals the 1642 Bishops Exclusion Act, allowing bishops to sit in the commons
Repeals the Militia Act ceding power to the king to control the newly re-disbanded militias
Repeals the Sedition Act which defined parts of trials for treason in British courts
What was Charles’ marriage treaty with Portugal?
June 1661
Charles arranges to marry Catherine of Braganza
Part of the wedding dowry being the ceding of Bombay and Tangier to Britain, and granting free trade with Brazil and the East Indies
(gains land, frees up trade)
What was the Corporation Act?
1661
The first part of what would become the Clarendon Code
Stated that no individuals were to be elected into official offices had they not partaken in Ecclesiastical rituals within the prior year, targeting the high population of influential Presbyterians, in an attempt to re-establish the strength of the C of E
What was the Act of Uniformity & Approval of the Common Book of Prayer?
1662
Second part of the Clarendon Code
Act of uniformity: all clergymen had to operate from the new Book of Common Prayer, as well as conformity to it by those holding official office
It also dictated that the system of Episcopal Ordination (official appointment of religious officials by other religious officials) was to be reinstated for the first time since the Civil War
What backlash did the Act of Uniformity & Approval of the Common Book of Prayer receive?
1662
The Great Ejection
2,000 clergymen refused to take an oath of conformity to the established church (Puritans)
Had their positions taken away
When did Charles II marry Catherine of Braganza?
May 1662
A secret Catholic wedding and a public Protestant marriage to the Princess from Portugal the day after meeting her in Portsmouth
What was the withdrawal from an early Declaration of Indulgence?
1663
Charles, being a Cath Sympathiser, attempted to suspend English penal laws that punished English recusants (Catholic Remnants)
Withdrew this idea after strong parliamentary opposition
What was the Second Navigation Act?
1663
Parliament passed an act declaring that all goods bound for British America should be sent by British ships
What was the Triennial Parliament Act?
1664
Parliament passed an act stating that they are to reconvene every three years after a dispansion (again)
What was the Conventicle Act?
1664
Third part of the Clarendon Code - Prevents more than 5 non-followers of the Church of England (bar Jews) from assembling
What caused the Second Anglo-Dutch War?
1665 - 67
Retention, and updates to the navigation acts
Charles’ granting of monopolies to circumnavigate parliament for money
Lead to commercial naval war with the Dutch
When was the Great Plague of London?
1665
King and court flee London to Salisbury
Return to court in 1666
What was the Five Mile Act?
1665
Fourth and final part of the clarendon code
Forbid nonconformist ministers from coming within conformist towns, or teach in schools or preach where they were from
What made up the Clarendon Code?
Corporation Act, 1661
Act of Uniformity & Approval of the Common Book of Prayer, 1662
Conventicle act, 1664
Five Mile Act, 1665
When was the Great Fire of London?
1666
13,000 buildings destroyed
What caused the end of Second Anglo Dutch War?
1667
A devastating Dutch raid on the Medway, a fleet of English warships
Charles drafts terms intended to bring peace, and shift the focus on the expansionary Louis XIV of France
Charles retains a bitter pill of resentment, which leads to reignited conflict later on
Who was Charles’ principle advisor from 1660 - 67?
The Earl of Clarendon
Dismissed as Lord Chancellor in August 1667
Who were the Cabal?
1667 - 74
Group of advisors who replaced Clarendon
Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Shaftesbury, and Lauderdale
Viewed as a superior method than the Favourite system, but did not help with the increasingly secretive nature of government
What was the significance of Charles not renewing the 1664 Conventicle Act in 1668?
Slightly more religiously tolerant
5 non Jewish, non church of England people can meet up again (Jews already could)
What does Parliament refuse Charles in 1669?
Refuse to grant a’ subsidiary of £300,000
This follows suspicions of the Embezzlement of funds originally designated for the Anglo-Dutch war (1665 - 67) effort
When does Monck die?
1670
Royalist: Monck’s uprising, 1659 & seizure of London, 1660
What was the Conventicles Act?
Not to be confused with the Conventicle Act, but related
1670
Fines any citizens who attend conventicles (religious gatherings) that aren’t a part of the Church of England
What was the Secret Treaty of Dover?
1670
(Not to be confused with the secret treaty of 1681)
Allies England with France
After Charles is denied a £300,000 subsidy by P in 1669
Charles declares intent to convert to Cath, and provide aid to the French in their war with the Dutch
In return the French would give him a yearly pension of £230,000, allowing him to circumnavigate parliament for finance
Officialised by the Cabal, with the removal of the conversion clause
What shows Parliament concern over popery in 1671?
Parliament Address Charles about the growth of Popery in England
Nothing done about it at this time, but parliament begins to draft measures
What was the Declaration of Indulgence?
1672
Charles suspends execution of penal laws against protestant nonconformists & Catholics in his realms
Withdraws it in 1673 due to Parliamentary Pressure
When was the Third Anglo-Dutch War?
1672 - 74
Following a coordinated attack by the English & French on a Dutch Fleet
What was the Test Act?
1673
Forces oath to the Church of England
Prevents Catholics from holding office
This forces James to resign from his position as Lord High Admiral, outing him as Catholic
Acts in direct opposition to the Declaration of Indulgence
Who does James marry in 1673 months after the Test Act?
Mary of Modena
Catholic marries Catholic
When was the Impeachment of Arlington?
1674
Impeached by the commons on charges of popery, but is allowed to still serve due to a majority vote
Cabal member - would raise suspicisons of Charles’ faith
What was the Treaty of Westminster?
1674
Britain and The Dutch Republic sign a treaty, ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War
What replaces the Cabal in 1674?
Thomas Osborne made Lord Treasurer, and Earl of Danby
Principle advisor 1674 - 78
Why was the Cavalier Parliament temporarily dissolved in 1675?
After refusal of funds to Charles
Not dissolved-dissolved, just prorogued aggressively
What was the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Act?
1677
Charles gives royal assent to the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction act
Limits punishments for Heresy to Excommunication in ecclesiastical courts, revoking the death penalty in such cases
When does Dutch William of Orange marries Mary of York?
1677
When does England signs an alliance with the Dutch Republic?
Against who?
1678
France
What was the significance of the Titus Oates’ Popish Plot?
1678
Conspiracy of plan to assassinate Charles to be replaced with James
Lads Britain to Anti-Catholic Hysteria
Leads to a number of high profile executions & imprisonments
What did the extension of Test Act do?
1678
New MPs forced to swear an Anti-Catholic Oath upon taking office
(Test Act, 1673 forced oath to the Church of England, Prevents Catholics from holding office)
Who was the first regicide to be executed?
1660, General Harrison
Millenarian 5th Monarchist
(1660, Declaration of Breda & 1660, Indemnity & Oblivion Act - no pardons for those who signed Charles I death warrant)
Who were there show trials for after the restoration of the monarchy?
1662
Millenarian Vane & Lambert
Jury kept w/o food & water until reached guilty verdict
Lambert requested mercy & imprisoned until death
