Section 3, 1649 - 60 Flashcards
When was Charles I’s trial?
What was the turn out of judges to his trial?
January 1649
68/135
What ultimately resulted in the verdict of Charles’ guiltiness, and sentencing to death?
Charles refuses to speak during the trial, viewing the ‘high court of justice’ as illegitimate
How many parliamentary commissioners signed Charles’ death warrant?
When was Charles executed?
59 out of the 68 appointed
30 January 1649
Why was there an invasion of Ireland?
What was happening within the NMA at this time?
August 1649
In order to quell opposition from the Irish confederacy
A mutiny of levellers
What was the invasion of Ireland?
August 1649
Cromwell ships out to Ireland
Massacres over 5,000 people in Drogheda & Wexford
When was the first Digger Community established in England?
What did this demonstrate?
1649
The increase in radical ideals
Why was there an invasion of Scotland in 1650?
Following the Treaty of Breda (1650), which pledged royalist Scots & Irishmen sympathies with Charles II
What was the Battle of Dunbar?
1650
During Cromwell’s invasion of Scotland
Cromwell victory
What was the Battle of Worcester?
1651
Won by Cromwell
Brings an end to the scotch conflict/invasion
Charles II flees to France in September
What was the Navigation Act?
1651
Restricts trade of English Vessels, Colonies and Commodities
To restrict foreign influence in England’s trade (Dutch)
What was the First Dutch War?
1652 - 54
Sparked after tensions rose from the Navigation Act
Leading to a mainly naval war
When & how was the Rump Parliament dissolved?
1653
Cromwell marched troops into parliament and forced it to disband
What replaced the Rump Parliament in 1653?
Temporary gov: Nominated Assembly (Barebones Parliament or Parliament of Saints)
Consisted of 144 members chosen by army officials who deemed them to be ‘godly’
What was the Instrument of Government?
1653
Cromwell’s est as Protector
One, lifelong elected lord protector in place of a king
Legislative power vested in parliament, who had to be recalled triennially
Council of State: lord protector’s 20 advisors
Drafted by Lambert
Based on the heads of proposals
Commons were the deciders of what laws were & weren’t just
When was the First Protectorate Parliament?
What led to a rearrangement of parliamentary seats?
Why was it dissolved?
Sep 1654 - Jan 1655
Cromwell faces opposition from a large number of MPs on grounds of his legitimacy
Dissolves after Biddle’s case, attacks on the Instrument & Pfailure to fund army
How was the First Protectorate Parliament rearranged?
Removing ‘rotten boroughs’ (areas where MPs are elected from that no longer have a proportionate population to the power held in parliament) & establishing new ones like Leeds and Manchester
What was Biddle’s Case?
1654
Teacher
Denied the holy trinity & divinity of Christ
Accused of blasphemy by MPs, Biddle was imprisoned and his manuscripts burned
Shows P enforcing what it saw as its right to control religion over Protector & his council
What was Penruddock’s Uprising?
1655
Royalist rising in England’s western counties
A response to royalist persecution
Swiftly put down
Demonstrates sizable royalist sympathies still present in England
Why did Cromwell create the Rule of the Major Generals?
1655 - 57
Aims to remove royalist sympathies from the public, gain finance for the army, and restore peace by encouraging virtue
Impose 2 aims
What was the Rule of the Major Generals?
1655 - 57
Cromwell determined regions of Eng which were to be governed by a Director General
Failed, as they had less power than local govs, and were often not from the area they governed, they were also unpopular with the people, as their highly puritanical nature often inhibited what people wished to do, each had different methods
What was the 1655 allegiance with France?
As a part of the naval war with Spain, Cromwell allies with France, who are already at war with Spain over their colonies and land in the Netherlands
Merging the Franco-Spanish wars and the Anglo-Spanish wars
What was the Anglo Spanish Treaty?
1656
Charles II and Spain join forces to attempt to reconquer England
Why was the Second Protectorate Parliament called?
1656 - 58
To raise finances
Pressing matters of military rule & the Anglo-Spanish war led to the Major Generals advising Cromwell to summon parliament
Who made up the Second Protectorate Parliament?
Cromwell influence
Religion
Nationality
Purpose of vetoing parliamentary doings
Second session featured the ‘other house,’ in place of the house of lords
Consisted of officials put forward by Cromwell
No Catholics or royalists allowed
Over 100 ‘non-god fearing’ individuals rejected
Included 30 Irishmen & 30 Scots in a bid to include the rest of the commonwealth
What was the Humble petition and advice?
1657
Document made position of lord protector hereditary & offered the crown, Cromwell refused the moniker, but accepted the rest of the document:
Gatherings of parliament every three years
Reductions to the size of the standing army
Formation of a national church based on Presbyterian faith, whilst restricting sects like the fifth monarchists and the Baptists
Assertion of parliament’s control over taxation
Formation of an independent council to inform the lord protector on matters of governance
What was the Naylors Case?
1656
Division between Cromwell and Parliament
Naylor is tried for recreating Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem
Results in severe punishments, but not death
Like with Biddle’s case, Cromwell struggles to get his way with parliament, who have staunch beliefs
What was the Militia Bill?
1656
Proposal that the Decimation tax, in which royalists would pay 10% of income, should be continued, in order to fund the major generals and the militias that were stationed in the regions, to aid the anti-royalist cause
Removed 1657, ending the Major Generals
What caused the failure of the Militia Bill?
What was the effect of the failure of the Militia Bill?
Unpopularity of the tax among MPs
Public unpopularity of the Decimation tax & major generals, weighing to their strictly puritanical views and their presence without parliamentary legislation
Cromwell abandons the Bill, effectively ending the Major Generals as it would not lead to long-term stability
How did Cromwell display his religious tolerance in 1657?
Assures that Jews will be allowed to remain in England
Mainly because he thought they would convert
When did Oliver Cromwell die?
September 1658
Cromwell’s reign involved juggling the conflicting forces of Parliament and the army
This job will now have to be done by his son Richard
When was the Third Protectorate Parliament?
Dec 1658 - April 1659
Richard seeks to raise a tax to pay the debts owed to the army, and to solidify his position with the ruling class
How did the Third Protectorate Parliament shortly devolve into disputes between two factions?
Numbers of the old rump parliament, sought to reinstate the commonwealth system adopted between Charles Is death and the dissolution of the rump by Cromwell
The Protectorate Faction sought to maintain the protectorate, but wanted to select a leader who was more capable of being lord protector and controlling the army
led by Thurloe, Fleetwood, Desborough and Lambert
What forced Richard Cromwell to close the Third Protectorate Parliament?
April 1659
NMA Officials surround Westminster
Following this, the Rump Parliament reassembles
What was Booth’s Rising?
1659
General George Booth and 3,000 royalist troops march in Northwest England with the intent to reinstate Charles II as King
Rebellion put down within three weeks
What was Monck’s Uprising in Scotland?
1659
Another Royalist general, having purged his army of oppositional belief, started an uprising in favour of the restoration, attempting to restore a fair parliament and bring Charles II onto the throne
What was Monck’s seizure of London?
1660
Troops rallied by Thomas Fairfax
Successfully managed to disperse Lambert’s opposing army and march into London
Reassembled the old long parliament, reinstating those removed during pride’s purge, and going about re-establishing the monarchy, and holding a new general election
What was the Declaration of Breda?
1660
Charles took advantage of Monck’s uprising to restore stability
Charles’ restoration in return for:
Full pay for the army
Political amnesty for those who weren’t the main perpetrators of the Regicide
Religious toleration
Retention of land from owners who had purchased it during the interregnum
What was the Blasphemy Act?
1650
Act by rump to prevent what they saw as increasing threat of radical religious ideas & groups: Ranters & Quakers
Why did Cromwell dissolve the Rump in 1653?
PN conservative demands to return to normalcy set against radical minority, esp the army wanting further reform
Power of the land with the army, P needed its protection
Blasphemy Act - too religiously conservative for the army
