Section 3, 1649 - 60

Question 1

When was Charles I’s trial?
What was the turn out of judges to his trial?

Answer 1

January 1649
68/135

Question 2

What ultimately resulted in the verdict of Charles’ guiltiness, and sentencing to death?

Answer 2

Charles refuses to speak during the trial, viewing the ‘high court of justice’ as illegitimate

Question 3

How many parliamentary commissioners signed Charles’ death warrant?
When was Charles executed?

Answer 3

59 out of the 68 appointed
30 January 1649

Question 4

Why was there an invasion of Ireland?
What was happening within the NMA at this time?

Answer 4

August 1649
In order to quell opposition from the Irish confederacy
A mutiny of levellers

Question 5

What was the invasion of Ireland?

Answer 5

August 1649
Cromwell ships out to Ireland
Massacres over 5,000 people in Drogheda & Wexford

Question 6

When was the first Digger Community established in England?
What did this demonstrate?

Answer 6

1649
The increase in radical ideals

Question 7

Why was there an invasion of Scotland in 1650?

Answer 7

Following the Treaty of Breda (1650), which pledged royalist Scots & Irishmen sympathies with Charles II

Question 8

What was the Battle of Dunbar?

Answer 8

1650
During Cromwell’s invasion of Scotland
Cromwell victory

Question 9

What was the Battle of Worcester?

Answer 9

1651
Won by Cromwell
Brings an end to the scotch conflict/invasion
Charles II flees to France in September

Question 10

What was the Navigation Act?

Answer 10

1651
Restricts trade of English Vessels, Colonies and Commodities
To restrict foreign influence in England’s trade (Dutch)

Question 11

What was the First Dutch War?

Answer 11

1652 - 54
Sparked after tensions rose from the Navigation Act
Leading to a mainly naval war

Question 12

When & how was the Rump Parliament dissolved?

Answer 12

1653
Cromwell marched troops into parliament and forced it to disband

Question 13

What replaced the Rump Parliament in 1653?

Answer 13

Temporary gov: Nominated Assembly (Barebones Parliament or Parliament of Saints)
Consisted of 144 members chosen by army officials who deemed them to be ‘godly’

Question 14

What was the Instrument of Government?

Answer 14

1653
Cromwell’s est as Protector
One, lifelong elected lord protector in place of a king
Legislative power vested in parliament, who had to be recalled triennially
Council of State: lord protector’s 20 advisors
Drafted by Lambert
Based on the heads of proposals
Commons were the deciders of what laws were & weren’t just

Question 15

When was the First Protectorate Parliament?
What led to a rearrangement of parliamentary seats?
Why was it dissolved?

Answer 15

Sep 1654 - Jan 1655
Cromwell faces opposition from a large number of MPs on grounds of his legitimacy
Dissolves after Biddle’s case, attacks on the Instrument & Pfailure to fund army

Question 16

How was the First Protectorate Parliament rearranged?

Answer 16

Removing ‘rotten boroughs’ (areas where MPs are elected from that no longer have a proportionate population to the power held in parliament) & establishing new ones like Leeds and Manchester

Question 17

What was Biddle’s Case?

Answer 17

1654
Teacher
Denied the holy trinity & divinity of Christ
Accused of blasphemy by MPs, Biddle was imprisoned and his manuscripts burned
Shows P enforcing what it saw as its right to control religion over Protector & his council

Question 18

What was Penruddock’s Uprising?

Answer 18

1655
Royalist rising in England’s western counties
A response to royalist persecution
Swiftly put down
Demonstrates sizable royalist sympathies still present in England

Question 19

Why did Cromwell create the Rule of the Major Generals?

Answer 19

1655 - 57
Aims to remove royalist sympathies from the public, gain finance for the army, and restore peace by encouraging virtue
Impose 2 aims

Question 20

What was the Rule of the Major Generals?

Answer 20

1655 - 57
Cromwell determined regions of Eng which were to be governed by a Director General
Failed, as they had less power than local govs, and were often not from the area they governed, they were also unpopular with the people, as their highly puritanical nature often inhibited what people wished to do, each had different methods

Question 21

What was the 1655 allegiance with France?

Answer 21

As a part of the naval war with Spain, Cromwell allies with France, who are already at war with Spain over their colonies and land in the Netherlands
Merging the Franco-Spanish wars and the Anglo-Spanish wars

Question 22

What was the Anglo Spanish Treaty?

Answer 22

1656
Charles II and Spain join forces to attempt to reconquer England

Question 23

Why was the Second Protectorate Parliament called?

Answer 23

1656 - 58
To raise finances
Pressing matters of military rule & the Anglo-Spanish war led to the Major Generals advising Cromwell to summon parliament

Question 24

Who made up the Second Protectorate Parliament?
Cromwell influence
Religion
Nationality

Answer 24

Purpose of vetoing parliamentary doings
Second session featured the ‘other house,’ in place of the house of lords
Consisted of officials put forward by Cromwell
No Catholics or royalists allowed
Over 100 ‘non-god fearing’ individuals rejected
Included 30 Irishmen & 30 Scots in a bid to include the rest of the commonwealth

Question 25

What was the Humble petition and advice?

Answer 25

1657
Document made position of lord protector hereditary & offered the crown, Cromwell refused the moniker, but accepted the rest of the document:
Gatherings of parliament every three years
Reductions to the size of the standing army
Formation of a national church based on Presbyterian faith, whilst restricting sects like the fifth monarchists and the Baptists
Assertion of parliament’s control over taxation
Formation of an independent council to inform the lord protector on matters of governance

Question 26

What was the Naylors Case?

Answer 26

1656
Division between Cromwell and Parliament
Naylor is tried for recreating Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem
Results in severe punishments, but not death
Like with Biddle’s case, Cromwell struggles to get his way with parliament, who have staunch beliefs

Question 27

What was the Militia Bill?

Answer 27

1656
Proposal that the Decimation tax, in which royalists would pay 10% of income, should be continued, in order to fund the major generals and the militias that were stationed in the regions, to aid the anti-royalist cause
Removed 1657, ending the Major Generals

Question 28

What caused the failure of the Militia Bill?
What was the effect of the failure of the Militia Bill?

Answer 28

Unpopularity of the tax among MPs
Public unpopularity of the Decimation tax & major generals, weighing to their strictly puritanical views and their presence without parliamentary legislation
Cromwell abandons the Bill, effectively ending the Major Generals as it would not lead to long-term stability

Question 29

How did Cromwell display his religious tolerance in 1657?

Answer 29

Assures that Jews will be allowed to remain in England
Mainly because he thought they would convert

Question 30

When did Oliver Cromwell die?

Answer 30

September 1658
Cromwell’s reign involved juggling the conflicting forces of Parliament and the army
This job will now have to be done by his son Richard

Question 31

When was the Third Protectorate Parliament?

Answer 31

Dec 1658 - April 1659
Richard seeks to raise a tax to pay the debts owed to the army, and to solidify his position with the ruling class

Question 32

How did the Third Protectorate Parliament shortly devolve into disputes between two factions?

Answer 32

Numbers of the old rump parliament, sought to reinstate the commonwealth system adopted between Charles Is death and the dissolution of the rump by Cromwell

The Protectorate Faction sought to maintain the protectorate, but wanted to select a leader who was more capable of being lord protector and controlling the army
led by Thurloe, Fleetwood, Desborough and Lambert

Question 33

What forced Richard Cromwell to close the Third Protectorate Parliament?

Answer 33

April 1659
NMA Officials surround Westminster
Following this, the Rump Parliament reassembles

Question 34

What was Booth’s Rising?

Answer 34

1659
General George Booth and 3,000 royalist troops march in Northwest England with the intent to reinstate Charles II as King
Rebellion put down within three weeks

Question 35

What was Monck’s Uprising in Scotland?

Answer 35

1659
Another Royalist general, having purged his army of oppositional belief, started an uprising in favour of the restoration, attempting to restore a fair parliament and bring Charles II onto the throne

Question 36

What was Monck’s seizure of London?

Answer 36

1660
Troops rallied by Thomas Fairfax
Successfully managed to disperse Lambert’s opposing army and march into London
Reassembled the old long parliament, reinstating those removed during pride’s purge, and going about re-establishing the monarchy, and holding a new general election

Question 37

What was the Declaration of Breda?

Answer 37

1660
Charles took advantage of Monck’s uprising to restore stability
Charles’ restoration in return for:
Full pay for the army
Political amnesty for those who weren’t the main perpetrators of the Regicide
Religious toleration
Retention of land from owners who had purchased it during the interregnum

Question 38

What was the Blasphemy Act?

Answer 38

1650
Act by rump to prevent what they saw as increasing threat of radical religious ideas & groups: Ranters & Quakers

Question 39

Why did Cromwell dissolve the Rump in 1653?

Answer 39

PN conservative demands to return to normalcy set against radical minority, esp the army wanting further reform
Power of the land with the army, P needed its protection
Blasphemy Act - too religiously conservative for the army