Section 3, 1649 - 60 Flashcards
When was Charles I’s trial?
What was the turn out of judges to his trial?
January 1649
68/135
What ultimately resulted in the verdict of Charles’ guiltiness, and sentencing to death?
Charles refuses to speak during the trial, viewing the ‘high court of justice’ as illegitimate
How many parliamentary commissioners signed Charles’ death warrant?
When was Charles executed?
59 out of the 68 appointed
30 January 1649
Why was there an invasion of Ireland?
What was happening within the NMA at this time?
August 1649
In order to quell opposition from the Irish confederacy
A mutiny of levellers
What was the invasion of Ireland?
August 1649
Cromwell ships out to Ireland
Massacres over 5,000 people in Drogheda & Wexford
When was the first Digger Community established in England?
What did this demonstrate?
1649
The increase in radical ideals
Why was there an invasion of Scotland in 1650?
Following the Treaty of Breda (1650), which pledged royalist Scots & Irishmen sympathies with Charles II
What was the Battle of Dunbar?
1650
During Cromwell’s invasion of Scotland
Cromwell victory
What was the Battle of Worcester?
1651
Won by Cromwell
Brings an end to the scotch conflict/invasion
Charles II flees to France in September
What was the Navigation Act?
1651
Restricts trade of English Vessels, Colonies and Commodities
To restrict foreign influence in England’s trade (Dutch)
What was the First Dutch War?
1652 - 54
Sparked after tensions rose from the Navigation Act
Leading to a mainly naval war
When & how was the Rump Parliament dissolved?
1653
Cromwell marched troops into parliament and forced it to disband
What replaced the Rump Parliament in 1653?
Temporary gov: Nominated Assembly (Barebones Parliament or Parliament of Saints)
Consisted of 144 members chosen by army officials who deemed them to be ‘godly’
What was the Instrument of Government?
1653
Cromwell’s est as Protector
One, lifelong elected lord protector in place of a king
Legislative power vested in parliament, who had to be recalled triennially
Council of State: lord protector’s 20 advisors
Drafted by Lambert
Based on the heads of proposals
Commons were the deciders of what laws were & weren’t just
When was the First Protectorate Parliament?
What led to a rearrangement of parliamentary seats?
Why was it dissolved?
Sep 1654 - Jan 1655
Cromwell faces opposition from a large number of MPs on grounds of his legitimacy
Dissolves after Biddle’s case, attacks on the Instrument & Pfailure to fund army
How was the First Protectorate Parliament rearranged?
Removing ‘rotten boroughs’ (areas where MPs are elected from that no longer have a proportionate population to the power held in parliament) & establishing new ones like Leeds and Manchester
What was Biddle’s Case?
1654
Teacher
Denied the holy trinity & divinity of Christ
Accused of blasphemy by MPs, Biddle was imprisoned and his manuscripts burned
Shows P enforcing what it saw as its right to control religion over Protector & his council
What was Penruddock’s Uprising?
1655
Royalist rising in England’s western counties
A response to royalist persecution
Swiftly put down
Demonstrates sizable royalist sympathies still present in England
Why did Cromwell create the Rule of the Major Generals?
1655 - 57
Aims to remove royalist sympathies from the public, gain finance for the army, and restore peace by encouraging virtue
Impose 2 aims
What was the Rule of the Major Generals?
1655 - 57
Cromwell determined regions of Eng which were to be governed by a Director General
Failed, as they had less power than local govs, and were often not from the area they governed, they were also unpopular with the people, as their highly puritanical nature often inhibited what people wished to do, each had different methods
What was the 1655 allegiance with France?
As a part of the naval war with Spain, Cromwell allies with France, who are already at war with Spain over their colonies and land in the Netherlands
Merging the Franco-Spanish wars and the Anglo-Spanish wars
What was the Anglo Spanish Treaty?
1656
Charles II and Spain join forces to attempt to reconquer England
Why was the Second Protectorate Parliament called?
1656 - 58
To raise finances
Pressing matters of military rule & the Anglo-Spanish war led to the Major Generals advising Cromwell to summon parliament
Who made up the Second Protectorate Parliament?
Cromwell influence
Religion
Nationality
Purpose of vetoing parliamentary doings
Second session featured the ‘other house,’ in place of the house of lords
Consisted of officials put forward by Cromwell
No Catholics or royalists allowed
Over 100 ‘non-god fearing’ individuals rejected
Included 30 Irishmen & 30 Scots in a bid to include the rest of the commonwealth