Section 2, 1629 -1649 Flashcards
What was the Book of Orders?
1631
Charles declarations of how the personal rule will operate, issued to justices of the peace
What caused the prohibition (prevention) of ‘New Books’?
1632
Done by Star Chamber, in response to Spanglo-Austrian complaints against British Coverage of the 30 Years War
Why were the Medieval Forest Laws reintroduced?
1633
Source of revenue for Charles by fining those trespassing or hunting on unclear borders
What shows Armenian ideology being enforced in national churches in Aug 1633?
Laud Becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
Juxton made Bishop of London in his place
What was the St Gregory’s Case?
1633
Parishioners of a church refuse the movement of the altar to the church’s east end
Demonstrates a degree of willingness to combat reforms from commonfolk
Who were Pryne, Burton and Bastwick?
1634
3 influential Puritans
Outwardly oppose Laudian reforms
Mutilated, whipped and imprisoned
Become Puritan martyrs
When did Charles impose a ship tax on coastal counties?
Why was this later deemed unconstitutional?
1634
Later extends to inland counties as a source of revenue
What was the New Book of Rates?
1635
Outlined the duties on imported and exported goods
Attempt to refine English systems of finance, & gain money from trade
What was significant about the imposition of the New Prayer Book in Scotland?
1637
Charles introduced exclusively on Scotland, which goes against their Calvinist Presbyterian ideals, in its Armenian nature.
St. Giles cathedral riot breaks out after an attempt to use the book of prayer in Edinburgh
What was the Scottish Covenant?
1638
Signed by thousands of loyal presbyterian scots
A pact to defend scotch Presbyterianism from what was perceived as English encroachment (ex: new prayer book)
How did Lilburne’s punishment relate to Pryne, Burton & Bastwick?
1638
Another Puritan martyrdom stemming from opposition to Charles religious policies (Lilburne Published Puritan publications, after being told not to by the Star Chamber)
What was the Hampden’s Case?
1638
John Hampton refused to pay ship tax
Charles wins case but only by slight majority showing the shaky ground on the use of the tax
What was the Bishops wars?
1639
Presbyterian forces invade the north of England
What was the Treaty of Berwick?
June 1639
Puts Bishops war on pause
After English troops are recalled from Scotland
Doesn’t address the underlying issues, and the conflict kicks up again soon enough
When & why does Wentworth return from Ireland?
1639
After attempting to secure the strength of the crown in Ireland & a stream of finance
Returns to aid Charles with the Scotch conflict
When was Wentworth made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland?
1640 (- returns from Ireland 1639)
Upcoming favourite
When was the Short Parliament?
Why was it so short?
1640 April - May (month)
Ends personal rule
Called to aid in financing the scotch war
Immediately gets wrapped up in matters of taxation
Disbanded without Charles gaining a subsidy
What was the Root and Branch petition?
1640
Concerning matters of conflict between Puritans/Presbyterians and the national church
Calling for an end to episcopy (Bishop hierarchy) for a more centralised iteration (version)
What was the Treaty of Ripon?
1640
Ends scotch conflict again, but at a cost of £800 a day to house the Scots in Newcastle
Expensive
When was the Long Parliament called?
Why?
1640, a month after the Short P
After the expensive Treaty of Ripon
P lasted over a decade this time, and oversaw a number of great changes in that time
What was the The Grand Remonstrance?
1641
List of grievances from a committee of parliamentarians led by John Pym
Detailed issues of foreign policy, finance, religious matters, abuses of royal power and concern surrounding the king’s advisors
Charles was greatly opposed
What were the Ten Proposals?
1641
Following the Grand Remonstrance, Parliament sought to concrete the changes they desired, and issued for ten changes to be made by the king
What were the 10 desired changes in the 10 Propositions?
1641
Approval for the educators of the royal children
Control over the nations militias
Dispersion of the army raised in Ireland
Limits on forestation and what the king could declare royal forest land
Parliamentary appointment of ministers relating to matters of defence and foreign affairs
Mandatory approval of the king’s privy counsellors
Removal of bishops from the house of lords
Prohibition of taxes not-passed by parliament
Reaffirmation of the rights of royal subjects
Parliamentary approval for marriage
What was the 1641 Triennial act?
Forced the king to call parliament at least every 3 years
If he didn’t, they would convene anyway
Made personal rule unconstitutional - angry with 11 year tyranny
What was significant about the trial & execution of Wentworth?
1641
After failed impeachment attempt
Trial of Charles’ favourite on grounds of tyranny, arbitrary rule and abuse of power
Charles forced to sign death warrant through Bill of Attainder, parliament’s way around habeas corpus
What was the October 1641 Irish Rebellion?
Many Catholic Irishmen rebel against the established Prot settlers in Ireland
Mainly near the plantation of Ulster
What was the Five Members Coup?
1642
Charles attempts to arrest Pym and 4other parliamentarians following opposition
The coup fails as the MPs were tipped off before Charles could get to them
This makes both sides raise armies for war
What was the Militia Ordinance?
1642
Makes the previously rejected Militia Bill mandatory
Transfers the power of the militia to parliament, who replace royal generals with parliamentary approved ones
What were the 19 Propositions?
1642
Presented to the king by parliament
Final evolution of the Grand Remonstrance & 10 Propositions
Something of an ultimatum for war
What were some of the 19 Propositions?
Charles should:
Enforce laws against Catholics
Disband the army
Temporarily provide parliament with control over the militia to maintain peace & avoid civil war
What was significant about the Battle of Edge Hill?
1642
First official combative conflict of the Civil War
What was the Solemn League and Covenant?
1643
Alliance between P & Scotland to fight the royalists, and eventually reform the Church of England to be presbyterian
When was laud executed?
January 1644
For treason
Extreme case of opposition to Arminianism on an institutional level
What was significant about the Battle of Marston Moore?
1644
Decisive Parliament win
What was the Siege of York?
1644
Following Marston Moor
Generals Thomas Fairfax & Oliver Cromwell lay siege to York (Royalist Stronghold)
Eventually surrendered
What was the Truce of Ormonde?
1644
Ceases conflict between Royalists & Irish Confederates (not support, just lack of fighting)
Charles doesn’t have to worry about potential troops dying in a separate war
What was the Self-Denying Ordinance?
1645
Formation of the New Model Army, a force designed to be more efficient based on a non-nepotistic hierarchical structure
Division between militaristic control or their seat in the commons
What is significant about the Battle of Naseby?
1645
Decisive victory for the newly formed NMA
Led by Fairfax & Cromwell
What was The King’s Cabinet Opened?
1645
published after Battle of Naseby
Charles’ empty carriage is captured, revealing his communication with Cath European monarchs in need of help
Reduces Charles’ public support with non-Cath sympathising royalist supporters
What ends the First Civil War?
1647 January
Charles’ capture by the Scots
Held at Newcastle
What was the Declaration of Dislike?
1647 March
By Political Presbyterian leader, Holles
Stated army petitioners were ‘enemies to the state & disturbers of the public peace’
Strategy to get out of paying them their £3 million wages P owed
What were the Newcastle Propositions?
1647 July
Political Presbyterian settlement plan
Charles stalled signing
Proposed a realignment of the Church in favour of a presbyterian system for 3 years
triennial act to remain
Only 58 royalists to not be pardoned
More lenient iteration called for demolishing the NMA
What was the Army’s General Headquarters?
Formed in 1647
Newmarket
Representative body of the Army’s regiments, in reaction to Parliament’s refusal to pay wages to soldiers unless they went to fight in Ireland
When was Charles captured for a second time?
Captured from Newcastle by NMA general George Joyce with 500 soldiers
Brought closer to Newmarket, where the Army’s general council was recently est
What was the Solemn Engagement?
1647 June
Declared by the army to parliament, to say they won’t disband until their terms were met
Officially outlining the presence of the General Council, to show their widespread support
What were the Putney Debates?
1647 October
Debates held by the NMA to decide what a new system of government should look like
Debates between Levellers and the Grandees (higher officers) between the universal/land-owning right to vote
What were the Heads of proposals?
1647 June
The terms of the NMA transcribed by Ireton
Charles refused even though they were designed in a way the council felt would be a good compromise
The common book of prayer being allowed but not mandatory
A sitting parliament provided a date of its own termination
What starts the Second Civil War?
November 1647
Charles escapes NMA custody
What was the Levellers agreement of the people?
1647 November
Stemming from the Putney debates
Mainly focused on the extension of the right to vote
What was the Engagement?
Winter 1647
Charles attempts to gain support from scotch anti-covenanters
Works, but the force isn’t particularly strong & ineffectual
What was the Windsor Prayer Meeting?
1648
Established the NMA’s dislike for the majorly Presbyterian parliamentary body
Some desire for increased religious tolerance
Charles declared ‘man of blood’ - he was not fit to be the commander-in-chief of the nation’s religion
What was significant about the Battle of Preston?
1648
NMA Win
Charles is recaptured & taken to London for trial
What was Pride’s Purge?
1648
General Pride removes 191 MPs from voting in Charles’ trial
Establishes the Rump Parliament
What caused the politicisation of the NMA?
Newcastle Propositions & Declaration of Dislike seen as offensive to NMA & allies Political Independents - Political Presbyterians attempting to construct a rival army
Faced disbandment before the £3 mill in wages they were owed was paid
P hadn’t passed an indemnity act - could be charged for war time offences
What were the Laudian reforms?
Imposed after Laud becomes Canterbury in 1633
‘Beauty of holiness’
Altars at east end of church
Increased emphasis on ceremony
Decoration: stained glass windows
Ministers wear vestments instead of plain clothes
Puritans preferred plain decoration
