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H - 1H > Section 4 > Flashcards

Section 4 Flashcards

1
Q

On what date did Nazi Germany invade the Soviet Union? Who was taken by surprise?

A

22nd June 1941

Stalin

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2
Q

Who was unprepared for war? Why?

A

Stalin’s government

Many senior officers were purged in the 1930s

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3
Q

How many Soviet aircrafts were destroyed in the first 24 hours of war?

A

1,200

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4
Q

How many Russian troops were killed after 3 weeks of war? How many were now living under German rule?

A

A million

20 million

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5
Q

What danger was posed to Stalin’s regime? What was feared?

A

It might collapse in defeat

It would mirror the fall of Tsarism

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6
Q

What happened once the Soviet Union was roused to war? Why?

A

It was ruthless

It was a highly centralised regime

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7
Q

What was an advantage of Stalin’s regime in wartime? What Committee conducted the war?

A

It was a highly effective government

State Defence Committee

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8
Q

Who was in charge of military command? Who did he leave alone to sort out military campaigns?

A

Stalin

Generals

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9
Q

Who did Stalin address in his first wartime speech? What land did Stalin appeal to?

A

“Brothers and sisters”

The “motherland”

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10
Q

What idea did Stalin appeal to over loyalty? What did the war become known as in Russia?

A

Russian nationalism

“Great Patriotic War”

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11
Q

What did Hitler hope that non-Russian national minorities would rise up against? What are 2 examples of national minorities?

A

Stalin’s regime

Ukrainians and Baltics

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12
Q

Who did thousands of national minorities collaborate with after suffering? How did Stalin respond to this?

A

German forces

To transfer a million minorities out of fear of disloyalty

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13
Q

What are 3 examples of national minorities that Stalin transferred East?

A

Ukrainians
Germans
Chechens

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14
Q

What Stalinist procedure continued in wartime? What else was also exploited in wartime?

A

Purges

Terror

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15
Q

What did Stalin order after Stalingrad was on the verge of defeat in 1942? How many people died as a result of these “crimes”?

A

Deserters and “cowards” were to be shot

13,000

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16
Q

Who else came under suspicion for “crimes” in 1945? Why were they feared to be disloyal?

A

Prisoners of war

They had become tainted by Western values in captivity

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17
Q

Where were many prisoners of war transferred?

A

Soviet labour camps

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18
Q

How did Stalin address the grievances of army officers? What badges did he restore?

A

He reduced the role of political commissars attached to army units
Special badges of rank

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19
Q

What were vast numbers of the armed forces encouraged to join? How many members were from the army/navy by the end of the war?

A

Communist Party

Half

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20
Q

What was emphasised in wartime propaganda? What did Stalin claim Russia’s victory in war was politically?

A

Nationalism

A victory for communism over fascism

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21
Q

What wartime idea was played down? What wartime idea was hailed as a victory?

A

“People’s war”

“Great Patriotic War”

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22
Q

What does Historian D. Volkogonov state about Stalin’s wartime rule?

A

“He ruled like an absolute monarch”

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23
Q

when did the nazis invade russia

A

22 june 1941

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24
Q

why was stalin caught by surprise by nazi invasion

A

he had ignored intelligence reports and seems to have miscalculated as to when the germans would turn east

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25
Q

what evidence is there that stalin was not entirely unaware of the impending attack from nazi germany

A

defence spending increased 16.5% 1937- 32.6% 1940

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26
Q

was the soviet union ready for war in 1941

A

no

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27
Q

what had sapped the strength of the red army between 1936-38

A

the purges of the red army removed most senior officers

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28
Q

what had soviet fighting capacity been affected by

A

inadequate training and the removal of those who had promoted more advanced military theories, such as mikhail tukhachevsky

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29
Q

when had a lack of military initiative already been seen

A

in winter war with finland 1939-40 when no commander dared try anything new

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30
Q

what was the effect of the reestablishment of dual command of military units

A

increased party control but hindered actual combat capabilities

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31
Q

what deficiencies were there economically despite the move towards rearmament in the third 5yp

A

deficiencies in quantity and quality of equipment

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32
Q

how many tanks, military aircraft and rifles was the soviet union producing per month by 1941

A

230 tanks
700 military aircraft
100,000 rifles

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33
Q

what had happened as a result of increased expenditure of the military

A

insufficient investment in the collective and state farm system, still not producing enough to feed population

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34
Q

how was the soviet union psychologically unprepared to fight

A

having withdrawn anti-fascist propaganda and praised soviet german friendship since 1939, soviet troops suddenly expected to fight former allies

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35
Q

what was the name of the operation that launched the german attack

A

three pronged attack- operation barbarossa

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36
Q

wht was stalins initial reaction to the invasion

A

he suggested that someone contact hitler in berlin because he suspected the troop advance to be a limited act of provocation

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37
Q

what was stalins first wartime order when he met his politburo

A

demand that german air force be destroyed and invading forced annihilated

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38
Q

who did stalin leave the public announcement of hostilities to

A

molotov

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39
Q

why did stalin possibly leave the announcement to molotov

A

he couldnt bring himself to make it

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40
Q

how did molotov end his informing of the people

A

‘our cause is just, the enemy will be smashed, victory will be ours’

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41
Q

how long did stalin take to establish a defined structure of governmental and military authority

A

a week- whether this was deliberate or he was affected by depression is unknown

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42
Q

what was stalins speech on 3 july 1941 designed to do

A

establish his leadership and unite the nation, rekindling patriotism and mollifying all those who opposed his politices in 1930s

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43
Q

what did stalins interestingly appeal to in his war speeches

A

his peoples love for their country and played on the threat of their culture rather than the threat to socialism

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44
Q

what did the people fight for instead of communism

A

russia

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45
Q

what did stalin order as a result of the germans coming dangerously close to moscow in october 1941

A

evacuation of the government to Kuibyshev on the Volga

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46
Q

what display of resistance did stalin insist on despite ordering the evacuation of the government in moscow

A

the annual red square parade should take place as normal

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47
Q

what did stalin realise as a result of the disastrous opening to the war

A

the need to let his military commanders plan campaigns- running of war increasingly left to general staff but removed if they displayed incompetence

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48
Q

examples of marshals replaced by men brought back from gulags

A

Voroshilov and budyenny

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49
Q

who did stalin rely heavily on in the war

A

georgi Zhukov

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50
Q

what had hitler nurtured some hope that the invasion would spark

A

an anti Stalinist revolt

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51
Q

how did those in national minority areas approach the germans in the wake of invasion

A

they welcomed the german soldiers as liberators after the harsh Stalinism of the 1930s and thousands became collaborationists

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52
Q

what movement was formed in the Ukraine under vlasov

A

the Russian liberation movement who fought against their former red army comrades

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53
Q

what did winning the war rely on in the greater part of the unoccupied ussr

A

on the continuation of pre war terror tactics

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54
Q

what did stalin issue in july 1942 when the germans threatned stalingrad

A

order 227- not one step backwards

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55
Q

what was the fate of any soldier who fell behind/tried to retreat

A

shot on sight

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56
Q

how many were sentenced to death under order 227

A

150000

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57
Q

who were penal battalions created from

A

those who broke discipline

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58
Q

what happened to those who broke discipline

A

sent to front to undertake most dangerous jobs eg clearing minefields =- supposedly to redeem themselves

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59
Q

casualty rates of those who were given most dangerous jobs

A

50%

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60
Q

what were added to the NKVD units to prevent desertion/retreat

A

blocking units equipped with machine guns

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61
Q

political impact: why did stalin take action to prevent political disintegration

A

the multinational nature of the empire seen as a potential threat to state security

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62
Q

political impact: what happened to the Volga german autonomous republic

A

dissolved as early as august 1941 and peoples sent to east

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63
Q

political impact: who were deported away from their homelands

A

‘suspect’ ethnic groups such as the chechens

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64
Q

political impact: how many in total were forced to uproot

A

1.5 million

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65
Q

political impact: what did stalin address within the party to win the way

A

former grievances of army officers

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66
Q

political impact: what was the result of stalin putting emphasis on the political education of the troops

A

increasing numbers of military chose to join party

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67
Q

political impact: how many candidate members and how many new members joined the party during the war

A

5 million candidate members

3.6 million new members

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68
Q

political impact: what percentage of those in the armed forces were communist and what percentage were Komsomol members by 1945

A

25% communist

20% members of komsomol

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69
Q

political impact: wat did the war help to strengthen the belief in

A

the communist system

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70
Q

political impact: what could stalin claim that the war had shown by may 1945

A

the war had shown the superiority and resilience of the socialist system

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71
Q

political impact: what was the war a victory for

A

communist over fascism

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72
Q

economic impact: what had hitler intended to seize in the wake of his invasion

A

Russian farmland and industry to use to german advantage

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73
Q

economic impact: to what extent had nhitler achieved his goal of seizing Russian farmland and industry by the end of 1941

A

german occupied soviet territory contained 63% of countrys coal, 68% iron, 58% steel, 45% railways and 41% arable land

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74
Q

economic impact: what measures did the soviets take during the war to ensure their economic survival

A

the establishment of a wartime economy on 30 june 1941

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75
Q

economic impact: which policy rendered most of farmland useless

A

scorched earth

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76
Q

economic impact: how many soviet factories were transplanted from western Russia and Ukraine to east in july-nov 1941

A

1523

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77
Q

economic impact: what happened to the industrial growth that had already taken place in 5 year plans

A

capitalised upon

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78
Q

economic impact: ho were industrial bases rapidly linked to front line

A

new railways built/redirected

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79
Q

economic impact: how did managing a wartime economy prove easier for USSR than western allies

A

existing centralised, planned economy

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80
Q

economic impact: what were established to supervise different sections of wartime production

A

wartime commissars

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81
Q

economic impact: what did compulsory state orders allow for

A

changes to take place in a very short timeframe

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82
Q

economic impact: what effect did the redistribution of national expenditure have on militaryshare of budget by end of 1942

A

risen from 29% to 57%

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83
Q

economic impact: how many new industrial enterprises were built during course of war in the urals

A

3500

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84
Q

economic impact: how was USSR military economy better than Germany by mid 1943

A

industrial output exceeded that of Germany and quality of weapons superior

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85
Q

economic impact: why did food problems take longer to solve

A

grain harvest of 1942 only 1/3 of that of 1940

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86
Q

economic impact: how was survival ensured despite food problems

A

strict rationing and demanding quotas on collective farms

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87
Q

economic impact: who was farm output maintained by

A

women, elderly men and children

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88
Q

economic impact: why was the use of foreign aid never advertised to the soviet people

A

they were encouraged to believe that their efforts were ignored by the west

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89
Q

economic impact: what war materials did the uk and usa supply

A

essential war materials which the ussr had limited production of

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90
Q

economic impact: when was the lend lease scheme and what was provided under it

A

1941- 11 billion dollars of aid provided by usa

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91
Q

social impact: what did the announcement of the german invasion see recruitment stations flood with

A

volunteers keen to fight for the motherland

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92
Q

social impact: how many signed up from Moscow alone

A

120000

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93
Q

social impact: what did people fight for

A

some believed they were following tradition of pioneers that fought in civil war and others fought for community and locality

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94
Q

social impact: what did the panic induced by the german attack help to reunite

A

Russian society and provide cohesion that had been threatened in the 1930s

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95
Q

social impact: what did the central authorities step in to manage

A

society in the same way they directed agriculture and industry

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96
Q

social impact: what did the law introduced in December 1941 mobilise

A

all undrafted workers for war work

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97
Q

social impact: what became obligatory in the workplace and what was suspended

A

overtime became obligatory and holidays suspended

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98
Q

social impact: what was the working day increased to

A

12 hours

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99
Q

social impact: what was the average working week

A

70-77 hours

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100
Q

social impact: what were there severe punishments for in the workplace

A

negligence, lateness or absenteeism

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101
Q

social impact: what was unauthorised absence from work classed as

A

desertion punishable by death

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102
Q

social impact: what were confiscated from a soldier whilst he was in captivity

A

his familys military ration cards

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103
Q

social impact: what did stalin see the lives of red army soldiers as expendable in

A

the interests of the greater good

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104
Q

social impact: how many soldiers killed between 1941-45

A

8.6 million

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105
Q

social impact: what percentage of deaths suffered by ussr in war caused by starvation

A

25 million

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106
Q

social impact: why did health problems escalate

A

housing and fuel shortages as well as food shortages

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107
Q

social impact: why was there a housing shortage

A

priority was factory building first, accommodation second

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108
Q

social impact: what was used to maintain supplies

A

gulag labour

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109
Q

social impact: what was the death rate in the labour camps in 1942 and why was this not regarded as a problem

A

25%

slave labour regarded as endlessly renewable

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110
Q

social impact: what did stalin play on the connotations of to harness society for the war effort

A

great patriotic war

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111
Q

social impact: what were people encouraged to sacrifice themselves in the interests of

A

the holy mother Russia against the godless invaders and child killers

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112
Q

social impact: what were the non Russian nationalities told to join

A

join in with you Russian brothers- the home of a Russian is also your home

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113
Q

social impact: what were published in Pravda to inspire heroism and self sacrifice

A

deeply patriotic and violently anti german letters

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114
Q

social impact: what was the international (socialist anthem) replaced by in 1943

A

a new nationalistic song of the motherland

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115
Q

social impact: what did artists enjoy more freedom in the interests of

A

fostering an atmosphere of national reconciliation

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116
Q

social impact: on what terms were previously banned individuals allowed to work again on

A

so long as they avoided direct criticism of Marxist Leninism

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117
Q

social impact: what happened to churches

A

they were reopened and there was a respite in the persecution of them

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118
Q

social impact: developments involving the clergy

A

Russian patriarch restored and clergy released from camps

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119
Q

social impact: what happened to priests and bishops

A

they were officially vetted and had to swear an oath to the soviet state

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120
Q

social impact: what did stalin want to use the church for

A

to lift morale and strengthen the peoples resolve- attendance was encouraged

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121
Q

social impact: what did church services become

A

patriotic gatherings with sermons and prayers calling for victory and defiance of the germans

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122
Q

social impact: what did priests bless

A

troops and tanks and restored feelings of devotion to the motherland

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123
Q

social impact: how was the church not allowed any real autonomy

A

all Christian denominations placed under control of orthodox church- turned relgion into an arm of the gov

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124
Q

social impact: what did the war bring a reaffirmation of the importance of

A

the family

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125
Q

social impact: what were the new measures introduced in july 1944 trying to combat

A

falling birth rate and the deaths brought about by the war

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126
Q

social impact: who were taxes increased for

A

those with fewer than two children

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127
Q

social impact: what were restrictions tightened on

A

divorce

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128
Q

social impact: what was forbidden

A

abortion

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129
Q

social impact: what right was re-established

A

right to inherit family property

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130
Q

social impact: what were mothers of more than two made

A

heroines of the soviet union

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131
Q

social impact: why did womens burdens increase in wartime

A

they became essential members of the workforce and were expected to raise large families

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132
Q

social impact: what percentage of all soviet workers were women by 1945

A

50%

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133
Q

social impact: what percentage of land workers were women by 1945

A

4/5

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134
Q

social impact: what were recruited from women

A

local defence units and fire wardens

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135
Q

social impact: how many women fought in the soviet armed forces as pilots, snipers etc

A

over 500,000

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136
Q

social impact: what happened to womens pay rates between 1930 and 1945

A

they fell

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137
Q

social impact: why were some soviet citizens and red army soldiers forced to live in occupied territory

A

they found themselves left behind the german lines in the rapid advance of 1941

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138
Q

social impact: what tactics did partisan groups use to harass the enemy and sabotage operations

A

guerilla tactics

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139
Q

social impact: why was zoya kosmodemyansanka made a hero of the soviet union

A

partisan who refused to betray her comrades when caught by germans as she cut telephone cables

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140
Q

social impact: who, other than partisans, were liable to be the victims of harsh punishments at german hands

A

innocent villagers also massacred in reprisals because of partisan activity

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141
Q

stalin: what effect did the war have on stalins reputation

A

his reputation soared- turned into a national superhero

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142
Q

stalin: what soon adorned all public buildings to celebrate his image

A

paintings portraying him as the great wartime leader

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143
Q

stalin: what effect did the war have on stalins personality

A

he became more paranoid

suspicions of real/imagined enemies had grown

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144
Q

stalin: when was stalins increased paranoia most apparent

A

in his attitude to returning prisoners of war- stalin regarded them as tainted with western values

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145
Q

stalin: where were returning prisoners of war transferred to

A

from german to soviet labour camps

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146
Q

stalin: what was the fate of collaborationist soviet citizens who had fought for Germany against the USSR

A

THEY WERE IMMEDIATELY EXECUTED AND THEIR COMMUNITITES MADE TO SUFFER

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147
Q

stalin: example of those who were wiped out due to their support of german armies

A

the cossacks

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148
Q

stalin: where were servicemen returning to the ussr interrogated by the nkvd

A

in filtration camps

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149
Q

stalin: where were servicemen returning to ussr from abroad sent if they were believed to have potentially subversive views

A

gulags

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150
Q

stalin: what were servicemen with good war records given access to

A

higher education and rapid promotion to better jobs

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151
Q

government: what did stalin claim that the war had allowed the Stalinist system to prove

A

its unquestionable vitality

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152
Q

government: what did the soviet union emerge from the war as internationally

A

a great military power

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153
Q

government: what did the soviet union do as well as retaining all the regions occupied under Nazi-soviet pact and what effect did this have

A

took more which created a band of satellite states in eastern europe

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154
Q

government: how was victory portrayed

A

as a victory for the system, not the people

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155
Q

government: did stalin change his style of government at all after the war

A

no

retained positions of head of gov and party secretary

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156
Q

government: what did the last years of stalins life see a return to

A

the methods of the 1930s

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157
Q

people: how many people in the western provinces at the end of the war had nothing but wooden huts to live in

A

25 million

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158
Q

people: how were the war years in some way easier for some people

A

they offered ordinary people more opportunity for individual initiative and helped to bring state and people closer

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159
Q

people: what gave people new hope for change now the war was over

A

the sense of collective endeavour for their country, their gov and stalin

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160
Q

people: what helped to spread new liberal thinking

A

the comradeship among soldiers

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161
Q

people: what did army officers emerge from the war at the forefront of

A

the movement for greater liberalisation

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162
Q

people: what opened the eyes of ordinary soviet citizens and disproved the propaganda image of the dismal west

A

access western influence

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163
Q

when did stalins authority over state and party and his cult of personality reach its pinnicle

A

1945-53

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164
Q

how to describe stalins leadership in high Stalinism

A

undisputed

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165
Q

political high Stalinism: what was stalins approach to post war government

A

back to the future

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166
Q

political high Stalinism: what effect did stalin think increased party membership under lax wartime rule had

A

made party unwieldly and potentially unreliable

reputation of soviet military too high

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167
Q

political high Stalinism: what happened to wartime institutions

A

dismantled

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168
Q

political high Stalinism: when was the GKO dissolved

A

4 sept 1945

its functions returned to various commissariats

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169
Q

political high Stalinism: what happened to the military hierarchy

A

it was downgraded

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170
Q

political high Stalinism: who took the role of minister of defence

A

stalin

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171
Q

political high Stalinism: why was Zhukov demoted

A

seen as potential rival for popular adulation

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172
Q

political high Stalinism: what happened to zhukv

A

sent to military command in Odessa, losing his position on central committee of party

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173
Q

K’s rise to power: what was it announced on 6 march 1953 that Malenkov would combine roles of

A

secretary of central committee and chairman of council of ministers

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174
Q

K’s rise to power: why had Malenkov been forced by rivals to step down from party secretary

A

to concentrate on his governmental role

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175
Q

K’s rise to power: who took post of party secretary after Malenkov

A

khrushchev

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176
Q

K’s rise to power: who was a collective leadership established between in 1953

A

Molotov (foreign minister) and beria (head of MVD)

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177
Q

K’s rise to power: who did Khrushchev immediately begin appointing to important party posts when he became p secretary

A

his own proteges

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178
Q

K’s rise to power: where did Kh build himself a strong support network despite underestimation from others

A

in partys administrative machinery

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179
Q

K’s rise to power: who emerged as leader who was most anxious to depart from Stalinist policies

A

beria

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180
Q

K’s rise to power: what did the popularity of berias pronouncements and power of his office cause alarm

A

at the top of party hierarchy

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181
Q

K’s rise to power: who conspired against beria

A

Malenkov and other presidium members including Khr

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182
Q

K’s rise to power: who did presidium members arrange berias arrest at hands of in June 1953

A

military

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183
Q

K’s rise to power: what was beria accused of in the anti beria campaign

A

criminal anti party and anti state activites

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184
Q

K’s rise to power: what was the fate of beria

A

he was secretly tried and executed on 24 December 1953

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185
Q

K’s rise to power: what happened to berias supporters

A

they were purged

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186
Q

K’s rise to power: what was the leadership divided on

A

foreign policy, industrial and agricultural policy and the role of the party

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187
Q

K’s rise to power: what did Malenkov place above the party

A

government

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188
Q

K’s rise to power: what did Malenkov attempt to launch with molotovs backing

A

to use his influence to launch a new course

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189
Q

K’s rise to power: what did Malenkov want to change in his new course

A

collective farm policy, reduce peasant taxes and put more investment into consumer goods

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190
Q

K’s rise to power: who did khruschev place party before

A

government

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191
Q

K’s rise to power: what did khrushchevs proposals include

A

a less radical proposal for the parallel development of heavy and light industry and sold himself as an agricultural expert- launching virgin lands scheme

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192
Q

K’s rise to power: what did the early success of the VLS help

A

to rally the party behind Khrushchev

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193
Q

K’s rise to power: why was Malenkov forced to step down as chairman of the council of ministers in fb 1955

A

he found himself isolated

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194
Q

K’s rise to power: what role did Malenkov sake after stepping down as chairman

A

minister for power stations

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195
Q

K’s rise to power: who was Malenkov succeeded by as chairman of the council of ministers

A

bulganin

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196
Q

K’s rise to power: until when did khr and Bulganin act as joint leaders

A

1958

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197
Q

K’s rise to power: when was there an attempt to unseat Khrushchev

A

in 1957 when himself and Bulganin were on a visit to finland

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198
Q

K’s rise to power: how did Khrushchev prevent himself being unseated 1957 despite majority vote in presidium

A

he insisted the matter be put to central committee

ensured those favourable were brought to Moscow to vote in his favour

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199
Q

K’s rise to power: how did krushchev benefit from the support of Zhukov

A

he’d been brought back into power as deputy minister for defence and thus brought red army support

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200
Q

K’s rise to power: who did Zhukov speak out against

A

Malenkov, Molotov and their supporter kaganovich

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201
Q

K’s rise to power: what did the plotters become known as

A

the anti party group

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202
Q

K’s rise to power: what happened to the plotters

A

duly outvoted by central committee and accused of conservatism and involvement in purges of 1930s

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203
Q

K’s rise to power: where were plotters sent after being expelled from central committee

A

sent to jobs far from Moscow

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204
Q

K’s rise to power: how were Zhukov and others rewarded for their support to Khrushchev

A

seats in the presidium

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205
Q

K’s rise to power: why was Zhukov dismissed in October 1957

A

Khrushchev was not content to be reliant on others

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206
Q

K’s rise to power: what was Zhukov accused of in the propaganda campaign against him

A

hindering party work in the army and creating his own personality cult

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207
Q

K’s rise to power: what was Bulganin accused of in march 1958

A

encouraging anti party group

forced to step down and krushchev took over

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208
Q

destalinisation: how had Khrushcehv began to reverse Stalinist policies before first party congress since stalins death

A

released those accused of doctors plot, beria police and gulag system attacked and cultural thaw was underway

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209
Q

destalinisation: what did the congress offer an opportunity to explain

A

the change in direction

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210
Q

destalinisation: who didn’t want reopening of past despite most of presidium welcoming dismantling of terror

A

those who had been involved in purges

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211
Q

destalinisation: how was Khrushchev speaking out against stalin to be held

A

in secret and none of 1400 delegates were allowed to ask questions

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212
Q

destalinisation: what did khruschev use when preparing his speech

A

material that had been assembled by a secial commission of the central committee into the abuses under stalin

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213
Q

destalinisation: when did khrushcehv accuse stalin of in his speech

A

responsibility for purges, terror, torture, mass arrests executions and gulags

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214
Q

destalinisation: how was the speech met

A

with restounding applause

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215
Q

destalinisation: how were copies sent out despite it being in secret

A

copies sent to foreign parties and its cotent filtered down through party ranks in ussr

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216
Q

destalinisation: what did gorbachev demand

A

that those responsible for Stalinist crimes be punished- Khrushchev avoided comment

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217
Q

destalinisation: what did the speech pay limited attention to

A

purging of ordinary soviet citizens and accepted economic controls, strong leadership, single party and elimination of factions as legit

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218
Q

destalinisation: what did speech try to justify

A

a good deal of continuity

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219
Q

political and party change: what did both party and state gov institutions become under stalin

A

mere rubber stamping organisations dependent on one man

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220
Q

political and party change: why did party and state gov institutions assume a renewed importance as centres for debate and decision making

A

as a result of power struggle

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221
Q

political and party change: what happened to the police after berias arrest and execution

A

in 1934 they were under authority of party and gov

secret police reduced in size

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222
Q

political and party change: what marked a move away from police influence in state matters

A

political amnesties and a partial revival of an independent judicial system

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223
Q

political and party change: who gained most from berias fall

A

the party

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224
Q

political and party change: what was Khrushchev returning to when he sought the support of the central committee in 1957

A

the traditional hierarchy of power, as advocated by lenin

225
Q

political and party change: what effect did it have that Khruschev reverted back to traditional hierarchy of power

A

helped restore position of party back to something like 1920s

226
Q

political and party change: what 2 other goals were sought by Khrushchev iin 1957

A
  • democratisation- weakening bureaucracy more responsibility to people
  • decentralisation- more initiatives to localities
227
Q

political and party change: what was the party split into in 1962 to fulfil Khrushchevs twin goals

A

urban and rural sections at all levels

228
Q

political and party change: what new rules were introduced in order to fulfil khrushchevs twin goals

A

limited how long party officials could serve

229
Q

political and party change: what was membership expanded from 1956-1964

A

7 million 1956

11 million 1964

230
Q

political and party change: what effect did widening of membership have on party

A

broadened party’s popular base as it brought more working class members

reduced power of higher level bureaucrats

231
Q

political and party change: what happened to local soviets and comrade courts as a result of khrushchevs twin goals

A

role of local soviets augmented and comrade courts to handle minor offences revived

232
Q

political and party change: what were non party members encouraged to do under khrushchevs twin goals

A

to take supervisory roles

some invited to party congresses

233
Q

political and party change: why did Khrushchev visit villages and towns

A

showed personal desire for first hand contact with people

234
Q

political and party change: what was pursued economically under khrushchevs twin goals

A

decentralisation

235
Q

political and party change: what was the autocratic terror state of stalin replaced by in this era

A

the central gov system that was similar to that of mid 1920s

236
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: how much of the USSRs industrial capacity had been destroyed by ww2

A

70%

237
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what effect did ww2 have on the ussrs workforce

A

severely reduced it

238
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did the USSR face a huge defence budget

A

as it policed its new satellite states and met the costs of the emerging cold war

239
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what did stalin refuse to allow territories under soviet influence to receive in 1947

A

US marshall aid

240
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did stalin establish cominform

A

to counter western propaganda

241
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did stalin establish comecom

A

to link the eastern European countries that formed the soviet bloc economically

242
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: why did the redistribution of industry in the war years provide a broad base for industrial recovery

A

expanded eastern industrial areas permitted exploitation of new sources of raw materials and energy

243
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what was essential to rebuild

A

the devastated western areas

244
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: what did gosplan coordinate to meet soviet needs

A

two more 5yp following the same target setting methods that had been used before the war

245
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: fourth 5yp

A

1946-50

246
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: aims of fourth 5yp

A
  • catch up with USA
  • rebuild heavy industry and transport
  • revive Ukraine
247
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: detail of 4th 5yp

A
  • use of extensive reparations from East Germany
  • maintenance of wartime controls on labour force- long hours, low wages etc
  • ‘grand projects’- canals and HEP plants
248
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: results 4th 5yp

A
  • USSR became second to USA in industrial capacity
  • most targets in heavy industry met
  • prod doubled and urban workforce increased
  • by end 1947, Dnieper Dam power station in action again
  • industrially stronger than pre war
249
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: 5th 5yp

A

1951-55

250
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: aims 5th 5yp

A
  • continuation of development of heavy industry and transport
  • post 1953, under Malenkov, consumer goods, housing and services received stronger investment
251
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: detail 5th 5yp

A
  • continuation 4th 5yp but resources diverted to rearmament during Korean war
  • after stalins death, Malenkov reduced expenditure of military and heavy industry
252
Q

industrial development under stalin 1945-53: results

A
  • most growth targets met
  • national income increased 71%
  • Malenkov’s changes met opposition resulting in hi loss of leadership 1955
253
Q

industrial development under Khrushchev 1953-64: which issues were one of most hotly debated areas during leadership struggle after 1953

A

economic issues

254
Q

industrial development under Khrushchev 1953-64: which Malenkov proposal did Khrushchev initially oppose

A

to move the economic focus away from heavy industry to light industry

255
Q

industrial development under Khrushchev 1953-64: what effect did the industrial changes that K introduced when in power have

A

went some way to changing rigid Stalinist planning system that he inherited and also took steps towards developing new industrial areas

256
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: ministers in moscow

A

set different industrial targets for each enterprise

257
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: administrators

A

too few to make the system work properly

258
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: exceeding targets

A
  • enterprises judged and given bonuses according to success in fulfilling output targets
  • exceeding targets would mean targets raised next year
  • managers preferred to play safe, hide productive capacity of their enterprises and avoid too much innovation and improvement
259
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: disincentive to modernisation

A
  • output targets assessed usually by weight
  • heavy goods favoured over lighter ones
  • regardless of what consumers wanted
260
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: issues with Stalinist system: why were increasing amounts of capital investment needed to even stand still

A

resources not being efficiently used

261
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: when was the 6th 5yp introduced

A

1956

262
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: why was the 6th 5yp abandoned after 2 years

A

its targets were over optimistic

263
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what took place in 1957 related to ministries

A

60 Moscow ministries abolished

264
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what took place in 1957 division of USSR

A

USSR divided into 105 economic regions each with own economic council (sovnarkoz) to plan and supervise economic affairs

265
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what ulterior political motive did the reforms in 1957 have

A

removed Malenkov’s men and extended Khrushchev’s patronage network in the localities

266
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what was set up to supervise new 7 year plan

A

state committees and a new supreme economic council

267
Q

when was 7 year plan announced

A

1959

268
Q

industrial change: what did the 7yp of 1959 have an emphasis on

A

improving standards of living for ordinary people

269
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what was promised of the 7yp by 1965

A

40% wage rise and 40 hour week

270
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what were the targets laid down by the 7yp plan merged into

A

a 7th 5yp 1961-65

271
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what slogan were the 7yp and the 7th 5yp trumpeted with

A

‘catch up and overtake the USA by 1970

272
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what was there a slight shift in priorities to in the 7yp and 7th 5yp

A

from old heavy industries to previously neglected modern industries

273
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what industry was there a vast expansion in under the 7yp and 7th 5yp

A

chemicals industry

274
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what were housing factories to produce under 7yp and 7th 5yp

A

prefabricated sections for new flats

275
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what industry was production increased in under 7yp and 7th 5yp

A

consumer industries

276
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what was there greater exploitation of 7yp and 7th 5yp

A

USSRs resources

277
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed the world at the Brussels World Fair in 1958

A

impressive displays of Soviet technology

278
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair railways

A

had been electrified/ had engines converted to run of diesel
network also greatly expanded

279
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair air transport

A

expanded and Aeroflot corporation subsided to offer cheap long distance passenger travel

280
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair- what did USSR launch in 1957 space

A

earths first artificial satellite- sputnik

281
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair when did sputnik ii take laika into orbit

A

1957

282
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair when was a red flag placed on the moon and pictures of dark side of moon taken

A

1959

283
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair what was the worlds first nuclear powered ship called and when was it launched

A

1959- called Lenin

284
Q

decentralisation and industrial planning: what amazed at Brussels world fair how did space science make continuous advances

A

-test flight brought two dogs back to earth alive
-April 1961- Yuri Gargarin became first human in space
1963- Valentina Tereshkova became first female cosmonaut

285
Q

results of industrial change: how successful did Khrushchev appear statistically

A

very successful;

286
Q

results of industrial change: what was Khrushchevs ambition greater than

A

his achievement

287
Q

results of industrial change: what effect did his decentralisation measures have

A

added another layer of bureaucracy

288
Q

results of industrial change: when was Khrushchevs system rapidly abandoned

A

in 1965, shortly after his fall from power

289
Q

results of industrial change: what were there still limitations on despite living standards improving

A

limitations on quality of life

290
Q

results of industrial change: heavy spending on what distorted the economy

A

armaments and space race

291
Q

results of industrial change: did USSR come near to overtaking its rival USA in economic growth

A

narrowed gap between them but no where near to overtaking

292
Q

results of industrial change: from when did industrial growth begin to slow down significantly

A

1958

from 10% per annum for prev decade to 7.5% in 1964

293
Q

results of industrial change: which industry was industrial decline particularly marked in

A

consumer industries- 2% growth 1964

294
Q

results of industrial change: what was success in space race owed to

A

excessive risk taking

Laika died in orbit

295
Q

results of industrial change: despite good soviet rocketry

A

instrumentation unsophisticated and inferior to USA

296
Q

results of industrial change: gap between state supported industries and what widened

A

others

297
Q

results of industrial change: what did shop assistants use in ussrs first supermarkets

A

abacuses rather than cash registers

298
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: what state had soviet agricultural been left in by the war

A

a desperate state

299
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: what effect had the ‘scorched earth’ policy had on western regions

A

destroyed it

1/3 farms left operational

300
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: what did the 2 post war 5yp promote

A

revival

301
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 4th 5yp aims

A
  • force kolkhozes to deliver agricultural products
  • revive wheat fields of Ukraine
  • transform nature and revitalise barren land
302
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 4th 5yp detail

A
  • massive state direction: high quotas for grain and livestock/ low peasant wages
  • higher taxes on produce from private plots and private land absorbed in war returned to kolkozes
  • tree plantations, canals and irrigation ditches to make more land usable
  • followed Lysenko ideas
303
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 4th 5yp results

A
  • state procured 70% 1946 harvest, leaving peasants with little
  • output kolkhozes increased but not to 1930s levels
  • incentives remained low
  • almost half of output came from private plots
  • lagged behind industry
  • Lysenko’s ideas perpetuated inaccurate theories which held farming back
304
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: 5th 5yp aims

A

-continuation of 4th 5yp aims plus Kh initiative to develop virgin lands and build agrocities from 1953

305
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: detail 5th 5yp

A
  • high procurement levels maintained

- expansion of agriculture in formerly uncultivated areas

306
Q

agriculture under Stalin 1945-53: results 5th 5yp

A

-ag prod still behind industry and not yet level of 1940

307
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what did Khrushchev pride himself on

A

his agricultural expertise

308
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what suggested he was interested in farming matters

A
  • from peasant background

- enjoyed spending time in countryside talking to peasants

309
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what did Khrushchev tell central committee about limitations of agricultural production under stalin

A

they had been concealed by unreliable statistics and grain output and number of livestock reared less than last years of tsarist russia

310
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what was stalins encouragement of particular farming methods criticised as

A

counter productive

311
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: whos ideas did Khrushchev favour

A

Lysenko- his ideas were scientifically dubious

312
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: who did Khrushchev place the implementation of reforms in the hands of

A

local party organisations

313
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: whos powers were reduced under Khrushchev

A

the ministry of agricultures

314
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what were several measures produced to incentivise peasants to do

A

produce more

315
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to the price paid for state procurements of grain and other agricultural goods

A

raised

316
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to state procurement quotas

A

reduced

317
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to taxes

A

reduced

318
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to quotas on peasants private plots

A

cut

319
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: which peasants were no longer required to deliver meat to the state

A

those who didn’t own animals

320
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what were collectives allowed to do

A

set own production targets and choose how to use lands

321
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: for which 2 purposes did Khrushchev implement agricultural change

A

to incentivise peasants to produce more and to increase production

322
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to the number of farms connected to electricity grid

A

increased

323
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: when was the campaign for increased use of feritiliser

A

1962

324
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what happened to usage of farm machinery

A

increased

325
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: where were collectives able to buy farm machinery from

A

machine tractor stations

326
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what were the encouragements to merge collective farms to create

A

larger farms

327
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what was the result of the encouragement to merge collective farms

A

number of collectives halved 1950-60 and number of ‘state farms’ increased

328
Q

virgin lands scheme: in which areas did Khrushchev believe that grazing lands that hadn’t been used should be ploughed

A

western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan

329
Q

virgin lands scheme: how did the first scheme of 1953 prove

A

successful

330
Q

virgin lands scheme: what happened as a result of the first scheme proving successful

A

cultivated area extended and huge campaign launched to attract farmers to settle in these parts

331
Q

virgin lands scheme: who were encouraged to spend time on new farms and help to build settlements

A

members of Komsomol

332
Q

virgin lands scheme: how many hectares of virgin lands had been ploughed by 1956

A

35.9 million

333
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why did Khrushchev launch campaigns for new crops

A

thought it would be answer to ussrs food shortages

334
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why did Khrushchev think maize would be answer to food shortages

A

produced a high tonnage per hectare

animal and human consumption

335
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what was the idea of agrocities

A

huge collective farms/towns in an attempt to replicare urban conditions of work and living on land- greater efficiency

336
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: how successful were agrocities

A

never got beyond the visionary stage

337
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: how successful were the new measures to encourage peasants to put more effort into their work

A

failed

338
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why did attempt to get peasants to spend more time on communal farms as opposed to private plots fail

A

private plots provided half of peasants income and contributed over 30% of produce sold in USSR

339
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why did the new pricing system prove a failure

A

state officials kept altering prices so farmers found it difficult to plan ahead

340
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why was the selling of tractors less effective than it might have been

A

too few farmers capable of carrying out repairs and peasants not prepared to pay repair stations to service the machinery

341
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: why was the virgin lands scheme less successful in longer term than it seemed at first

A
  • climactic conditions not taken itno account

- land work so intentionally and without rotation that land erosion took place and soil became infertile

342
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: who was ussr forced to import grain from following bad harvest in 1963

A

north America

343
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what was there a limited rise in the production of

A

milk

344
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: did khrushchevs cornflakes go down well

A

no

345
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: what did the soviet controlled press donate many pages to

A

exalting new initiatives and commenting on carefully massaged statiatics

346
Q

agriculture under Khrushchev: whydid it ultimately fails

A

too many different initiatives carried out with insufficient thought

347
Q

What city was surrounded by the end of August 1941? Where were German forces on the outskirts of?

A

Leningrad

Moscow

348
Q

How much of Russia’s heavy industry was in German hands? What country’s fate was hung in the balance?

A

50%

Soviet Union

349
Q

What massive effort was required to halt the Nazi onslaught? What needed to be mobilised?

A

Military effort

All economic resources

350
Q

What had the Russian economy been put on a war footing by? What 2 concepts were emphasised in this plan?

A

FYP
Heavy industry
Armament

351
Q

What part of the regime was of great value during the war effort? What couldn’t have been achieved without this?

A

Centralisation

Triumph

352
Q

What evacuation was one of Russia’s greatest achievements? Who were these people beyond the reach of?

A

People being evacuated to the Ural mountains

German forces

353
Q

Where was Russia’s planned economy triumphant? How did Historian Orlando Figes describe the revolution present in Russia?

A

Ural mountains

“The revolution won the war”

354
Q

How many factories were moved East or newly built? Who was nearly all industrial production geared to?

A

Thousands

Military

355
Q

What 2 things did built railways connect together?

A

Industrial bases to the war fronts

356
Q

What 2 reasons were factories placed under martial law?

A

Labour discipline

Labour productivity

357
Q

What were 2 reasons harsh punishments were given?

A

Poor work

Lateness

358
Q

How many weekly working hours became the norm? What kind of rationing was introduced?

A

72 hour-weeks

Strict rationing

359
Q

By what year did Russia’s production exceed Germany?

A

1943

360
Q

How many vehicles, planes and tanks did the US provide for Russia? How many million tons of food were provided?

A

Thousands

5 million tons

361
Q

What 2 things did prison camp labour produce?

A

Weaponry

Uniform

362
Q

To what extreme were prisoners worked? Where was this similar disregard also shown?

A

Until death

Human lives in the army

363
Q

What didn’t the military’s strategic aims take into consideration? How many troops died during the war?

A

Human lives

8.6 million

364
Q

How many people lost their lives during the war? How did many people die?

A

25 million

Starvation

365
Q

How long was Leningrad besieged for? What 3 things were unavailable?

A

Over 2 years

Heating, lighting and water

366
Q

How many people died in cities during the winter of 1941-42? What 2 countries does this total exceed during the whole war?

A

800,000

UK/US combined

367
Q

What emphasised patriotism in order to drive the invader out of Mother Russia? How did many people respond to this?

A

Propaganda

They were willing to face extreme hardship

368
Q

During what time period had many soldiers in the war previously faced harsh conditions? Why were they willing to do this again?

A

1930s

Hope for a better future

369
Q

How many collective farmers were women during the war? How would they often pull ploughs?

A

4/5

By hand

370
Q

Why were churches allowed to reopen? What did they support the defence of?

A

To boost morale

“Holy Mother Russia”

371
Q

What feeling did government propaganda exploit? What memories were invoked by it?

A

Nationalism

Tsarism

372
Q

What 2 groups did the war bring together? Who emerged as the nation’s saviour, but more feared than ever?

A

Government and people

Stalin

373
Q

What does Historian J. P. Netti say that Stalin thanked the Russian people for?

A

Stalin “thanked the Russian people for their confidence in their government”

374
Q

What had most Soviet people made in the hope for a better future? What happened to these hopes?

A

Huge sacrifices

Dashed

375
Q

Who became Russia’s new enemy post-war? What War did Russia have to prepare for?

A

USA

Cold War

376
Q

What didn’t take place in Russia after 1945? Where was Russia sealed off from?

A

Reform

The West

377
Q

What was increased in Russia? What force was strengthened?

A

Censorship

NKVD

378
Q

Whose rule appeared to be stronger after victory in war? Who did he still fear?

A

Stalin’s rule

Rivals

379
Q

What Committee did Stalin abolish to strengthen his control? What group was demoted?

A

State Defence Committee

High-ranking army generals

380
Q

Who was posted far away from Moscow? Why?

A

Zhukov

Stalin saw him as a rival

381
Q

What role did Stalin make himself? Who did he become more suspicious of?

A

Defence Minister

Those around him

382
Q

What 2 organisations did Stalin dispense with?

A

Central Committee

Politburo

383
Q

When was the first post-war party congress? Who did Stalin rely on to bypass his party and assert authority?

A

1952

Private advisers

384
Q

What did Stalin revive as a political weapon? What didn’t this reach post-war?

A

Terror

Pre-war levels

385
Q

How many people were executed for “counter-revolutionary” activities? What are 2 of the more significant purges?

A

Thousands
“Leningrad Affair”
“Doctors’ Plot”

386
Q

Who did Stalin turn on in 1949? What did the organisation’s leaders show?

A

The Leningrad Party organisation

Independence and solidarity

387
Q

Who were 2 leaders of the Leningrad Party seen as successors of? What did Stalin do to these people?

A

Stalin

Shot

388
Q

What did the Cold War breed an intense fear of? What could Soviet citizens be arrested for?

A

Foreigners

Contact with a foreigner

389
Q

Who was Stalin particularly fearful of? How many lived in the Soviet Union?

A

Jews

2 million

390
Q

What had Stalin supported the created state of in 1948? What did he become afraid of when it turned out to be pro-American?

A

Israel

Jewish support

391
Q

What did Stalin falsely announce about Kremlin doctors in 1952? How many of these “white-coated assassins” were Jewish?

A

They tried to kill him and others

7 out of 9

392
Q

How many Kremlin doctors were arrested? What were they tortured into?

A

Hundreds

Confessions

393
Q

What happened to thousands of Jews after they were forced into making false confessions? What camps did they enter?

A

They were deported

Labour camps

394
Q

What anti-religious feeling was hyped up by Stalin and the press? When did Stalin die, at the height of the hype?

A

Anti-semitism

5th March 1953

395
Q

What was Stalin portrayed as before and during the war in Russia? What did he embody?

A

Leader

The nation

396
Q

What was Stalin increasingly recognised as after victory in 1945?

A

“The father of the peoples of the USSR”

397
Q

What was Stalin the Georgian portrayed as? Who were 3 heroes he was portrayed as following?

A

A great Russian
Ivan the Terrible
Peter the Great
Lenin

398
Q

Whose birthday was the biggest in the Soviet calendar? What was carried around in Red Square, Moscow?

A

Stalin’s

Flags with his image on

399
Q

When did Stalin’s “cult of personality” reach its height? What was Stalin portrayed as?

A

Post-war

A “man of the people”

400
Q

What was suspended in the sky over Moscow on Stalin’s 70th birthday? How was it lit up at night?

A

Stalin’s portrait

Search lights

401
Q

When was Stalin’s death announced? Who would’ve rejoiced at this?

A

March 1953

Prisoners in labour camps

402
Q

What was present in Russia following Stalin’s death announcement? What was considered to be alarming about Stalin’s death?

A

Widespread and genuine grief

Future prospects without Stalin

403
Q

Who had been Russia’s saviour during the war? What did he represent in Russia?

A

Stalin

Stability

404
Q

What did poet Yevtushenko write about Stalin’s death?

A

“All Russia wept. So did I.”

405
Q

What was Sakharov overcome by following Stalin’s death? What did he become critical of later on?

A

“The great man’s death”

Soviet regime

406
Q

What did Sakharov realise about the Stalinist system post-Stalin? Who was Stalin buried next to?

A

The extent of the system’s deceit

Lenin

407
Q

Who became increasingly frail in their later years? What had they not attempted to prepare?

A

Stalin

A successor

408
Q

Who did Stalin continue to have play off one another for the Party leadership? What did Stalin encourage?

A

Ministers

Rivalry

409
Q

When was a Party Congress finally called? What 2 members of the Politburo made speeches?

A

1952

Malenkov and Khrushchev

410
Q

What was announced about the Politburo in the 1952 Party Congress?

A

It would be replaced with a larger Presidium

411
Q

What did many suspect Stalin was preparing for? Why?

A

More purges

New members got senior positions

412
Q

What wasn’t ready when Stalin died? Who were the 3 main contenders for power?

A

A successor
Beria
Malenkov
Molotov

413
Q

What does Historian Robert Service state about the “several problems left behind by Stalin”?

A

“The several problems left behind by Stalin complicated and aggravated each other”

414
Q

What type of leadership followed Stalin’s death? What 2 factors presented a power struggle behind the scenes?

A

Collective leadership
Policy
Rivalry

415
Q

Who was the dominant contender for leadership? What did he present himself as?

A

Beria

A reformer

416
Q

Who issued an amnesty to present himself as a reformer? How many prisoners were released?

A

Beria

A million

417
Q

What consequence followed Beria’s amnesty?

A

Most prisoners were criminals, not political

418
Q

What 2 leadership groups feared Beria? What were they suspicious of?

A

Senior party leaders
Military leaders
His intentions

419
Q

Who conspired and carried out Beria’s arrest? What was Beria accused of and shot for?

A

The military

The worst excesses of Stalinism

420
Q

Whose downfall saw a coup? Who organised the coup?

A

Beria’s

Khrushchev

421
Q

What did Khrushchev emerge from the Beria coup with? Why didn’t other leaders see him as a threat?

A

Political authority

His peasant background

422
Q

What position did Khrushchev use to build up party power? Which previous figure also did this?

A

General Secretary

Stalin

423
Q

Who proposed popular economic measures as PM? What 2 things did he want to boost?

A

Malenkov

Agriculture and consumer goods

424
Q

Who was blamed for the 1953 poor harvest? What did Khrushchev propose because of this?

A

Malenkov

Virgin Lands scheme

425
Q

What was the Virgin Lands scheme met with by critics originally?

A

Success

426
Q

Which 2 groups of leaders did Khrushchev ally himself with? What didn’t they like about Malenkov?

A

Heavy industry and army

His policies

427
Q

When was Malenkov forced out as PM by leaders?

A

1955

428
Q

When did Khrushchev give his “secret speech”? Where was the speech delivered?

A

February 1956

20th Congress of the Communist Party

429
Q

Who did Khrushchev want to break the hold of in Soviet Russia in his “secret speech”? What did he want new leadership to do?

A

Stalin

Make changes and move on

430
Q

Who did Khrushchev want to absolve of complicity in terror during his “secret speech”?

A

Party leaders

431
Q

What did Khrushchev criticise Stalin for? What did he blame him for personally?

A

“Abuses of power”

Terror

432
Q

What complex did Khrushchev attack about Stalin? What did he imply death was a result of?

A

“Cult of personality”

Stalin’s “mania for greatness”

433
Q

Why didn’t Khrushchev’s killing list of innocents go back before 1934? Who didn’t he blame for the murders?

A

He only wanted to blacken Stalin’s reputation

The Party

434
Q

What did Khrushchev want to restore faith in with his “secret speech”?

A

The party of Lenin

435
Q

What did some observers see de-Stalinisation as the start of? How many prisoners were released by 1960?

A 
A new era of tolerance and freedom
2 million (some never got home)
436
Q

What was eased due to de-Stalinisation? What rule was the Soviet Union still under?

A

Censorship

One-party rule

437
Q

What happened to secret police power under Khrushchev? What were they known as?

A

Diminished

KGB

438
Q

What did many Party members ask post-“secret speech”? What were the more critical members expelled and labelled as?

A

Why leaders didn’t speak out on Stalinism

“Rotten elements”

439
Q

What did most Russians hope for after the hardship and suffering experienced in wartime? What Plan was returned?

A

Better quality of life

Five-Year Plans

440
Q

What did Russia want to rebuild after 1945? Why did they want to rearm?

A

The economy

For the Cold War

441
Q

What 2 areas were given priority in the Five-Year Plans?

A

Heavy industry

Defence

442
Q

What 2 areas were ignored in the new Five-Year Plan?

A

Consumer goods

Infrastructure

443
Q

How many towns had the War destroyed? How many villages?

A

1,710 towns

70,000 villages

444
Q

How many factories had the War destroyed? How many collective farms had stopped working?

A

30,000 factories

100,000 farms

445
Q

What 2 industries were rebuilt after 1945? What reopened?

A

Factories
Steel works
Mines

446
Q

What 2 areas of production passed 1940 levels post-war?

A

Coal

Steel

447
Q

What weapon was tested by Russia in 1949? Who did this show that the Soviet Union was catching up with?

A

Atomic bomb

US

448
Q

In what 2 factors was the new Five-Year Plan achieved?

A

Longer hours

Harsh discipline

449
Q

What did the prison camps provide for the workforce? How much did the population rise from 1945 to 1950?

A

Unpaid labour

500,000 to 1 million

450
Q

Where did peasants continue to be squeezed of their resources?

A

Countryside

451
Q

How much of peasants’ grain did the state take? Why was this an issue?

A

70%

They could barely feed themselves

452
Q

Who paid low prices for grain? What 2 things saw grain exports increase so they could be paid for?

A

Peasants
Industry
Military

453
Q

Where did famine take place again in 1946-47? Approximately how many people died?

A

Countryside

Over a million

454
Q

What standards did Khrushchev recognise needed to be raised? What did he need to tackle?

A

Living standards

Poverty

455
Q

What shortage was present in Russia? What advancement did Khrushchev want to bring to Russia that previous leaders promised?

A

Housing shortage

Material advancement

456
Q

What pay did Khrushchev increase for peasants? What did he cut?

A

Grain payments

Taxes

457
Q

What was the name of the big house-building programme Khrushchev developed?

A

The “Virgin Lands” scheme

458
Q

What shortages did the Virgin Lands scheme want to solve? What would be developed to do this?

A

Chronic food shortages

Developing uncultivated land in Siberia and Kazakhstan

459
Q

How many people were mobilised to go East and and become pioneers of the Virgin Lands scheme? Who were most of these people?

A

300,000

Young party enthusiasts

460
Q

How did the Virgin Lands scheme appear initially? How much did grain production rise from 1954 to 1958?

A

Successful

75%

461
Q

What was an issue with most of the uncultivated land in the Virgin Lands scheme? What was it subject to?

A

It was on the edge of deserts

Drought

462
Q

What was an issue with the soil used in the Virgin Lands scheme?

A

It wasn’t properly prepared or fertilised

463
Q

What happened to the top soil used in the Virgin Lands scheme? What erosion was it subject to?

A

It became arid

Wind erosion

464
Q

How could the planning of the Virgin Lands scheme be described? How was it implemented?

A

Poorly

Too hastily

465
Q

How could the management of the Virgin Lands scheme be described?

A

Ineffective and inefficient

466
Q

Who suffered with poor housing during the Virgin Lands scheme? What happened as enthusiasm waned?

A

Volunteers

Many drifted back to the comfortable city life

467
Q

Why did the Soviet Union have to import large amounts of grain from North America in 1963?

A

To avoid famine

468
Q

What did Khrushchev recognise the need for within Russia’s industry? What development was emphasised?

A

Modernisation

Technological development

469
Q

Who did Khrushchev want the Soviet Union to “catch up with and overtake” in industry? What ideology did he want to prove worked?

A

“Catch up with and overtake America”

Communism

470
Q

In what 2 industrial resources did investment increase? What goods production increased?

A

Oil
Natural gas
Consumer goods

471
Q

Whose economy was Russia’s economy growing faster than by the late 1950s? What did the Soviets launch into orbit in 1957, the first ever?

A

US

Satellite

472
Q

Why was Soviet prestige increased in 1961? What was the name of this man?

A

Russia launched the first man to space in history

Yuri Gagarin

473
Q

Who gained more control from Khrushchev’s reorganisation of management? How many factories were transferred from central government to regional government?

A

Producers

11,000

474
Q

What did regional devolution measures strengthen? What did this come at the expense of?

A

The Communist Party

Economic ministries in Moscow

475
Q

Whose power and control was strengthened by devolution? What did increasing costs in defence and space cause in the early 1960s?

A

Khrushchev’s control

Slow growth

476
Q

What does Historian Edward Acton believe the growth in agricultural production leave behind?

A

“The growth in agricultural production left the stagnation of Stalinism behind”

477
Q

What standards were there very little improvement of in social life under Stalin?

A

Living standards

478
Q

What 2 areas remained few, poor and in short supply during social life under Stalin?

A

Consumer goods

Housing

479
Q

How many working hours per day remained the norm within social life under Stalin?

A

12 hours a day

480
Q

How much smaller was the pay of a Kolkhoz worker compared to a factory worker?

A

1/6 smaller

481
Q

What was Stalin determined to make Soviet culture superior to? What did this anti-Westernism shape in Russia’s art?

A

Liberal Western culture

Policy

482
Q

What values were workers and artists attacked for showing?

A

“Bourgoisie”, non-Soviet values

483
Q

What ideology was Khrushchev a “true believer” in? What was he determined to show?

A

Communism

It could achieve a better life for people

484
Q

What 2 areas did Khrushchev give priority to? Why did he especially do this?

A

Consumer goods
Housing
To show the Soviet Union compared with the West

485
Q

What 2 consumer goods began appearing in Russian homes?

A

Fridges

TVs

486
Q

Why were wage differences reduced? What wage was increased?

A

To ease the gulf between managers and workers

Minimum wage

487
Q

What 3 groups did pensions expand to?

A

Elderly
Sick
Disabled

488
Q

For what 2 reasons was pension expansion important?

A

Many were permanently injured from war

There were many one-parent families

489
Q

What construction increased? How many people moved into homes from 1956-65?

A

Housing construction

108 million

490
Q

What was an issue with the quality of housing construction? Why did this still change lives?

A

They were poorly made

People no longer shared accommodation

491
Q

What 3 groups and facilities increased in society?

A

Doctors
Hospitals
Students in higher education

492
Q

Who still only received privileges? What are 3 things they got access to?

A

Senior party officials
Special healthcare
Holidays
Cars

493
Q

What propaganda was stepped up? How many of all religious places of worship had been closed down?

A

Anti-religious propaganda

3/4

494
Q

What nationalities came under more control from Moscow? Who were the top jobs reserved for?

A

Non-Russian nationalities

Russians

495
Q

From where did it become easier to access news from? Where did many people tune into for trustworthy news despite its proscribition?

A

The West

Foreign radio stations

496
Q

What book was published in 1962? Who authored it?

A

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

497
Q

How long had Solzhenitsyn spent in a labour camp? Why did his book strike a chord with those who were recently released from camps?

A

8 years

It was a fictional account of his own experiences

498
Q

How many copies of Denisovich were sold in 6 months?

A

A million

499
Q

Who authored Dr Zhivago? Why didn’t it pass the censors?

A

Boris Pasternak

It was critical of the October Revolution

500
Q

When was Dr Zhivago published abroad? What Prize did Pasternak gain, but not allowed to accept?

A

1957

Nobel Prize

501
Q

What book circulated illegally around the Soviet Union? How many attended the author’s funeral in 1960?

A

Dr Zhivago - Pasternak

Thousands

502
Q

To whom was the Soviet Union now open to?

A

Western tourists

503
Q

What Festival did Moscow host in 1957? How many people attended from 131 different countries?

A

World Festival of Youth

34,000

504
Q

What was one aim of the World Festival of Youth? What were the youth won over by that the foreigners brought over?

A

To win over the youth with the Soviet way of life

The Western way of life - jeans and jazz

505
Q

Why was Western culture more appealing than Soviet culture?

A

It wasn’t as conformist as Komsomol

506
Q

Why was Khrushchev particularly keen to engage young people? What was the most ambitious idea he came up with?

A

To reawaken the enthusiasm of the early Revolution years

Mobilising the youth into the Virgin Lands scheme

507
Q

What does Historian Orlando Figes say the regime could no longer count on?

A

“It could no longer count on fear”

508
Q

What does Historian Martin Sixsmith say the target of “beating the Americans” was intended to do?

A

“The target of ‘beating the Americans’ was intended to boost production”

509
Q

What kind of freedom did the “thaw” allow? What kinds of “dissidents” emerged?

A

Artistic and intellectual freedom

“Cultural dissidents”

510
Q

What 2 ideas did cultural dissidents want to promote?

A

Human rights and greater democracy

511
Q

What kind of state did the Soviet Union remain as? What network was present?

A

Highly authoritarian state

Spies and informers

512
Q

What was used to express political views that would be published abroad? What 2 ways could this be smuggled into culture?

A

Written word

Through the country or Samizdat

513
Q

What did Samizdat entail? What did this practice become?

A

Rewriting literature to be spread through personal contacts

Underground press

514
Q

What 2 things would be spread through the underground on Soviet politics and society?

A

Information

Opinions

515
Q

What were several writers imprisoned for? What were thousands more writers condemned for?

A

Criticising the regime

Their “anti-social, parasitic way of life”

516
Q

What scene was present “underground”? What were 3 genres that were played on tapes?

A

Music scene
Jazz
Rock ‘n’ roll
Western pop

517
Q

What speech did many of Khrushchev’s colleagues never forgive him for? What did hard-line Stalinists, like Molotov, believe the speech undermined?

A

“Secret speech”

Unity and authority of the Party

518
Q

What group of people tried to force Khrushchev from power in 1957? Who did they secure a majority from?

A

Hard-liners

Presidium

519
Q

Who did Khrushchev appeal to over Presidium in 1957? What other 2 groups supported him?

A

Central Committee

Army and KGB

520
Q

Who was sent a long way from Moscow after the 1957 leadership challenge to work insignificant jobs? What did they avoid?

A

Khrushchev’s opponents

Execution

521
Q

When was Khrushchev’s 70th birthday? Who praised him and his achievements?

A

April 1964

Leonid Brezhnev

522
Q

What did Brezhnev lead a few months after praising Khrushchev on his birthday? Who else was involved in this?

A

Opposition in the Presidium and CC

Former Khrushchev supporters

523
Q

What was Khrushchev forced to do after Brezhnev’s opposition took off? What reason did the press give for this action?

A

Resign

“Age and ill health”

524
Q

What did the press later denounce Khrushchev for?

A

“Hare-brained schemes, half-baked conclusions, hasty decisions”

525
Q

Where was Khrushchev given a flat after he resigned? Where else did he gain a house?

A

Moscow

In the country

526
Q

What other 2 perks was Khrushchev given after his resignation?

A

Car

Pension

527
Q

What didn’t happen to Khrushchev after he stepped down? Who fell victim of this after Khrushchev gave him wide powers?

A

Purge

Son-in-law

528
Q

What had Khrushchev aroused the resentment of by 1964? What “style” of ruling was he criticised for?

A

Many different groups

“One-man style”

529
Q

What behaviour was Khrushchev criticised for? What did he fail to take?

A

Arrogance

Advice

530
Q

What did the failure of the Virgin Lands scheme lead to shortfalls of? What 2 countries did grain have to be imported from?

A

Food supplies

US and Canada

531
Q

What controls did Khrushchev decentralise? Who did this anger?

A

Economic controls

Moscow party leaders

532
Q

What goods did Khrushchev promote? What did his opponents want emphasis on?

A

Consumer goods

Heavy industry

533
Q

What did the military dislike about Khrushchev’s focus? What did he develop these weapons at the expense of?

A

He focused on nuclear missiles

Conventional weapons

534
Q

What increasingly took place by workers? What price rise in 1962 especially caused this?

A

Protests and strikes

Food price rise

535
Q

What policy was criticised under Khrushchev? Who did he give a lot of power to?

A

Foreign policy

Son-in-law

536
Q

What does Historian John Gooding argue about “toppling a Soviet leader”?

A

“Toppling a Soviet leader was unprecedented”

537
Q

Who did Khrushchev not fight against following demand for his resignation in 1964?

A

Colleagues

538
Q

What question did Khrushchev ask his colleagues upon his resignation? What did he say Stalin would’ve done?

A

“Could anyone have dreamt of telling Stalin that he didn’t suit us anymore?”

“He would’ve annihilated them.”

539
Q

How did Khrushchev leave Russia by 1964? What was society like?

A

Freer, happier and more prosperous

More open and less fearful

540
Q

How many prisoners had been released from labour camps? What Terror and state powers had ended by 1964?

A

Millions

Red Terror and state coercion

541
Q

What was never the same after Khrushchev’s “secret speech”? What would never be returned to that took place in the Stalin years?

A

Soviet Union

Mass terror

542
Q

What had Khrushchev’s “secret speech” shaken up? What became more stable after the dust settled?

A

Soviet Union

Russia

543
Q

How did most people feel by 1964?

A

Content

544
Q

What was the Soviet Union no longer governed by? What rule remained?

A

Autocracy

One-party rule

545
Q

Who had the political elite risen to power under? What control were they never going to relinquish?

A

Stalin

State control

546
Q

What 3 things did the political elite depend on with state control?

A

Their lives
Their careers
Privileges

547
Q

What method of government disappeared? What was emphasised so that support was maintained and socialism worked?

A

Terror

Improving material conditions

548
Q

For what 2 things was the military budget cut in the 1960s for?

A

To pay for food imports

To start a big housing programme

549
Q

What kind of economy did the Soviet Union become? What standards improved?

A

Consumer-based economy

Living standards

550
Q

What was the economy subject to a high degree of? What was this not conducive to?

A

Central planning

Initiative and innovation

551
Q

What was a priority for Khrushchev with the economy? How did this remain by 1964?

A

Increases in agricultural productivity

Backwards

552
Q

In what 2 sectors was there no significant increase in output by 1964?

A

Farms

Factories

553
Q

Why did many young people leave villages? What kind of society was the Soviet Union by 1964?

A

To move to cities

Urban society

554
Q

Who formed the backbone of the Russian economy?

A

Women

555
Q

What 2 developments were impressive by 1964? Who was instrumental in these developments?

A

Military
Space technology
Khrushchev

556
Q

What reputation did the Soviet Union maintain?

A

Its reputation as a great military power

557
Q

What was tightened in the 1960s? Why?

A

Censorship

Rise of “thaw”

558
Q

What kind of publishing increased? What rigid controls did Khrushchev start to relax in cultural life?

A

Samizdat

Censorship

559
Q

What was there an undoubted flowering of in Russia by 1964?

A

Russian art and culture

H - 1H (7 decks)

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