Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

H - 1H > Section 3 > Flashcards

Section 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What book did Lenin write in 1917? What did he explain in it?

A

State and Revolution

Ideology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was Lenin concerned about the transition of when the Bolsheviks achieved power?

A

Socialism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What determined early Bolshevik rule over Lenin’s ideology? What State did this develop?

A

Circumstances

Soviet state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What Marxist view did Lenin follow? What did Lenin hope for?

A

Government should be in the hands of “the people”

Democracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did most Russians, along with Lenin, believe a revolution was all about?

A

Ending all social privileges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did the peasants do to nobles’ land?

A

Distributed it out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did workers take control of in the cities? What call of Lenin’s did they respond well to?

A

Factories

“The looting of the looters”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did workers confiscate from the bourgeoisie? What happened to it?

A

Property

It was shared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were the wealthy forced to do under the workers?

A

Manual labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did Lenin and Trotsky believe would create a socialist society? What event did they hope this would emerge from?

A

World revolution

Great War

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

During WW1, what 2 groups did socialists take on in a civil war? Why was this important?

A

Employers and government

It strengthened Marxism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What Marxist idea was based on societies such as those in Germany and Britain?

A

“Dictatorship of the Proletariat”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What would “dictatorship of the proletariat” mean for urban workers? How much of the Russian population were peasants during WW1?

A

They were a “majority”, not one

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What military advance continued during WW1?

A

German military advance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did the Bolsheviks promise to Russians? What were they forced to sign?

A 
Peace
An armistice (cease-fire)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who played for time in German treaty negotiations? What was he hoping for in the West?

A

Trotsky

Revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did Lenin insist that Russia accepts? What did some not like about it?

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

It was humiliating for Russia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did Lenin believe was more important than an international revolution? What foundation did this create for Stalin?

A

Russian revolution

“Socialism in One Country”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who did Lenin believe should exercise the “dictatorship of the proletariat” movement?

A

Bolsheviks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who did Lenin have no interest in sharing power with? What did he close to show this?

A

Other socialists

He closed the Constituent Assembly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What Soviet did Lenin increasingly bypass to show no enthusiasm in socialists?

A

Petrograd Soviet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How was Sovnarkom run after March 1918? Who left Sovnarkom at this time?

A

Bolshevik-only Sovnarkom

Remaining SRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What party did the Bolsheviks become in March 1918?

A

Communist Party

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What War had a huge impact on the development of the Communist Party? What became more centralised as a result?

A

Civil War

Government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What did the Communist Party resort to in order to enforce laws?

A

Terror

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What could a highly centralised government be portrayed as in the Communist Party?

A

Fulfilling socialist goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What policy did “War Communism” allow? What did this policy allow?

A

New Economic Policy (NEP)

More capitalist practices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What ban did Lenin inflict on the Party for tight unity? Who later used this to defeat their rivals?

A

“Ban on factions”

Stalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What location was persecuted under Lenin?

A

Church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Whose powers were extended under Lenin?

A

Secret police

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What trials were used to condemn SRs?

A

“Show trials”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What 2 organisations shaped policy under Lenin?

A

Central Committee

Politburo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How many members were in the Politburo? Which 3 key figures did this include?

A

7

Stalin, Lenin and Trotsky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What new post was created in order to co-ordinate Party work? Who filled this post?

A

General Secretary

Stalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does Historian D. Volkogonov argue the Bolshevik system embodied?

A

“The Bolshevik system embodied Lenin’s own personality”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Ideology and change: what was sidelined in the excitement that accompanied October revolution

A

Issues of ideology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ideology and change: what took priority over whether the manner of taking power conformed to the Marxist ideal

A

The pressing need to retain and consolidate control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Ideology and change: Lenin and bolsheviks acted first and … later

A

Justified later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ideology and change: how did soviet historiography try to explain and justify all that Lenin did in later years

A

In name of Marxism and pre determined logic of history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ideology and end to war: what did Lenin and Trotsky assume that bolshevik seizure of power would spark

A

Similar revolutions elsewhere in Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ideology and end to war: why did Trotsky and Lenin expect revolution particularly in Germany

A

Seemed ripe for revolution by all economic, social and pol criteria put forward by Marx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Ideology and end to war: what were bolsheviks simultaneously committed to as well as rousing German workers and soldiers against imperial gov

A

Pursuing peace with that gov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Ideology and end to war: what was Bol persuing of peace with German gov despite

A

Knowing that peace would strengthen imperial gov they wished to destroy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Ideology and end to war: what did Trotsky 1917 that made contradiction acute

A

Trotsky began peace negotiations in Dec after armistice in Nov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Ideology and end to war: what did German gov demand as part of peace negotiations and what effect did this have on bolsheviks

A

Large swathes of Russian territory, split bol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Ideology and end to war: what group did Bukharin lead when Bol split

A

Revolutionary war group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

When did Lenin decide to dictate his testament

A

December 1922

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

In what form did Lenin decide to dictate his testament in Dec 1922

A

A letter to be read to the party Congress ok bus death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What did Lenin give in his testament

A

He did not nominate a future leader, but gave his critical opinion of members of politburo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Who did Lenin particularly criticise in his testament

A

Stalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Why did Lenin particularly criticise Stalin

A

Party because of Georgian affair and partly because Stalin insulted Lenin’s wife

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

When did Stalin become the party’s general secretary

A

April 1922

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What did Lenin’s refer to (Stalin’s personality) in his testament

A

Personal rudeness, uneccesary roughness and lack of finesse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What did Lenin suggest to comrades in his testament

A

That they should think of a way of removing Stalin from his post

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Why was Lenin’s testament never read in public as intended

A

Since central committee decided among themselves to surpress it- played into Stalin’s hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What had the communists been split over since 1921

A

Economic policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How had Lenin’s NEP of 1921 been controversial

A

It conflicted with strict Marxist teaching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What was at the heart of ideological debates of the 1920s

A

Whether Lenin had intended the NEP to be a temporary measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Who favoured abandoning the NEP and who weee they represented by

A

Left

Represented by Trotsky, zinoviev and kamenev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Who supported the NEPs continuance and who were they represented by

A

The right

Represented by Bulgarian, rykov and tomsky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What was Stalin’s position in the support of the NEP

A

Stalin fluctuate from a left leaning position up to 1925, to temporary support for the right and the continuance of NEP 1925-28 and back again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What can Stalin’s fluctuations be accounted for by

A

Bread shortages and high food prices of 1928, rather than a lack of ideological principles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What did Trotsky still hold to the line despite the Soviet Union being the only communist state in the 1920s

A

That Russians should be working to stir up revolution elsewhere and that there should be a continuous revolution until a truly socialist society was created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What pragmatic view had Stalin adopted by 1924

A

That there should be ‘socialism in one country’ and that efforts should be concentrated on building a workers paradise in Soviet Union

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What did Stalin’s less orthodox attitude of socialism in one country appeal to

A

Those who favoured stability and feared the continuous revolutionary turmoil that Trotsky appeared to be advocating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What did some elements within the party favour in terms of leadership

A

Collective control, through a committee of equals- a view which had ideological justification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Who was the idea of collective control over oarty most advanced by

A

Those who feared the dominance of Trotsky- worked to Stalin’s advantage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What principles laid down in the time of Lenin did Stalin benefit from

A

Change from elections to appointments within party hierarchy
Ban on factions
Growth of central control during civil war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what did 14th party congress in 1925 call for

A

transformation of our country from an agrarian into an industrial one, capable by its own efforts to producing the necessary means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

14th party congress known as

A

the industrialisation congress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what was NEP maintained throughout 1926 despite

A

concerns raised about how more investment was needed to drive industry forwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what was announced at the 15th party congress

A

the end of NEP and the beginning of the first five year plan for rapid industrialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what was the first 5 year plan known as

A

the great turn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what was the great turn driven by

A

a number of economic factors and stalins desire to establish his leadership

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what was the NEP failing to do by 1927

A

to produce the growth that many leading communists sought, and a war scare in the late 1920s made them particularly nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

why did gov want to increase USSRS military strength and develop its self-sufficiency

A

so that is was less reliant on foreign imports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what was essential to move towards socialism

A

to develop industry and not have a state dependent on peasants and grain harvest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

how did the great turn suit stalins personal style

A

to have strong central control over the economy, known as ‘central planning’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what targets did Stalin set in his 5 year plans

A

-very ambitious targets for enterprises to attain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what were the targets intended to do

A

force managers and workers to devote their maximum effort to the programme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what were the launching and fulfillment of the plans accompanied by

A

lots of propaganda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

why did statistics show huge improvements in industry following 5 year plans

A
  • failure to achieve target deemed a criminal offence
  • all those involved in administering and carrying out plans went to great lengths to ensure reported statistics showed huge improvements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what was built into the system of industrialisation from the start

A

corruption and faulty reporting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

aims of first 5 year plan

A
  • increase production 300% by setting targets for growth
  • develop heavy industry
  • boost electricity production 600%
  • double output of light industry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what did the publicity surrounding the launch of the first 5 year plan provoke

A

an enthusiastic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what did stalin claim of 5 year plans that evidenced its success

A

targets met in 4 years instead of 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

why was it claimed first 5 year plan targets met in 4 years not 5

A

over enthusiastic reporting by local officials, keen to show loyalty and effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

were any major targets of first 5 year plans met, in reality

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what brought impressive growth in first 5 year plans

A

major investment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

first 5 year plan: electricity

A

x3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

first 5 year plan: coal and iron output

A

x2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

first 5 year plan: steel production

A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

examples of what sprung up during first 5 year plans

A

new railways, engineering plants, hydro-electric power schemes and industrial complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

what targets were not met in first 5 year plans

A

chemical industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

what industries were neglected under first 5 year plans

A

house building, food processing and other consumer industries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

what obstacles were there to effective development in first 5 year plan

A

too few skilled workers and too little effective coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

what lost out in first 5 year plan

A

smaller industrial works and workshops, in competition from bigger factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

aims of second 5 year plan

A
  • continue development of heavy industry
  • put new emphasis on light industries and consumer goods
  • develop communications to provide links between cities and areas of industry
  • boost engineering and tool making
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

when were three good years

A

1934-36 (second 5yp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

when was Moscow metro opened

A

1935

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Volga canal opened

A

1937

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

what did dnieprostroi dam produce

A

HEP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

when was dnieprostroi dam completed

A

1932

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

what happened to dnieprostroi dam under 2nd 5yp

A

extended, with 4 more generators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

which industries grew rapidly under 25yp

A

electricity production and chemical industries grew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

which new metals were mined for first time under 25yp

A

copper, zinc and tin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

25yp: steel output

A

x2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

25yp: coal production

A

x2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

what was the soviet union by 19927

A

virtually self sufficient in metal goods and machine tools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

why did the focus of second 5 year plan change slightly in 1936

A

greater emphasis placed on rearmament

4% 1933 17% 1937

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

which industries failed to meet its targets under 5 year plans

A

oil production no appreciable increase in consumer goods (some expansion in footwear and food processing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

which emphasis continued into 25yp

A

quantity rather than quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

aims of third 5yp

A
  • focus on development of heavy industry
  • promote rapid rearmament
  • complete transition to communism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

third 5yp: main beneficiary

A

heavy industry, strong growth in machinery and engineering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

third 5yp: spending of what doubled 1938-40

A

rearmament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

what adverse effect did increased spending on rearmament have (3rd)

A

steel production stagnated, oil failed to meet targets (fuel crisis) and many industries found themselves short of raw materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

third 5yp: what was relegated to lowest priority

A

consumer goods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

third 5yp: what was the biggest problem

A

dearth of good managers, specialists and technicians following stalins purges, exceptionally hard winter and diversion of funds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

why did third 5yp finish early

A

german invasion 1941

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

first 5yp

A

1928-32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

second 5yp

A

1933-37

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

third 5yp

A

1938-42

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

central planning system: who were priorities in planning established by

A

party

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

central planning system: what were laid down by party

A

output targets and labour norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

central planning system: how were instructions passed down to industrial managers

A

through bureaucratic layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

central planning system: what was meant by managers having to ‘balance the books’

A

paying for fuel, raw materials and labour from their enterprises income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

central planning system: what could managers who failed to meet targets find themselves accused of

A

wrecking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

central planning system: who were bonuses paid to

A

enterprises that exceeded targets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

what were changes in agricultural organisation seen as a prerequisitie for

A

rapid industrialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

why was surplus grain needed

A

for export and to enable the purchase of industrial equipment and to feed a growing industrial workforce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

what did stalins great turn involve a move towards

A

collective frming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

what was hoped of collectives

A

would provide for more efficient farming, give more opportunity for mechanisation, make grain collection easier and socialise the peasants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

what did stalin believe that some of grain procurement problems were caused by

A

the kulaks, who understood how to make money by holding back supplies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

what did stalin announce in December 1929

A

that he would annihilate the kulaks as a class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

what were the red army and cheka used for

A

to execute, identify or deport the kulaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

how did some peasants try to avoid being labelled as kulaks

A

by killing their livestock and destroying their crops- added to rural probems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

in January 1930, stalin announced that what percentage of grain farming areas were to be collectivised that year

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

what did collectivisation go hand in hand with

A

the destruction of the kulaks, whos treatment was designed to frighten poorer peasants into joining kolkhoz collectives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

march 1930, what percentage of peasants households had been collectivied

A

58%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

why was a brief return to voluntary collectiiviasation permitted until after the harvest had been collected in 1930

A

the speed of collectivisation created hostility

stalin accused party members of becoming dizzy with success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

what happened upon the return to voluntary collectivisation 1930

A

numbers immediately began to fall back

October 1930, only around 20% households still collectivised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

collectivisation stage one

A

1929-30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

collectivisation stage 2

A

1930-41

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

how did the second stage of collectivisation proceed

A

at a slower pace and accompanied by the establishment of 2500 machine tractor stations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

why were mts introduced

A

to provide seed and maintain the hire machinery to the kolkhozes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

mts secondary purpose

A

to ensure quotas were collected and to control countryside by dealing with trouble makers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

problems with dekulakisation

A

inhumane and removed 10 million of the most successful farmers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

why did livestock numbers not exceed pre-collectivisaion until 1953

A

grain and livestock destroyed by peasants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

what did unrealistic procurement quotas lead to

A

peasants being forced to hand over almost all of their grain in some areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

why were the collectives poorly organised

A

the party actitivsts who helped establish them knew nothing of farming

too few tractors, insufficient animals to pull plouhs and lack of fertilisers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

why was there a famine in spring 1932 in the Ukraine

A

October 1931 dought and kulak deportations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

what happened to anyone who stole from a collective under a law of august 1932

A

could be jailed for 10 yeara

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

what did further decrees give 10 year sentences for

A

any attempt to sell meat or grain before quotas were filled, and internal passports were brought in to stop peasants leaving collectives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

what did peasants refer to collectivisation as

A

second serfdom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

why did peasants see little incentive to work hard

A

never received share o profits of collective farm they were promised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

what was the peasants only interest and why

A

their private plots as they could grow goods to sell in the market place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

how did the state seem to achieve its purpose in promoting collectivisation overall

A

the industrial workforce was fed and exports of grain increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

who were the agricultural improvements at the cost of

A

the peasants themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

Which structures established by Lenin were perpetuated by Stalin

A

Rule by one party and centralised control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

What influence did Stalin assert

A

An increasingly dominant personal influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

What did the party contribute to predominate over

A

State institutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

What was control ensured through.

A

Parallel structures and most levels and the dual membership of party and gov offices held by trusted members of nomenklatura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

What did Stalin grow increasingly concerned about and what did this lead to

A

The party reflecting his wishes- led to party congresses being called less frequently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

What appointments did Stalin control through his position as general secretary

A

The more important appointments to the party apparat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

What controlled the nomenklatura and what did this mean

A

The apparatchiki controlled the nomenklatura- meant Stalin commanded vast patronage over all important positions throughout soviet society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

What did Stalin prefer to work with than the politburo

A

Personally selected commities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

What did Stalin use his power of appointment to do

A

Build up the party memebership and develop an elaborate bureaucracy of loyal servants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

How did an expansion in oarty membership begin

A

With the Lenin enrolment 1924-25 in commemoration of his death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

By how much did party membership increase under the Lenin enrolment

A

Almost doubled to one million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

Where did most new oarty members tend to be drawn from

A

Younger and less well educated urban workers and ex peasants who were less interested in ideological debate and more concerned with their own careers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

What were New party memebers often attracted by

A

Stalin’s more nationalist energetic and sometimes brutal policies and knew that loyalty could bring benefits for themselves and their families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

Who was the 1936 constitution drafted by

A

Bukharin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

What did Stalin claim that the 1936 constitution was

A

The most democratic in the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

What did the 1936 constitution proclaim

A

The USSR to be a federation of eleven soviet republics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

What was the all Russian congress of soviets replaced by under 1936 constitution

A

A new supreme soviet made up of the soviet of the union and the soviet of nationalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

What did each republic have if it’s own under the 1936 constitution

A

Supreme soviet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

What did the 1936 constitution promise to ethnic groups

A

Local autonomy and support for national cultures and languages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

What did 1936 constitutions promise (elections)

A

Four yearly elections with right to vote for all over 18 including former people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

What statement of civil rights was the 1936 constitution accompanied with

A

Freedom from arbitrary arrest and right to free speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

What may the 1936 consitituonbs main intention have been

A

To impress foreigners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

What did the verbal control exercised over the republics budgets unsure

A

The primacy of union laws and little real regional independence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

What happened despite the consitituon acknowledging the right of any union republic to leave union

A

Party leaders in Georgia’s planned succession in 1951 purged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
183
Q

Why did the supreme soviet only meet for a few days twice a year

A

Said to be so that members could continue regular employment but it meant the body provided more of a sense of participation than any actual involvement in policy making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
184
Q

How was the supreme soviet viewed by the oarty

A

As a forum for imparting decisions back to localities rather than for electors to present their views to the centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
185
Q

From when did Stalin consciously develop his own cult

A

December 1929, he’s 50th bday

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
186
Q

What image of himself did Stalin oromote and why

A

An image that helped to noire confidence during a period of rapid change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
187
Q

How was Stalin universally portrayed

A

As Lenin’s true disciple and companion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
188
Q

What were produced to glorify Stalin’s role

A

Paintings and posters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
189
Q

In what years was Stalin’s cult fully established

A

1933-39

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
190
Q

What was produced as the main historical textbook for all institutions in 1938

A

The all union communist Party

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
191
Q

what did stalin assume a major role in the all union communist party

A

the October revolution, while Trotsky and other old Bolsheviks portrayed as enemies of the people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
192
Q

how were photographs doctored in the all union communist party

A

to remove stalins enemies and show stalin at the side of lenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
193
Q

what did the adulation stalin received show

A

the strength of support he had acquired within soviet union

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
194
Q

why did people praise stalin

A

because they benefiited from his rule or hoped to benefitted in the future and needed to be assured of his patronage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
195
Q

who was stalin seen as a father to

A

his people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
196
Q

what had stalin been referred to as

A

the red tsar and a god like figure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
197
Q

how was stalins rule different from lenins

A

stalins rule was personal, he was above the party and no longer depended on it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
198
Q

How did collectivisation strengthen Stalin’s position

A

The atmosphere of crisis brought about by Stalin’s enforced collectivisation and his new economic plans for industry helped increase his power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
199
Q

How did propaganda increase Stalin’s power

A

It celebrated his image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
200
Q

Who did he purge elites to replace them with

A

A new, younger group of officials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
201
Q

What placed a limitation on Stalin’s power

A

The inefficiency of the bureaucracy at local level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
202
Q

What did Stalins rise to the leadership position give him oppurtunity to do

A

show his skill in out-manouvering and defeating those who opposed him

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
203
Q

why did stalin extend the use of terror and class warfare

A

to enforce collectivisation through the destruction of the kulaks and maintain his 5 year plans for industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
204
Q

who did he send to labour campls

A

‘bourgeouis managers’. specialists and engineers who he accused of machine breaking and sabotage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
205
Q

when was the shakty show trial

A

1928

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
206
Q

what was the shakty show trial a clear indication of

A

stalins determination to find a scapegoat for the chaos caused by his own economic policies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
207
Q

what message did the shakty show trial give out

A

the regime had to maintain its vigilence against those who were set to destroy it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
208
Q

when was the industrial party show trial

A

november 1930

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
209
Q

what happened in the industrial party show trial of 1930

A

a group of industrialists were accused of sabotage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
210
Q

when was the metro vickers trial

A

1933

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
211
Q

what happneed in the metro vickers trial of 1933

A

british specialists found guilty of wrecking activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
212
Q

what was happening by 1929 as a result of so many prisoners

A

soviet prisons could no longer cope with numbers of ‘opponents’ in prisons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
213
Q

who was commissioned in 1929 to investigate ways in which the prison population could be put to better use

A

yagoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
214
Q

what did yagodas proposal for prisons involve

A

building on the corrective-labour camps established by lenin in remote areas of the north and siberia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
215
Q

how was it believed that gulags could contribute to economic growth

A

by offering minimum per capita funding and imposing economies of scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
216
Q

who were the gulags to be placed under the direct authority of

A

OGPU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
217
Q

when did stalins wife commit suicide

A

november 1932

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
218
Q

what did stalins wife leave a suicide note saying

A

criticising stalins policies and showing her sympathy for stalins poltical enemies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
219
Q

what effect did stalins wife suicide have on him according to figes

A

it unhinged him- he now felt that even those closest to him could be betraying him behind his back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
220
Q

why was stalins position insecure in 1932

A

bukharin had been relected to the central committee in june 1930

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
221
Q

which two opposition groups emerged within party elite in 1932

A
  • informal group of old bolsheviks

- ryutin platform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
222
Q

what did old bolsheviks (opposition) meetings discuss

A

debated stalins removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
223
Q

what happened to the old bolsheviks

A

they were quickly arrested and Smirnov expelled from the party

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
224
Q

what did the ryutin platform disapprove of

A

stalins political direction and personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
225
Q

what did ryutin send to the central committee

A

an appeal urging stalins removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
226
Q

what happened to ryutins circle

A

arrested

suggested stalin called for immediate execution but overruled by poltiburo and kirov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
227
Q

why were zinvoiev and kamenev expelled from the party and exiled

A

for knowing of the opposition groups’ existence and failing to report it to police

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
228
Q

what was ryutin sentenced to and what happened to him

A

sentenced to 10 years in prison

shot on stalins orders 1937

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
229
Q

what did stalin announce in april 1933 as a result of ryutin platform

A

general purge of the party

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
230
Q

what percentage of party membership were branded ryutinites

A

18%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
231
Q

what did stlain announce at the 17th party congress in 1934

A

that the anti leninist opposition had been defeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
232
Q

whart did stalin mean by anti leninist opposition

A

those who opposed his own policies and leadership

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
233
Q

why did bukharin, rykov, tomsky, radek and others who had challenged stalin in leadership struggle admit their ‘errors’

A

to give the impression of unity at the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
234
Q

how many negative votes did stalin receive in the elections to the central committee

A

150- only 3 officially recorded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
235
Q

who did a split open up between following central committee elections

A

those who wanted to maintain the pace of industrialisation and others within politburo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
236
Q

what did kirov speak about regarding industrialisation

A

stopping forcible grain seizures and increasing workers rations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
237
Q

why did stalin feel threatned by kirov despite being close to him

A

only 2 of politburo formally supported stalin whereas kirov received a long standing ovation after his more moderate speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
238
Q

what other issue arose from the 17th party congress

A

abolition of the title of general secretary

stalin and kirov given title of secretary of equal rank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
239
Q

why may stalin have supported him and kirov being given title of secretary of equal rank

A

in order to spread responsibility for economic crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
240
Q

what did the titles of secretary of equal rank mean in theory

A

that stalin was no more important than the other secretaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
241
Q

when was kirov murdered

A

december 1934

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
242
Q

what was stalin quick to claim after suspicious murder of kirov

A

that it was part of a trotskyite conspiracy led by zinovievites to overthrow party

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
243
Q

what decree was published the day after kirovs murder

A

giving Yagoda powers to arrestand execute anyone found guilty of terrorist plotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
244
Q

why were zinoviev, kamenev and 17 others arrested in january 1935

A

accused of instigating terrorism

sentenced to 5-10 years in prison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
245
Q

how many former associates of zinoviev were arrested

A

843

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
246
Q

how many former people arrested, exiled or placed in camps in 1935

A

11,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
247
Q

why was there a purge of kremlin employees

A

to uncover reputed ‘foreign spies’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
248
Q

what were 250,000 party members expelled as in 1935

A

anit-leninists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
249
Q

why was the chairman of the central committee expelled in 1935

A

for helping oppositionists find emplyoement in the kremlin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
250
Q

what was the purpose of the show trial in august 1936 involving zinoviev, kamenev and 14 others

A
  • to give confessions and convictions

- prove existence of poltiical conspiracies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
251
Q

when were all 16 of august 1936 show trial found guilty of

A

involvement in a trotsky inspired plot to muder stalin and all were executed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
252
Q

who was yagoda replaed by in september 1936

A

yezhov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
253
Q

why was yagoda replaced

A

he had not been active enough in uncovering this conspiracy of zinoviev etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
254
Q

what was staged in january 1937

A

a further show trial of 17 prominent communists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
255
Q

what were the defendents in january 1937 show trial accused of

A

plotting with trotdky to sabotage industry and to spy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
256
Q

what did yezhov accuse bukharin of

A

knowing about january 1937 conspiracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
257
Q

what happened to bukharin when he refused to confess

A

he was expelled from the party and arrested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
258
Q

what happened to eight senior military commanders in may/june 1937

A

they were arrested, tortured and made to sign false confessions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
259
Q

how were the senior military commanders tired anf what were they convicted of

A

tried in secret in a military tribunal and convicted of espionage and of participating in a trotskyite rightist anti soviet conspiracy and shot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
260
Q

what happnened to the 767 members of high command in further ourge of military personel

A
  • 512 execucuted
  • 29 died in prison
  • 13 committed suicide
  • 59 jailed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
261
Q

when did the third and largest polticial show trial take place

A

march 1938

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
262
Q

what happened in third show trial

A

21 bolsheviks interrogated and bukharin,rykov and yaghoda and 13 others senteced to be shot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
263
Q

what did the great purges merge with in 1937-38

A

the yezhovshcina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
264
Q

what was the great terror directed at

A

ordinary citizens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
265
Q

when did the persecution of ordinary citizens reach its height

A

mid 1937

266
Q

what did a politburo resolution condemn in mid 1937

A

anti soviet elements in russian society

arrest list of over 250,000 drawn up

267
Q

what were ordinary citizens encouraged to do

A

root out hidden enemies

268
Q

how did the NKVD maintain a strict vigilence

A

emplying ‘reliables’ in offices, unis and factories

269
Q

when did the pace of the purges slow down

A

after the end of 1938 when yeshov was replaced by beria

270
Q

negative impact of yezhovchina

A

threatned to destabalise state and industry and administration suffered

271
Q

how did stalin use yezhov as a scapegoat

A

accusing him of excessive zeal

272
Q

what did the 18th party congress declare were no longer needed

A

the mass cleansings

273
Q

what happened to yezhoxv

A

arrested and shot feb 1940

274
Q

what also happened in 1940

A

hired assassin murdered trotsky in mexico

275
Q

what position was stalin in by the end of the purges

A

a position of supreme power

276
Q

why was stalin in a position of supreme power by end of purges

A

poltical rivals gone and quuashing of sentences helped restore faith in system and its leader

277
Q

What type of man was the socialist man that Stalin wanted to create

A

The type of man who was publicly engaged and committed to the community

278
Q

What would the socialist man have a sense of and what would he give to the state

A

A sense of social responsibility and would willingly give service to the state

279
Q

Why did class based attacks continue in earnest in Stalin’s rule

A

Due to his decision to halt the NEP

280
Q

What agenda was there in Lenin and Stalin’s time in creating new polcicies (socialist manG

A

The outcome had to be an environment in which the socialist man could flourish

281
Q

Did the harsh living and working conditions experienced in Lenin’s time persist through Stalin’s rule

A

They got worse in Stalin’s early years

282
Q

Why did living and working conditions get worse in Stalin’s early years

A

Peasants were herded into collectives and more emigrated to towns

283
Q

What did the drive for industrialisation bring to workers

A

7 day working week and longer workers hours

284
Q

What could arriving late or missing work result in

A

Dismissal, eviction from housing and loss of benefits

285
Q

What became criminal (workers)

A

Damaging machinery or leaving a job without permission

286
Q

Were strikes illegal

A

Yes

287
Q

When were wage differentials, bonuses and payment by the piece introduced

A

1931

288
Q

What did the introduction of wage differentials etc produce

A

A more diverse proletariat

289
Q

What did it mean that workers were allowed to choose their place of work

A

They could move to improve their lot, while disciplinary rules were eased

290
Q

Examples of propaganda campaigns which increased socialist competition

A

Stakhanovite movement

291
Q

What did the Stakhanovite movement produce

A

A new proletarian elite

292
Q

Why did Stalin’s industrialisation produce new opportunities for social advancement

A
  • more peasants moved to towns
  • more town workers became managers
  • more children of workers benefitted from educational oppuritinies
293
Q

What reduced the numbers competing for jobs and created plenty of vacancies at the top

A

Stalin’s purges

294
Q

What did Stalin announce in 1993

A

‘Life has become better, comrades, life has become more joyous’

295
Q

What we’re living condiditons like in the countryside

A

Primitive

296
Q

Living conditions in towns

A
  • workers lived in cramped communication apartments with inadequate sanitation
  • public transport overcrowded, shops empty
297
Q

When did real wages increase

A

In second 5 year plan

298
Q

What were wages in second five year plan still lower than

A

Still lower in 1937 than they had been in 1928

299
Q

When was rationing phased out

A

1935 but market prices were high

300
Q

What could those in positions of importance in socialist system obtain

A

More goods more cheaply

301
Q

What did Stalin revert to in 1930s with women

A

More traditional policies

302
Q

What drove Stalin’s reversion to more traditional policies with women

A

Fall in population growth

303
Q

Women: what became the focus of a new propaganda wave

A

Family

304
Q

Women: how was Stalin’s portrayed in new family propaganda wave

A

As a father figure and ideal family man

305
Q

Women: what was attacked under new propaganda wave

A

Divorce and abortion

306
Q

Women: importance of what re-emphasised under family campaign

A

Marriage

Wedding rings reintroduced and new style wedding certificates issued

307
Q

Women: in what new way were women portrayed in films and art

A

Muscular, plain dressed women who helped to build soviet Russia in 1920s and more feminine family woman with adoring children

308
Q

Women: when were a number of meandered introduced which reversed earlier changes

A

1936

309
Q

Women: what was introduced in 1936 to deter divorce

A

Larger fees and added penalties that men would be expected to contribute 60% income in child support

310
Q

Women: what was criminalised 1936

A

Adultery

311
Q

Women: when was contraception permitted

A

Only on medical grounds, banned if not

312
Q

Women: who were financial incentives offered for

A

Large families
Tax exemptions granted for families of 6 or more and there were bonus payments for every additional child to 10 in the family

313
Q

Women: growth in female industrial workers 1928-1949

A

1928 3 million

1940 13 million

314
Q

Women: what percentage of industrial workforce was female by 1940

A

43%

315
Q

Women: what was introduced to help women cope with work and family

A

Growth in provision of state nurseries, crèches and careens and more child clinics

316
Q

Women: how much less did women earn than men

A

40%

Higher administrative posts held by men

317
Q

Women: did divorce and abortion rate remain high

A

Yes still over 150,000 abortion’s to every 57,000 love births

318
Q

Education: what was encouraged for less able

A

Increasing amounts of practical work encouraged

319
Q

Education: what did the bulk of expansion and secondary and higher level involve

A

More formal teaching so as to develop the skills needed in a modern industrial society

320
Q

Education: what did many schools become the responsibility of

A

Collective farms/town enterprises

321
Q

Education: what were universities seen as

A

Agencies for delivering economic growth

322
Q

Education: who were universities put under control of

A

Veshenka

323
Q

Education: what system was abandoned in 1935

A

The quota system and selection reappeared for all

324
Q

Education: what type of education existed for the selected

A

Rigid academic curriculum, formal teaching, report card tests and uniforms

325
Q

Education: what were the core subjects

A 
Reading writing and science 
30% time devoted to Russian language and literature 
20% maths 
15% science 
10% soviet style history
326
Q

Education: what was introduced into middle and higher schools

A

Nationalism promoted and military training jntroduced

327
Q

Education: to what profession did the Stakhanovite movement extent to

A

The teaching profession

328
Q

Education: what were teachers encouraged to do under Stakhanovite movement

A

Set high targets for themselves and their students

329
Q

Education: what could happen to teachers if students failed to do well

A

Teachers could be blamed and purged

330
Q

Education: what percentage of 9-49 age groups in towns were literate by 1941

A

94%

331
Q

Education: in what field were the USSR turning out strong graduates

A

Science

332
Q

Youth organisations: what was RKSM renamed in 1926

A

Komsomol

333
Q

Youth organisations: what was the age range of Komsomol extended to include

A

Children from 10-28 years

334
Q

Youth organisations: what percentage of eligible youth had joined Komsomol 1926

A

Only 6%

335
Q

Youth organisations: what did Komsomol teach

A

Communist values

336
Q

Youth organisations: what was discouraged under Komsomol

A

Smoking drinking and religion

337
Q

Youth organisations: What was encouraged under Komsomol

A

Volunteer Social work, sports, political and drama clubs

338
Q

Youth organisations: what did young pioneer palaces serve as

A

Community centres for children

339
Q

Youth organisations: when did Komsomol become directly affiliated with the party

A

1939

340
Q

Youth organisations: what did members of the Komsomol take a path to live, study and fight for

A

The fatherland ‘as the great Lenin has instructed’ and ‘as the communist party teaches me’

341
Q

Youth organisations: what was the name of the youth newspaper

A

Komonsolskaia Pravda

342
Q

Youth organisations: what did komonsolskia Pravda encourage

A

Young people to protect family values and respect their parents

343
Q

Youth organisations: how did membership of Komsomol and young pioneers offer chance for social mobility and educational advancement

A

The uniform singles these young members out and helped smooth their educational path

344
Q

Youth organisations: what was opposition to komsomol like

A

Small number of secret oppositional youth organisations

Direct confrontation between organisations and state authorities rare

345
Q

Religion: what was worship restricted to in 1929

A

Registered congregations

346
Q

Religion: what prevented a holy day of church attendance from 1932

A

Introduced of an uninterrupted 7 day work week

347
Q

Religion: what did Stalin’s 1936 constitution criminalise the publication of

A

Religious propaganda

348
Q

Religion: when did priests regain the vote they had lost in 1918

A

1936

349
Q

Religion: what was confiscated from Muslims during and after civil war

A

Muslim property and insitutiotins confiscated and sharia courts abolished

350
Q

Religion: what did confiscation from Muslims produce

A

A split within Islamic church

‘New mosque’ took pro soviet line

351
Q

Religion: when were pilgrimages to Mecca forbidden

A

1935

352
Q

Religion: what led to backlash in central Asian Muslim communities 1935

A

Frequency of prayers, fasts and feasts reduced and wearing of veil forbidden

353
Q

Religion: what was the fate of many Muslim priests

A

Imprisoned/executes

354
Q

Religion: what did the anti religion drive also extend to

A

Buddhists and the Armenian and Georgian churches

355
Q

How many churches and mosques closed by 1941

A

C- 40,000

M- 25,000

356
Q

Religion: what strengthened religious belief

A

Attacks during period of collectivisation and purged

357
Q

National minorities: what were soviet Jews given in 1926

A

A special national homeland settlement in which they could maintain their cultural heritage

358
Q

National minorities: where was national homeland for Jews and what did it become in 1934

A

In far eastern province and became an autonomous republic in 1934

359
Q

National minorities: what year were anti Semitic laws abolished

A

1917

360
Q

National minorities: which language became acceptable

A

Yiddish but Hebrew didn’t because of religious connotations

361
Q

National minorities: what did Stalinist policy in 1930s veer towards

A

Greater centralisation and less tolerance of the ethnic groups as he sought to create a single ‘soviet identity’

362
Q

National minorities: what happened to the leaders of the different republics that formed the USSR if they deviated from the path laid down in Moscow

A

They were purged as bourgeois nationalists

363
Q

National minorities: from when did Russian become the only language used in the red army

A

1938

364
Q

National minorities: what happened despite propaganda which proclaimed the ‘family of nations’

A

Russians were firmly at the head

365
Q

National minorities: when did Stalin begin his deportations of non Russians

A

In the 1930s

366
Q

National minorities what was also revived in the 1930s

A

Anti Semitic attitudes especially in rural areas

367
Q

Natuonal minorities: what were the motivations behind most of the campaigns

A

Politically rather than racially motivated

368
Q

Propaganda: why did Stalin rely heavily on propaganda

A

To harness support for collectivisation and industrial policies

369
Q

Propaganda: what reinforced the socialist message

A

Pictures of happy productive workers

370
Q

Propaganda: example of heroes who were extolled as role models to copy

A

Stakhanov

371
Q

Propaganda: what was every new initiative sold as

A

The inspiration of the all knowing leader

372
Q

Propaganda: what did posters often show

A

Karl Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin in continuous progression, bringing enlightenment to Russian people

373
Q

Propaganda: throughbwhat associations did Stalin strengthen his own position

A

Those made between himself and Lenin

‘Stalin is the Lenin of today’

374
Q

Propaganda: what did some peasants have in their homes

A

A red corner of the great leaders

375
Q

Propaganda: why did a cult of personality for Lenin grow under Stalin after Lenin’s death

A

Stalin wanted to appear as his disciple

376
Q

Propaganda: how was Lenin being treated in the late 1920s

A

Like a god, whose words held the answer to all Russian problems

377
Q

Propaganda: what did Stalin insist about Lenin’s body

A

That it be embalmed and Lenin’s tomb be turned into a shrine

378
Q

Propaganda: what did Petrograd become

A

Leningrad

379
Q

Cultural change: when was literature, art, architecture etc considered valuable

A

Only if it supported socialist ideology and the creation of the new socialist man

380
Q

Cultural change: what kind of art had no place in the soviet state

A

Art for its own sake

381
Q

Cultural change: what were writers expected to be

A

Engineers of the human soul

382
Q

Cultural change: from 1932, what did all writers have to belong to

A

The union of soviet writers

383
Q

Cultural change: what did the union of soviet writers exert control over

A

What was created and who was allowed to create

384
Q

Cultural change: what was individual expression deemed

A

Politically suspect

385
Q

Cultural change: what did the new norms demand adherence to

A

The doctrine of socialist realism

386
Q

Cultural change: what did socialist realism mean according o the writers

A

The truthful, historically concrete representation of reality in its revolutionary development

387
Q

Cultural change: what does socialist realism mean in simpler terms

A

Writers were not to represent soviet life exactly as it was at the time, they were to show what it might become

388
Q

Cultural change: what were literature and art used to show

A

How the march to communism was inevitable

389
Q

Cultural change: who was the frame of reference for writers laid down by

A

Andrei zhdanov

390
Q

Cultural change: when was the frame of reference for writers laid down

A

April 1934 at first congress of union of soviet writers

391
Q

Cultural change: what were works expected to glorify

A

The working man, and particularly communities working together and embracing new technology

392
Q

Cultural change: era of

A

Happy endings

393
Q

Cultural change: what did the mid 1930s see a ruthless attack on

A

The avant-grade

394
Q

Cultural change: what did Pravda produce a damning critique of in 1936

A

Dmitry shostakovichs opera lady Macbeth of mtensk

395
Q

Cultural change: what was Shostakovich accused of

A

Leftist distortions

396
Q

Cultural change: what was there no attempt to create

A

A new proletarian culture which was in any way distinct from the upper class/bourgeois culture of ore revolutionary era

397
Q

Cultural change: what kind of culture was promoted

A

Folk culture

398
Q

Cultural change: what did the folk theme tie in well with

A

Stalin’s commitment to national values and praise for Russians great heritage

399
Q

How can Stalin’s state be described by 1941

A

Highly centralised and authoritarian

400
Q

How can some of the foundations of Stalin’s state by 1941 be seen in the Leninist years

A
  • Lenin always favoured single party rule

- fought against coalition gov 1917 and forced closure of constituent assembly

401
Q

What did Marxist doctrine speak of the state doing

A

Withering away

402
Q

How did Stalin go further than Lenin in upholding the state

A

Extended one oarty domination and redefined centralisation

403
Q

Examples of democratic structures that Stalin’s 1936 constitution included

A

Universal suffrage

404
Q

What was made clear that reinforced Stalin’s intent to preserve the one party state

A

It was made clear that the communist oarty and its institutions were the only bodies that could put candidates up for election

405
Q

What did the structure of government still provide for

A

Parallel appointments in both government and party hierarchy

406
Q

What was the nomenklatura system of propellers used to do

A

Reward loyal officials

407
Q

What effect did the nomenklatura system of price levels have

A

Concentrated decision making into a much smaller number of hands

408
Q

Where was the ultimate source of all authority concentrated in the hands of

A

Stalin

409
Q

What policy meant that all power emanated from Stalin himself

A

Centralisation

410
Q

What did Stalin add to his own mystique by doing

A

Restricting those who he had direct access with

411
Q

What has it been suggested that the Soviet Union changed from

A

A one party state with a powerful leader to a personal dictatorship

412
Q

Who did Stalin attack within the communist oarty

A

Those who he saw as potential enemies and rivals

413
Q

What evidence is there that Stalin could not exert perfect control

A

Rural hostility and the welcome which some soviet citizens gave to the invading Germans in 1941

414
Q

What had Stalin’s 5 year plans transformed Russia into by 1941

A

Highly industrialised and urbanised nation

415
Q

What percentage of population lived in towns in 1926

A

17%

416
Q

What percentage of people lived in towns 1939

A

33%

417
Q

What had the USSR overtaken Britain in by 1940

A

Iron and steel production

418
Q

How did Stalin help lay the foundation for the ultimate soviet victory in the Second World War

A

By developing heavy industry, transport and power resources

419
Q

Production of what was vastly stepped up in third five year plan

A

Coal and oil production

420
Q

What did spending on rearmament rise from between 1938-1941

A

27.5 billion roubles to 70.9 billion roubles

421
Q

How was economic development uneven

A

Massive growth in heavy industry but consumer production had been so neglected that consumer goods were scarcer in 1941 than they had been under NEP

422
Q

What did drive for quantity not quality lead to

A

Bad quality of goods

423
Q

What was the 1941 nation still producing less grain than

A

Under the NEP

424
Q

What techniques were there insufficient attention paid to

A

Modern farming techniques and limited use of agricultural machiner

425
Q

Why was agricultural equipment sometimes neglected

A

There was insufficient trained individuals to service and repair it

426
Q

Why had communist control in the countryside grown stronger

A

Socialist communal values had been put in place

427
Q

What had increased urbanisation and expansion of town populations helped create

A

A far stronger working class proletariat

428
Q

What was claimed through education, propaganda arts etc

A

That the fulfilment of socialist values was well underway

429
Q

What does Robert Servixe suggest after interviewing soviet citizens

A

Support for welfare pokcicies at time there was also a feeling of resignation to life’s hardships

430
Q

What was the society that emerged in the 1930s different from

A

The socialist ideals of the October revolution

431
Q

What was there instead of a classless society

A

A hierarchical society dominated by the privelleged elite organised around party and nomenklatura

432
Q

What were the urban and rural working classes ruthlessly driven by

A

Their soviet masters

433
Q

What main issue did Bolsheviks face when consolidating authority?

A

They were a minority

434
Q

What did Bolsheviks aspire to be the party of? What did they lack?

A

Party of the people

Mass support

435
Q

What signed Treaty developed an increasing wide array of opposition?

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

436
Q

What was Russia facing economically by spring 1918?

A

Collapse

437
Q

What item wasn’t effectively reaching the cities? What did this cause for workers?

A

Grain

Hunger

438
Q

What system was disrupted by the War? What item wasn’t effectively getting to the cities?

A

Transport system

Grain

439
Q

What type of farming did peasants revert to as a result of land redistribution? What did they have little of to sell?

A

Subsistence farming

Surplus grain

440
Q

Why did peasants have little reason to sell their limited grain? How did this become an issue?

A

There were few goods to exchange for it

Workers took control of the factories with no management plan

441
Q

What did the factories’ shortage of raw materials lead to a decrease of? What item specifically?

A

Industrial output

Consumer goods

442
Q

What erupted in 1918 as a result of food shortages? Why did workers flee the cities?

A

Food riots

To search for food

443
Q

What did the workers’ search for food lead to a shortage of?

A

Labour in factories

444
Q

Between what 2 groups was a civil war developing in the spring of 1918?

A

Bolshevik “Reds”

Non-Bolshevik “Whites”

445
Q

What regime was at stake following the Reds’ and the Whites’ conflict?

A

Communism

446
Q

What did Bolsheviks have to ensure the army was provided with? What did this lead to the development of?

A

Food and weapons

More centralised control system

447
Q

What policy was adopted to control the economy and look after the army?

A

“War Communism”

448
Q

How would Red Guards and soldiers take grain from peasants?

A

By force

449
Q

What was placed entirely under state control under War Communism? What replaced workers’ committees?

A

Industry

Managers

450
Q

What discipline was imposed? How could you get fined?

A

Factory discipline

Lateness and absence

451
Q

What rationing was introduced? Who got the highest priority of food?

A

Food rationing

Workers and Red Army

452
Q

Who got the lowest priority of food under food rationing?

A

Bourgeoisie

453
Q

What might have influenced and dictated War Communism?

A

Necessity for control

454
Q

What did War Communism enable the Bolsheviks to extend? Who did Lenin want to deal with?

A

Class warfare

“Class enemies”

455
Q

What did Bolsheviks see as a primary force to develop socialism?

A

Centralised control

456
Q

What was the most controversial aspect of early Bolshevik rule? How did Lenin justify it?

A

Red Terror

It ensured the survival of the regime

457
Q

Who was the main target of Red Terror? What were they forced to hand over?

A

Peasants

Grain to feed soldiers/workers

458
Q

What force supported the grain requisitioning teams?

A

Cheka

459
Q

What happened to peasants under Red Terror? Where did this particularly happen?

A

Imprisoned, exiled and executed

Pro-White areas

460
Q

How did Bolsheviks view socialists and SRs?

A

“Enemies of the people”

461
Q

How many people were likely executed between 1918-21? Where were others sent?

A

Half a million

Labour camps

462
Q

Who continued the use of terror as a political weapon after Lenin?

A

Stalin

463
Q

What did Lenin dictate in December 1922? What was he partially paralysed by?

A

His “Testament”

A stroke

464
Q

Who did Lenin give his opinion of in his Testament? Why was he particularly critical of Stalin?

A

Politburo

He insulted his wife

465
Q

What post did Lenin suggest Stalin should be removed from?

A

General Secretary of the Politburo

466
Q

Who were members of the Politburo afraid of? What 2 major events did he triumph in?

A

Trotsky

October Revolution and Civil War

467
Q

Who was seen as charismatic and a brilliant orator? Who was seen as methodical and unthreatening?

A

Trotsky

Stalin

468
Q

What was Trotsky critical of within the Politburo?

A

The decline of internal party democracy

469
Q

Who did Stalin appoint to key positions as General Secretary? Why?

A

His own supporters

So they “owed” their place to Stalin

470
Q

What 2 reasons was Trotsky absent from Lenin’s funeral?

A

He was recovering from illness

He was misled about the date

471
Q

Who praised Lenin at Lenin’s funeral? What did Stalin “commit” himself to?

A

Stalin

Carrying on Lenin’s work

472
Q

What kind of revolution did Trotsky believe in? What did he believe Russia should actively encourage abroad?

A

Permanent revolution

Socialist revolutions

473
Q

What decree did Stalin believe in? What did this allow Stalin to accuse Lenin of?

A

Socialism in One Country

Not having faith in Russian people

474
Q

How did many Politburo members view Trotsky? What did they fear?

A

Arrogant and dangerously ambitious

He would become too dominant

475
Q

What skill/ambition of Stalin’s did many people underestimate?

A

Political skill and ambition

476
Q

What machine did Stalin have control over? What did he “deliver”?

A

Party machine

“The votes”

477
Q

What position was Trotsky forced out of in 1925?

A

Commissar for War

478
Q

When was Trotsky expelled from the Communist Party? When was he deported?

A

1927

1929

479
Q

What 2 systems of Lenin’s did Stalin maintain and extend?

A

One-party rule and centralised control

480
Q

What was Stalin keen to assert within his party? What congresses took place less frequently?

A

Political dominance

Party congresses

481
Q

What did Stalin control as General Secretary? What type of bureaucracy was developed?

A

Major party appointments

Loyal servants

482
Q

What increase did Stalin benefit from in the 1920s and 1930s? What was noticeable about new members?

A

Party membership increase

They were younger and less educated

483
Q

What did new Communist Party members know about party loyalty? What did this lead to?

A

It would benefit them and their families

Reliable supporters of Stalin’s dictatorship

484
Q

What did Stalin ironically claim about the 1936 Constitution?

A

It was “the most democratic in the world”

485
Q

What autonomy was promised in the 1936 Constitution? What did centralisation cause?

A

Regional

Little self-government

486
Q

How often did the 1936 Constitution promise elections?

A

Every 4 years

487
Q

What rights were promised in the 1936 Constitution? What happened to these rights?

A

Civil rights

Ignored

488
Q

When and under who were some elements of the “Stalinist dictatorship” established?

A

Lenin in the 1920s

489
Q

What does Historian Robert Service argue Stalin gained the reputation of?

A

“Stalin gained the reputation of an unprincipled bureaucrat”

490
Q

What did Lenin say that “Soviets + Electrification” equals? What did he want to modernise to show this equation worked?

A

“Communism”

Russia

491
Q

What type of ownership had Lenin abolished in 1917? What control did he recognise of the workers?

A

Private ownership

Their control of factories

492
Q

What did the workers’ control of factories legitimise?

A

Actions in cities and countrysides

493
Q

Why did Lenin increase state intervention for the workers? What fell as a result?

A

They weren’t experienced enough

Production

494
Q

What did peasants horde under heavy state intervention? Why?

A

Grain

Fewer industrial goods were for sale

495
Q

What was a basic human right necessary for the success of the Civil War? What Communism did this begin?

A

Workers and soldiers were fed

War Communism

496
Q

Why were Kulaks mostly targeted by requisitioning squads? What kind of “enemies” were they?

A

They had more grain to extract

“Class enemies”

497
Q

Where were factories nationalised? What hours were extended?

A

Cities

Working hours

498
Q

What was issued to stop workers leaving cities for food?

A

Internal passports

499
Q

Who won the Civil War? What did they fail to increase?

A

Bolsheviks

Factory production

500
Q

How much had industrial output decreased from 1914-21?

A

20%

501
Q

What did peasants resist in countrysides? What did they grow less of?

A

Food requisitioning

Grain

502
Q

What did many peasants destroy of their own to survive in countrysides? How many died partially because of this?

A

Livestock

Millions

503
Q

What 3 things had spread around the Soviet Union by 1922?

A

Famine
Disease
Strikes

504
Q

What revolts were widespread in Russia? What particular revolt was significantly alarming for the government?

A

Peasant revolts

Kronstadt sailors uprising

505
Q

How did Lenin appear after suppressing revolts? What did he announce in August 1921?

A

Shaken

NEP

506
Q

What requisitioning ended under the NEP? How much grain were peasants taxed on?

A

Grain requisitioning

20%

507
Q

What would the state continue to control in its economy? What industry did this involve?

A

Its “commanding heights”

Heavy industry

508
Q

What was allowed under the NEP for businesses? What size businesses were only allowed?

A

Private trade

Small businesses

509
Q

What was economic recovery in the NEP led by? What was there an end to?

A

Increase in grain to cities

Unrest and revolts

510
Q

What class of peasants were revived? What type of men emerged?

A

Kulaks

“NEPmen”

511
Q

What production was slow under the NEP? What did peasants hold back as a result of a lack of consumer goods?

A

Industrial production

Grain

512
Q

How much did grain procurement increase between 1926-27?

A

75%

513
Q

What seizures did Stalin order? What did he believe was a solution to the grain crisis?

A

Grain seizures

“Large-scale farms of a collective type”

514
Q

What Plan did Stalin announce in December 1927? Why did he believe the Soviet Union needed modernisation?

A

“Five-Year Plan”

So it could catch up with the Western world

515
Q

What did Stalin say about the importance of his Five-Year Plans?

A

“Either we do it or we shall be crushed”

516
Q

What did the Soviet Union become under the FYP? How did it plan to defend itself?

A

Self-sufficient

Building industries

517
Q

What would the Soviet Union export to pay for machinery? What decree of Stalin’s did this emphasise?

A

Grain

“Socialism in One Country”

518
Q

What does Historian Orlando Figes argue about the NEP?

A

“It was an ill-formated attempt to redefine socialism”

519
Q

What does Historian J. P. Netting argue about the supply of the Soviet Union during the first FYP?

A

“During the first FYP, the Soviet Union was abundantly supplied”

520
Q

What does Historian Edward Acton state about the base of the Soviet Union by 1941?

A

“The Soviet Union had established a mighty industrial base”

521
Q

What did the FYPs set high targets for? What were these targets broken down into geographically?

A

Industry

Regions and factories

522
Q

What would happen if targets were not met? What did this pressurise in the workplace?

A

Arrest, prison or worse

Quantity over quality

523
Q

What did propaganda portray target plans as? What was the Soviet Union to become?

A

A final blow to capitalism

A massive, industrial power

524
Q

What type of industry was emphasised in the first 3 FYPs? What are some examples of this industry?

A

Heavy industry

Oil, coal and steel

525
Q

What happened to the 1932 targets in 1929? What was achieved despite the fact no targets were ever reached?

A

They were increased

Increases in big production

526
Q

What output trebled by 1932?

A

Electricity

527
Q

What amount was the 1932 target for coal? What was achieved?

A

75 million tons

64 million tons

528
Q

What amount was the 1932 target for oil? What was achieved?

A
  1. 7 million tons

21. 4 million tons

529
Q

What amount was the 1932 target for iron ore? What was achieved?

A
  1. 2 million tons

12. 1 million tons

530
Q

What amount was the 1932 target for pig iron? What was achieved?

A

10 million tons

6.2 million tons

531
Q

What was maintained in production through the 1930s? What goods were neglected?

A

Growth

Consumer goods

532
Q

What military idea was prioritised in the 1930s? Why?

A

Rearmament

Fear of war was increasing

533
Q

Where was an industrial complex built in the 1930s? How long did it take to build?

A

Magnitogorsk

A few years

534
Q

What Dam was constructed that improved electricity production? How much did production improve?

A

Dnieprostroi Dam

500%

535
Q

What was the huge cost of new infrastructure? Who mostly suffered?

A

Human lives

Displaced peasants

536
Q

What conditions deteriorated for Soviet workers? What was the main reason for this?

A

Living conditions

The rise of an urban population

537
Q

What primary aim did Stalin succeed in during the 1930s? Who did he defeat in WW2?

A

Making the Soviet Union a powerhouse

Nazi Germany

538
Q

When was the first FYP? When was the second?

A

1928-32

1933-37

539
Q

When was the third FYP? When was the fourth?

A

1938-41

1946-50

540
Q

When was the fifth FYP? When was the sixth?

A

1951-55

1956-60

541
Q

When was the seventh and final FYP?

A

1959-65

542
Q

What happened to several villages resulting from collectivisation? What happened to all equipment and livestock?

A

They were amalgamated

It was pooled

543
Q

What was procured under collectivisation? What 2 reasons saw this?

A

Grain
To feed the workforce
To pay for imports of equipment

544
Q

What activists implemented collectivisation? Who were they backed by?

A

Communist Party members

Secret police and soldiers

545
Q

Why did Stalin destroy the Kulaks?

A

To force peasants into submission

546
Q

Who suffered from increased state control? What were they classed as if they opposed forced collectivisation?

A

Peasants

“Kulaks”

547
Q

How many peasants had been collectivised by March 1930? How much since 1939?

A

50%

90%

548
Q

What was being burned and killed in opposition to collectivisation?

A

Crops and livestock

549
Q

How were many collectives being ran by farmers? Why?

A

Ineffectively

Little knowledge

550
Q

What production declined as a consequence of collectivisation? What exports increased?

A

Food production

Grain exports

551
Q

How many people died as a result of famine in Ukraine from 1932-33?

A

3 million

552
Q

When did the Soviet Union finally recover pre-war levels of grain production?

A

1939

553
Q

Why were many peasants driven off and forced into labour camps?

A

To build the industrial Soviet Union

554
Q

What way of life was destroyed because of collectivisation? What was this life based around?

A

Peasants way of life

Community and Church

555
Q

What does Historian Orlando Figes state that Stalin’s war on Kulaks had little to do with?

A

“Stalin’s war against the kulaks had little to do with economic considerations”

556
Q

What did the Soviet regime encourage to create a classless society? What would families share?

A

Communal living

Kitchens and toilets

557
Q

What life was often subjected to public scrutiny? Whose interests were seen as superior to individuals?

A

Private life

The community

558
Q

What is a term used by the communists to describe the “class enemy”?

A

Burzhui

559
Q

What did people try to hide behind as private life was slowly being abolished? Why?

A

A mask of conformity

To preserve their own identity

560
Q

Why was the Communist Party so keen to unmask potential threats?

A

To subject them to the purges

561
Q

What did the October Revolution intend to bring to Russia? What did workers take control of as a result of the revolution?

A

Greater equality

Factories and farms

562
Q

What harsh discipline was introduced under War Communism?

A

Harsh labour discipline

563
Q

What 2 reasons saw working conditions deteriorate under Stalin?

A

Seven-day work week

Longer hours

564
Q

What was introduced in the 1930s to increase one’s productivity?

A

Bonuses and payments

565
Q

What elite did the Stakhanovite movement produce? For what 2 reasons were they better off?

A

Labour elite

Higher wages and better housing

566
Q

What conditions deteriorated in the countryside? Why?

A

Living conditions

Collectivisation

567
Q

What 2 elements characterised the poor standards of urban living?

A

Overcrowding

Poor sanitising

568
Q

What Revolution produced greater opportunities for women? What 2 things could they get assistance with?

A

Communist Revolution

Jobs and childcare

569
Q

What marital process was made easier? What medical procedure was legalised under Lenin?

A

Divorce

Abortion

570
Q

What did women begin to do in increasing numbers? What was provided to benefit childcare?

A

Work

Nurseries

571
Q

What did women have to carry on doing while juggling a job? Which gender initiated most divorces?

A

Housework

Men

572
Q

What did Stalin begin to extol in the early 1930s? Why?

A

Traditional family values

Falling birth rate

573
Q

What did Soviet propaganda portray Stalin as to families? How were women portrayed?

A

A “father figure”

As mothers opposed to workers

574
Q

What legal procedure was made more difficult under Stalin? What was offered to large families facing a divorce?

A

Divorce

Financial incentives

575
Q

How much of the industrial workforce were women by 1940?

A

43%

576
Q

What key element was seen as crucial to building a new socialist society? Who provided free schooling for all?

A

Education

Lenin

577
Q

What training was provided from Lenin’s educational curriculum? How was this workforce described?

A

Vocational training

“Socially useful labour”

578
Q

What key institutions played a role in indoctrinating socialism? Who were students told to inform the authorities on?

A

Universities and schools

Teachers/parents holding “anti-Soviet” views

579
Q

Where in society were improvements made? How many people under the age of 50 were literate?

A

Education

90%

580
Q

What was the name of the youth-wing to the Communist Party? When was it formed?

A

Komosomol

1918

581
Q

What was the name of the junior-wing of the Communist Party? When was it established?

A

Pioneers

1922

582
Q

What did the Pioneers take an oath to? What did they wear?

A

The Communist Party

A special uniform

583
Q

Who did Komsomol encourage its young members to assist? What clubs did they set up? What work were they encouraged to participate in?

A

Police
Political clubs
Voluntary social work

584
Q

What did Komsomol membership ease? What did it enhance?

A

Educational advancement

Job prospects

585
Q

How many members did Komosomol have by 1940? What did some of its members controversially prefer?

A

10 million

Western culture

586
Q

What does Historian Orlando Figes state about family decrees from the mid-1930s?

A

“They aimed to strengthen the Soviet family”

587
Q

What does Historian Sheila Fitzpatrick mention about the purges of “class enemies”?

A

“Party officials replaced class enemies purged from central government”

588
Q

What did Marx famously describe religion as? Who was this statement meant to keep quiet?

A

“The opium of the people”

Lower classes

589
Q

What did Lenin recognise about religion in Russia? What did he flexibly allow?

A

They were very religious

Different religious worships

590
Q

Who launched a campaign to weaken the Orthodox Church’s powers? What happened to the Church’s lands?

A

Lenin

Seized

591
Q

Who were Church schools taken over by? What were monastries turned into?

A

Muslim schools

Schools, hospitals and prisons

592
Q

What happened to many Orthodox priests?

A

They lost their lives

593
Q

What places of worship did Stalin destroy? What did he confiscate?

A

Rural churches

Bric-a-brac

594
Q

What did Stalin’s anti-Rural Church perspective arouse? What did he label his opponents as?

A

Huge opposition

“Kulaks”

595
Q

How many churches were open for worship by 1940? What is this a percentage of in comparison to 1917?

A

500

1%

596
Q

What did the Bolsheviks promise for the ethnic minorities in 1917? Who opted for independence?

A

National self-determination

Finns

597
Q

How were minorities represented in the Communist Party?

A

As national minorities

598
Q

What kind of Tsarist laws concerning minorities were abolished? What language became more widely used as a result?

A

Anti-Semitic laws

Yiddish

599
Q

What did the Soviet Union become under Stalin? What had to be taught in schools from 1938 and primarily used in the Red Army?

A

A centralised state

Russian

600
Q

What Revolution led to a burst of artistic creativity? Who encouraged this?

A

October Revolution

Lenin

601
Q

What did Lenin believe solely about art and literature? Who was even more clear about this?

A

“Art and literature should serve the people”

Stalin

602
Q

What did Stalin want art and literature to promote? What did this mean by the 1930s?

A

Socialism

Conforming to Stalin’s standards

603
Q

What did Stalin believe writers were to people? What did he believe art was really about?

A

“Engineers of the human soul”

Shaping Soviet society

604
Q

What Union did all writers have to belong to from 1934? What were they meant to strive towards?

A

The Soviet Union of Writers

“Socialist realism”

605
Q

What did writers have to ensure their work could be understood by? What 2 things were the characters meant to politically represent?

A 
Workers
Socialism and "class enemies"
606
Q

What writer praised Stalin’s 1st FYP? How did he describe it?

A

Maxim Gorky

“High-spiritual value”

607
Q

Where were anti-Stalin writers taken? What happened to many writers as a result?

A

Labour camps

They committed suicide

608
Q

Which composer had to famously tread a fine line after his controversial operas? What was an example of a controversial opera written by them?

A

Shostakovich

“Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk”

609
Q

What did Lenin and Stalin both appreciate in reaching the masses? What would they try and win the masses over with?

A

Propaganda

Socialism

610
Q

Which leader particularly exploited visual propaganda to make him appeal as a worthy successor? How did he portray himself?

A

Stalin

As a “father figure”

611
Q

What did Stalin claim to guide the masses through? What paradise was promised?

A

Collectivisation and industrialisation

Socialist paradise

612
Q

Who manufactured Stalin’s propagandist image? Who controlled this?

A

Communist Party machine

The media

613
Q

Which leader sought to become a political icon? What did he strengthen in turn?

A

Stalin

His political power

614
Q

What did Bolsheviks face from day one in power? What happened to thousands of “Anti-Bolsheviks”?

A

Opposition

Sent to labour camps

615
Q

What did the Cheka implement during the Civil War? Who was this meant to eliminate?

A

Red Terror

“Enemies of the people”

616
Q

What did Lenin issue a ban on in 1921? What was this meant to curb?

A

“Ban on factions”

Criticism

617
Q

Whose methods did Stalin exploit? What in particular did he intensify?

A

Lenin’s

Terror

618
Q

Who else did Stalin eliminate other than actual opposition? From which Committee did this include members of?

A

Potential opposition

Central Committee

619
Q

What 2 things made Stalin fear his colleagues would betray him?

A

Wife’s suicide

Criticism of collectivisation

620
Q

How many members of the Communist Party were excluded from 1932-33? What took place after that was systematic?

A

A million

Purges on senior members

621
Q

What potential rival to Stalin was killed in 1934? How did Stalin use this as a pretext with Trotskyite, Zinoviev-Kamenev members?

A

Kirov

He arrested multiple factions of the party

622
Q

What 2 factions existed in the Communist Party at the time of Kirov’s murder?

A

Trotskyites

Zinoview-Kamenev faction

623
Q

Which 2 key figures were shot at a “show trial” in 1936? How many Bolsheviks were also killed?

A

Zinoviev and Kamenev

14

624
Q

What happened to key Bolshevik leaders and military high commanders in 1937?

A

Executed

625
Q

Which 3 key figures were shot in 1938?

A

Bukharin
Rykov
Yagoda - former head of NKVD

626
Q

Where was Trotsky assassinated? What year?

A

Mexico

1940

627
Q

Who was Stalin’s terror increasingly aimed at from 1938 onwards? What were the public encouraged to inform the government about?

A

Citizens

“Hidden enemies”

628
Q

What was the planning of arresting citizens similar to? Around how many people were executed or died in prison?

A

Planning industrial production targets

Hundreds of thousands

629
Q

How much of the population was arrested during the purges?

A

1 in 18

630
Q

What is one lesser known element of the purges? Who are 2 examples of this?

A

Deportation of national minorities

Poles and Germans

631
Q

Why did Stalin deport national minorities during the purges? How many Poles were shot during the campaign?

A

Fear they would join an invading army

100,000

632
Q

When did Stalin call a halt to the terror? Why?

A

November 1938

The population were frightened

633
Q

What did Stalin achieve as a result of the purges? Who did he replace these people with?

A

Eliminated all opponents

Stalinists

634
Q

What 2 things did Stalin obtain control of post-purges?

A

Party

People

635
Q

What does Historian Martin Sixsmith state happened to “class enemies” after the 1918 Lenin assassination attempt?

A

“Class enemies were rounded up and executed for their social origin”

636
Q

What does Historian D. Volkogonov say about why Stalin began the purges?

A

“Stalin was driven by a powerful need to win”

637
Q

What does Historian Orlando Figes say the “Great Terror” was “an amalgam” of?

A

“The Great Terror was an amalgam of Party purging and great show trials”

638
Q

Who did Stalin encourage great reverence for? What did he portray himself as continuing to do?

A

Lenin

Continuing Lenin’s work

639
Q

What did Stalin identify Lenin loyalty as loyalty to? What had Stalin succeeded in doing by the late 1920s?

A

The Party

Identifying his own authority

640
Q

What did opposition to Stalin seem like under his authority?

A

Opposition to Lenin, the Party and Revolution

641
Q

What were 4 key features of Stalinist rule that were already established under Lenin?

A

One-party rule
Secret police
Terror
Show trials

642
Q

What did Lenin say that the ruthless task of the Bolsheviks was?

A

“The ruthless destruction of the enemy”

643
Q

What warfare did Stalin continue? What 2 groups were particularly targeted?

A

“Class warfare”

Kulaks & bourgoisie

644
Q

How could Stalin’s rule be described as compared to Lenin’s rule?

A

A more developed and repressive authoritarian rule

645
Q

What 2 events did the purges constitute a complete break from? What did this develop?

A

Bolshevik Revolution
Lenin’s regime
Stalin’s personal rule

646
Q

Who did Stalin replace old Bolsheviks with? What didn’t these people have loyalty to?

A

Nomenklatura

Bolshevik Revolution

647
Q

Who did the Nomenklatura depend on for their positions? What were 3 benefits included in their roles?

A

Stalin

Privileges - luxury apartments, food, cars etc.

648
Q

Who was unlikely to criticise Stalin? How could the 1939 Party Congress be described from Stalin’s perspective?

A

Nomenklatura

Subservience

649
Q

Who did Stalin rely on to implement his policies? How could the policies be moderated?

A

Thousands of officials

State of local conditions

650
Q

What were 2 effects of Stalin’s policies in Russia?

A

Corruption

Elimination

651
Q

What transformation had the Soviet Union undergone by 1941? What kind of society was the Union becoming?

A

Economic transformation

An industrialised, urban society

652
Q

What did the development of industries and infrastructure enable Russia to withstand?

A

Nazi Germany

653
Q

What goods production was neglected? What failed to recover from the collectivisation crisis?

A

Consumer goods

Agriculture

654
Q

By 1941, what was being produced at a lesser extent than under the NEP?

A

Grain

655
Q

Where did nearly all peasants work and live by 1941? Who were they supervised by?

A

Kolkhoz

Officials

656
Q

What was scarce in the Kolkhoz? What was overcrowded?

A

Food

Housing

657
Q

What conditions became harsher in the late 1930s? What was prioritised?

A

Living/working conditions

Rearmament

658
Q

What had become hierarchical in Russian society? What was unequal?

A

Class

Class burden

659
Q 
What 2 divisions were there in Russia's class system?
What were Stakhanovites rewarded with?
A

Privileged elite
Workers
Higher pay

660
Q

What does Historian John Gooding state about industrial production by 1940?

A

“It was about 3x what it had been at the start of the 1st FYP”

H - 1H (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions