Section 2 Flashcards
When did Alexander III die? At what age?
September 1894
49
Who succeeded Alexander III? How was he related to Alex?
Nicholas II
Son
What did Nicholas II admit about ruling Russia? What religious belief did he have?
He had no idea how
It was a God-given duty to preserve autocracy
What 2 things did Nicholas II prove incapable of doing as Tsar?
Making firm decisions or giving a sense of direction
What 2 groups did Nicholas II rely on to challenges of his authority?
Army and Ohkrana
Where was there increasingly widespread unrest?
Towns and countryside
Who did the Tsar dismiss in 1903? What happened as a result?
Sergei Witte - most competent adviser
He was surrounded by reactionary ministers
What did peasants suffer from? What did they destroy?
Land hunger
Landlords’ barns
What did industrial workers form? What did they become involved in?
Illegal trade unions
Strikes
What was formed in 1904 in St Petersburg? Who formed it?
An official union
Father Gapon
Why was an official trade union formed?
To prevent workers joining socialists
When did the Japanese attack Russia? What Port was attacked?
January 1904
Port Arthur
Who was Plehve? What did he call for after the events of Port Arthur?
Minister of Internal Affairs
A “short, swift victorious war”
What was the Russo-Japanese War meant to divide attention from in Russia?
Political unrest at home
Where were Russian forces defeated in March 1904? How many Russians were killed?
Mukden
90,000
How many Russian ships were sunk in May 1904? What battle was this?
24 of 27
Battle of Tsushima
When did Russia surrender Port Arthur? Who did this increase opposition towards?
December 1904
Government
What other name is the 1905 Revolution known as?
Bloody Sunday
What happened on the 3rd January 1905? How many workers took part?
Strikes at Putilov
150,000
What happened on the 9th January 1905? What did they demand?
Father Gapon led 20,000 workers to the Winter Palace
Improved working conditions
Who was assassinated on 4th February 1905?
Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
What union was formed in March 1905? Who co-ordinated strikes?
“All Russian Union of Railway Workers”
Soviets
What happened overseas in June 1905?
Mutiny on ship Potemkin
Where were sympathetic crowds located after the Potemkin mutiny? How many were killed by police?
Odessa
2,000
What happened in August 1905? What union was formed?
Peasant riot
Peasant union
What was promised on 6th August 1905?
State Duma
What took place in September 1905? What did this cause in October?
Printers’ strike
General strike
What was nII brought up to believe any concessions or signs of weakness were indications of
Cowardice or failure on his part
Who were NIIs beliefs installed by
Pobedonostev his tutor
What did NII declare shortly before his coronation
He was resolved to maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father
What retained its powerful influence due to NIIs commitment to orthodoxy
The church
What ensured NII was no more popular with ethnic minorities than his father
Continued Russification and support for Black hundreds and anti Semitic ideas
Demands for change and gov reaction: what had happened to Russian society since years of great famine of 1891-92
Society had become more politicised
Demands for change and gov reaction: how did tsarist gov cope with crisis
They failed which left zemstva and voluntary organisations to provide the necessary relief work
Demands for change and gov reaction: what effect did tsarist govs failure to deal with famine have
Greater public mistrust of the govs competence and a firmer belief in the power of ordinary members of society to play a role in nations affairs
Demands for change and gov reaction: which groups had developed a wider support base by 1900 than ever before
Reformist groups
Demands for change and gov reaction: what were outbursts in universities met by
Increased use of okhrana
Demands for change and gov reaction: why was nickname years of the red cockerel coined
So many instances of arson in rural communities
Demands for change and gov reaction: where was unrest in countryside at its worst and why
In central Russian provinces, where landlord/peasant relationship was still at its most traditional
Demands for change and gov reaction: what did peasants do in years of the red cockerel
Set fire to landlords barns, destroyed grain, seized woodland and pasture, physically attacked landlords and officials
Demands for change and gov reaction: how did stolypin deal with unrest in countryside
Peasants flogged, arrested and exiled and shot in their thousands
Demands for change and gov reaction: why did it become referred to as stolypins necktie
Gallows in such constant use
Demands for change and gov reaction: industrial strikes increase 1894-1904
17000-90000
Demands for change and gov reaction: what did Zubatov set up in 1900 in an attempt to control proliferation of illegal unions
His own police sponsored trade unions with the approval of the Governor General of Moscow
Demands for change and gov reaction: what was the idea of police sponsored trade unions
Provide official channels through which complaints could be heard in an attempt to prevent workers joining the radical socialists
Demands for change and gov reaction: why did zubatovs experiment only last under 1903
Zubatov dismisses and exiled after one of his unions became involved in a general strike in Odessa
Demands for change and gov reaction: what was the name of the union that was formed on the Zubatov model and who was it formed by
Assembly of st Petersburg factory workers by father gapon
Demands for change and gov reaction: who was the assembly of st Petersburg factoriy workers approved by
Plehve (minister internal affairs) and had support of Orthodox Church
Russo Japanese war: what did plehve encourage the tsar to respond to with a ‘short, swift, victorious war’
A Japanese assault on the Russian far eastern naval base at port Arthur in January 1904
Russo Japanese war: what did plehve say the short, swift victorious war would detract from
The tide of unrest at home
Russo Japanese war: how were the Russians unprepared
They had little idea of enemy and inadequacies of their own forces
Russo Japanese war: what happened to initial surge of anti japanese patriotism after a series of defeats
Turned into one of opposition to the government
Russo Japanese war: what happened when plehve was assassted July 1094
Renewed cries for a representative National Assembly
Russo Japanese war: what did mirsky reluctantly agree to in face of cries for National Assembly
Reluctantly agreed to invite zemstvo representatives to come to st Petersburg for discussions
Russo Japanese war: what did Nicholas declare when all he would concede was an expansion of rights of zemstva
I will never agree to the representative form of gov because I consider it harmful to the people whom god entrusted in me
Bloody Sunday: when was Bloody Sunday
9 January 1905
Bloody Sunday: when did Russian forces in port Arthur surrender to Japanese
20 December
Bloody Sunday: where did a strike begin 3 January 1905 and how did it escalate
Putilov iron works
Soon involved 150000 workers
Bloody Sunday: what did father gapon wish to present NII with in his peaceful March
A petition, demonstrating workers loyalty but also requesting reform
Bloody Sunday: where was Nicholas on Bloody Sunday
At his summer palace Tsarskoe Selo
Bloody Sunday: what was used to break up the demonstration
12000 troops
Bloody Sunday: what did NII finally agree to after his uncle was assassinated
Meet workers representatives at summer palace
Bloody Sunday: how did NII inflame sentiment even after agreeing to meet workers representatives
Suggested marchers had been badly advised and that strikers should return to work
Bloody Sunday: who did NII dismiss moderate Mirsky for
Bulygin- minister for internal affairs
Trepov- military governor of st Petersburg
October manifesto: how did Russian empire seem near to total collapse by October 1905
Strikes and demonstrations in all major cities, peasant uprisings throughout countryside and depends for independence from minority groups
October manifesto: why was st Petersburg soviet set up
To direct a general strike
October manifesto: when did general strike begin
October 1905
October manifesto: what did Witte warm that country was on verge of
A revolution which would sweep away a thousand years of history
October manifesto: what demands for reform were there internally
Trepov declared for some moderate reform
Tsars Uncle threatened to shoot himself unless reforms insituted
October manifesto: when did tsar agree to sign a decree
17 October
October manifesto: what did october manifesto promise
- to grant civic freedom
- to establish state duma
- to give state duma power to approve laws
October manifesto: how did crowds react to manifesto
Greeted with celebrations
Sang French revolutionary anthem La Marseillaise and waved red flags
October manifesto: why did radicals urge workers to fight on despite general strike being called off
We have been granted a constitution yet autocracy remains, we have been granted everything and yet we have nothing’
October manifesto: how did radicals view accord with that of tsar
He had no intention of becoming a constitutional monarch and few of his ministers had a real commitment to manifesto promises
Counter revolution: what did trepov order troops to do in forcing striking workers back to factories
Fire no blanks and spare no bullets
Counter revolution: what did the Jews suffer in late 1905
Terrible pogroms
Counter revolution: what were gangs sent to do to peasants in a bid to restore order
Round up and flog the peasants
Counter revolution: what happened to st Petersburg soviet on 3 December
HQ surrounded and leaders arrested, tried and exiled to Siberia
Counter revolution: what affect did exile leaders of soviet have on revolutionary movement
Weakened it and authorities regained control
Counter revolution: when did street war fare in Moscow continue until
For a further month
The new constitution: what did new constitution consist of
- lower chamber (duma)
- upper chamber (council)
- gov
The fundamental laws: when did the tsar issue them
Five days before first duma met 23 April 1906
The fundamental laws: what did they assert
His autocratic power
The fundamental laws: what did tsar claim right to do under fundamental la w
- veto legislation
- rule by decree in emergency/when duma not in session
- appoint and dismiss gov ministers
- dissolve duma as he wished
- command Russia’s land and sea forces
- declare war, conclude peace and negotiate treaties etc
The first duma: what was its nickname
Duma of national hopes
The first duma: dates
May- July 1906
The first duma: who was it boycotted by
Bolsheviks, SRs and extreme right wing union of Russian people
The first duma: what was it overwhelmingly in composition
Radical- liberal
The first duma: why did it bring about wittes resignation
It was strongly critical of tsar and his ministers
The first duma: who was witte replaced with
Goremykin
The first duma: what did their address to the throne request
Political amnesty, abolition of state council, transfer of ministerial responsibility to duma, compulsory seizure of lands of gentry without compensation, universal and direct male suffrage, abandonment of emergency laws, abolition of death penalty aka reform of civil service
The first duma: how did NII react to address to Theo e
Totally inadmissible
The first duma: how did duma react to NII totally inadmissable
PAssed vote of no confidence in the gov and demanded the resignation of the tsars ministers
The first duma: when was it dissolved
10 weeks after it passed vote of no confidence
The first duma: who was goremykin replaced as PM by
Stolypin
The second duma: nickname
Duma of national anger
The second duma: date
Feb-June 1907
The second duma: why was it more oppositional than predecessor
Number of more extreme left wing increased enormously because bolsheivks, Mensheviks and srs decided to participate
The second duma: why did stolypin have to resort to passing legislation under emergency powers act
Struggled to find any support for agrarian reform
The second duma: what did stolypin do when duma refused to ratify the legislation he passed under emergency powers act
Spread a story about a plot to assassinate tsar and dissolved duma
The second duma: what happened when stolypin introduced an illegal emergency law to alter franchise
Weight of peasants, workers and national minorities drastically reduced and representation of gentry increased
Third duma: nickname
Duma of lords and lackeys
Third duma: date
Nov 1907-June 1912
Third duma: in what sense was it a more submissive duma
Agreed to 2200/2500 gov proposals
Third duma: why was it a sign of how unpopular tsarist regime had become
Even this duma proved confrontational
Third duma: what were there disputes over
Naval staff, stolypins proposals to extend primary education and his local gov reform
Third duma: why did it have to be suspended twice in 1911
While gov forced through legislation under emergency provisions
Third duma: what was clear by 1912 despite duma running its course
Duma sustem not working
Fourth duma: date
Nov 1912-17
Fourth duma: who replaced stolypin as pM
Kokovstov
Fourth duma: what did kokovtsov proclaim about duma
Thank god we still have no parliament
Just ignored it
Fourth duma: why did duma not prevent its influence declining
Too divided to fight back
Fourth duma: howrid workers again seize initiative
Revival of direct action and strike activity in years before outbreak of war
Political developments by 1914: what did stolypin establish in August 1906 to deal with crimes deemed to be political in intent
Court martials led by senior military officers
Political developments by 1914: when did cases have to be concluded in stolypins courts
2 days and the accused wasn’t allowed a defence counsel
Political developments by 1914: how many people convicted and executed by stolypins court system 1906-09
3000
Political developments by 1914: what were stolypins beliefs on agriculture
Radical reform of agriculture was best strategy for resisting revolutionary demands
Political developments by 1914: wby did future look brighter for traditional governing classes
Agrarian situation improving and Dumas weakened to point of meaningless
Political developments by 1914: why had revolutionary groups who had led most of opposition weakened
Police activity and internal quarrels
Political developments by 1914: what offered oppurtknities for a revival of patriotism to defect public attention from troubles at home
Revival of pan slavism and focus for Russia’s imperial ambitions in Balkan’s
Political developments by 1914: how did court react to resurfacing of labour troubles in 1913
Turned its back and seemed to believe allccould continue as it always had
Political developments by 1914: what was the only party which NII had any sympathy for and what effect did this have
Union of the Russian people
Reinforced his mystical belief in the unassailable bond that existed between himself and his people
Political developments by 1914: what was the courts distance from reality epitomised by
The rise of Rasputin
Political developments by 1914: why did Rasputin damage tsars reputation
Alexandra grew close to him and believed he could cure her haemophilic son
Nicholas failed to take action
Political grouping: Social Democrats
Founded in 1898
Split in 1903
Bolsheviks - Lenin (peasant and proletariat revolution)
Mensheviks - Martov (cooperation with bourgeoise)
Political grouping: Social Revolutionaries
Founded in 1899
Chernov - redistribution of land and nationalisation. Left of party favoured terrorism.
Political groupings: Kadets (constitutional democrats)
Milyukov
Favoured constitutional monarchy with parliamentary government
Political grouping: Octoberists
Guchkov
Moderate Conservative Party which accepted the October Manifesto
Supported by wealthy landowners and industrialists
how had NII been brought up
to take his duties as a ruler seriously
to believe any concessions/signs of weakness would be indications of cowardice and failure
who was NII tutor
Pobedonostev
what did NII declare he was resolved to shortly before his coronation
‘maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father’
what did nII commitment to orthodoxy ensure
the church maintained its powerful influence
why was NII unpopular with ethnic minorities
continued russification and support for black hundreds
why had Russian society become more criticised in the year after 1894
great famine 1891-92
failure of tsarist gov to deal with crisis
left zemstva and vol organisations to provide necessary relief work
what did the failure of gov correspondence to great famine lead to
greater public mistrust of govs competence and firmer belief in power of ordinary members of society to play a role in nations affairs
which groups developed a wider support base than ever by 1900
reformist groups
how were outbursts of trouble in universities resolved
increased use of okhrana
the years of the red cockerel
so many instances of arson in rural communities that nickname was coined
where was the unrest at its worst
central Russian provinces where landlord/peasant relationship was still at its most traditional
what did peasant unrest consist of
they set fire to landlords barns, destroying grain/ vented anger by seizing woodland/pasture
even physically attacked landlords and officials
who was the tsars minister
pyotr stolypin
how did stolypin deal with peasant disturbances
with ferocity that aggravated situation further
peasants flogged, arrested and exiled, shot in thousands
stolypins necktie
gallows became referred to this due to constant use
industrial strikes 1894 vs 1904
1894- 17000
1904- 90000
who was the Moscow chief of the okhrana
Zubatov
how did zubatox try to control proliferation of illegal unions in 1900
began organising own police-sponsored trade unions
what was the idea behind police sponsored trade unions
provide official channels through which complaints could be heard, in an attempt to prevent workers joining radical socialists
how successful was zubatovs idea
only lasted until 1903
Zubatov dismissed and exiled after one of his unions because involved in general strike in Odessa
what was formed in 1904
another union on zubatov model
Assembly of St Petersburg Factory Workers by Father Gapon
who was Gapons union approved by and how much support did it have
approved by minister of internal affairs Plehve and had support of church
soon had 12 branches and 8000 members
what is Plehve accredited with encouraging the tsar to do
respond to a Japanese assault on the Russian naval base of port Arthur in jan 1904
how did plehve describe this response
a short swift victorious war which woud detract from the tide of unrest at home
how did the Russians underestimate the ‘short swift victorious war’
had little idea of their enemy/inadequacies of their own forces
what effect did a series of defeats have on the initial surge of anti Japanese patriotism
turned into one of opposition to the government
what happened when plehve was assassinated july 1904
crowds in warsaw turned out to streets to celebrate
who replaced plehve
mirsky, in nov 1904
how did mirsky respond to renewed cries for a representative national assembly
reluctantly agreed to invite zemtvo representatives to come to st pt for discussions
what were NII reasons for not agreeing to a representative form of government
considered it harmful to the people whom god has entrusted to me
what did Nicholas concede to in response to cries for duma
an expansion of the rights of the zemstva
when did Russia surrender to the japanese
20 December 1904
why did a strike begin at the putilov iron works 3 jan 1905
humiliation of defeat added to growing discontent
strike soon involved 150,000 workers
who decided to conduct peaceful march to winter palace on 9 jan 1905
political and economic grievances
father gapon
what did father gapon wish to present to nii on 9 January
a petition, demonstrating workers loyalty but also requesting reform
where was nii on 9 jan 1905
at his summer palace Tsarkoe Selo
what happe ned to the demonstrating workers jan 1905
12,000 troops used to break them up
what was the effect of bloody sunday
sparked an outbreak of rebellion which spread throughout empire
when did Nicholas agree to meet workers representatives
after 4 feb when his uncle was assassinated
how did Nicholas inflame sentiment when he met workers
suggested that marchers had been badly advised and that strikers should return to work
who did Nicholas replace the moderate mirsky with
Bulygin- minister for internal affairs
Trepov- military governor of st pt
both prepared to follow hard line policy
what was the state of the Russian empire oct 1905
- near to total collapse
- strikes and demonstrations in all major cities, peasant uprisings, demands for independence from poles, finns, Latvians etc
what was st Petersburg soviet inspired and dominate by
inspired by union of unions and dominated by radical revs
why was st Petersburg soviet set up
to direct a general strike- began In Moscow at beginning of oct 1905
what did witte warn
country was on verge of a revolution that would sweep away thousands of years of history
what did trepov declare
the need for some moderate reform
what did grand duke nikolay threaten
to shoot himself unless reforms were instituted
when did the tsar agree to sign a decree promising constitutional reform
17 October 1905
what 3 things did the October manifesto promise
- grant civic freedom
- establish state duma so allowing a voice to all classes of population
- give state duma power to approve laws
how was the manifesto received
celebration on streets
crowds sang french revolutionary anthem and waved red flags
how did radicals urge workers to fight on despite GS being called off
workers bulletin read: we have been granted a constitution yet autocracy remains, we have been granted everything and yet we have been granted nothing
what did radical workers bulletin read in response to october manfesto
‘we have been granted a constitution, yet autocracy remains. we have been granted everything, and yet we have been granted nothing’
how sincere was nII october manifesto
had no intention of becoming a constitutional monarch
few of his ministers had a real commitment to manifesto promises
what did trepov order troops to do in forcing striking workers back to their factories
‘fire no blanks and spare no bullets’
why did the jews suffer in the final months of 1905
the right wing associated them with ‘socialists and revolutionaries’
how were the jews treated in the final months of 1905
suffered terrible pogroms
how were the peasants treated in the final months of 1905
gangs sent to round up and flog peasants in a bid to restore order
on what date were St Petersburg Soviet leaders arrested
3 December
how did arrest of soviet leaders weaken revolutionary movement in the capital
leaders tried and exiled to siberia
what did new constitution consist of
- state duma
- state council
- and council of ministers
what did the fundemental laws reassert
NII autocratic power
what did article 4 state about nii autocratic power
‘it is ordained by god himself that the tsars authority should be submitted to, not only out of fear but out of genuine sense of duty’
what did the tsar claim the right to do under the fundemental laws
- veto legislation
- rule by decree in an emergency/when duma not in session
- appoint and dismiss gov officials
- dissolve duma as he wished
- command russias forces
- declare war, concede peace and negotiate treaties with foreign states
- control military and household expensditure
- overturn verdicts and sentences given in court of law
- control orthodox church
how many dumas between 1905 and 1917
4
first duma dates
may-july 1906
who was first duma boycotted by
bolsheviks, srs and extreme right wing union of russian people
composition of first duma
overwhelmingly radical liberal
what did first duma bring about
extremely critical of tsar and brought about Wittes resignation
what did the first duma request in its ‘address to the throne’
political amnesty
abolition of state council
transfer of ministerial responsibility to duma, compulsory seizure of lands of gentry, universal and direct male suffrage, abandonment of emergency laws, abolition of death penalty, reform of civil service
how did NII react to adress to throne
demands were totally inadmissable
what did first duma pass in relation to gov and demand
passed vote of no confidence in gov and demanded resignation of tsars ministers
how many weeks after vote of no confidence was duma dissolved
10
who did tsar replace goremykin as prime minister with
stolypin- even more hard line
nickname for first duma
duma of national hopes
second duma dates
Feb-June 1907
nickname for second duma
duma of national anger
why was the second duma even more oppositional than the first
number of extreme left wing increased
bolsheviks, mensheviks and srs participated
what did stolypin struggle to find support for in second duma
agrarian reform
resorted to passing legislation under tsars emergency powers act
what did stolypin do in response to second dumas refusal to ratify his agrarian reforms
spread a story about plot to assasinate tsar and dissolved duma
arrested and exiled more radical delegates
what illegal emergency law did stolypin introduce to alter the franchise after dissolving the second duma
weight of peasants, workers and national minorities drastically reduced and representation of the gentry increased
nickname for third duma
duma of lords and lackeys
dates for third duma
nov 1907-june 1912
how many of gov proposals did third duma agree
2200/2500- more submissive duma
what was the fact that the third duma was confrontational a sign of
tsarist regime unpopularity
what were there disputes over within the third duma
naval staff, stolypins proposals to extend primary education and his local gov reform
when did the third duma have to be suspended twice
1911
why did third duma have to be suspended twice in 1911
while gov forced through legislation under emergency provisions
dates of fourth duma
nov 1912-1917
which prime minister replaced stolypin after his assassination in 1911
Kokostov
how can fourth duma be described
relatively docile body
what ddid kokostov say about fourth duma
‘thank god we still have no parliament’
why did fourth dumas influence decline
kokostov ignored it and it was too divided to fight back
how did stolypin help to restore order in the countryside
august 1906- established court martials to deal with crimes deemed to be political in intent
how did the court respond to the resurfacing of labour troubles from 1912
turned its back and believed all could continue as it always had
why did NII sympathise with the union of the russian people
it reinforced is mystical belief of the unassialable bond between himself and his people
what was the courts distance from reality epitomised by
Rasputin
how did rasputin create distance between the court and the people
nicholas failed to take action against the queens interest in rasputin to heal aleksei, despite rasputins obviosu misdeeds- damaged reputation of people who he relied upon
how did russia undergo a major transformation from the mid 1893-1913
annual growth rate if more than 8% per annum
who was the impressive expansion initially masterminded by
witte
witte
finance minister 1892-1903
how did railway trackage increase under witte
doubled
how did coal output increase in southern Russia under witte
from 183 million puds in 1890 to 671 million in 1900
how did witte sought to state manage industrial growth
seeking capital, technical advisers, managers and skilled workers from overseas
when did witte introduce a new rouble
January 1897
why did witte introduce a new rouble
- backed by value of gold
- strengthen currency and encourage foreign confidence and investment
why did foreign investment decline in early twentieth century
Russian businessmen accumulated sufficient wealth to expand enterprises
what did witte use capital to fund
public works, develop russias infrastructure
how much of railways were state controlled by early twentieth century
70%
how much of russias metallurgical production was the state buying by the turn of the century
2/3
what did Gerschenkron dub the late 1890s as
‘the great spurt’
what did the state buy out in terms of railways
smaller railway companies and extended lines
how many km of railways did Russia have by 1905
59,616km- 66% state owned
what did the railways help open up
Russian interior and allowed dmore extensive exploitation of Russias raw materials
how did growth of railways reinforce export drive
linked grain growing areas to the black sea ports
what was the building of the railway lines a stimulus to
the development of the iron and coal industries
permitted the development of new industries
what did fall in transport cost bring down the price of
goods
what did the government make money from with railways
freight charges and passenger fares
when did the rate of railway building slow
1908-13
what did Russia have by 19013 (railways)
second largest railway network in world- 62000km
what was the most acclaimed development in railways
transiberian railway
what did the building of the trans Siberian railway provide a stimulus to
industry and even greater psychological boost
how much of Russian coal in 1913 was the donbas region supplying
87%
how much pig iron in 1913 was the rich ironfields of the Krivoi rog supplying
74%
what was Russia the fourth largest producer of by 1914
coal, pig iron and steel
how did the Caspian sea port of baku grow
tremendously
how did Russian oil production increase 1885-1913
153 million puds to almost 570 millions
took second place in world oil production
which city overtook st Petersburg as an industrial centre
Moscow
why was there a growth in light industry and textiles
growing internal demand
what did the relentless drive increase demands on
the state budget
what was Russia the fifth largest by 1914
worlds 5th largest industrial power
what was one of the reasons the german generals urged war against Russia in 1914
they feared that delaying war any longer would allow Russian industrialisation to reach a point whereby Russia would outstrip the massive german economy
for what percentage of the Russian population did the rural economy provide a livelihood for
80-90%
what was agriculture largely ignored in the interests of until 1906
industrialisation
why were developments in agriculture more so after 1906
pyotr stolypin appointed minister of internal affairs
what had most farming remained before 1906
small scale and in the hands of former serfs and state peasants
what did the subdivision of states in 1905 cause
the average holding to fall from 35 acres to 28
amount of land available stayed same whilst population increased
Agriculture: what was the gov initiative from 1896
To sponsor emigration to new agricultural settlements in Siberia, which had been opened up by he trans Siberian railway
Agriculture: how did the gov initiative from 1896 prove insufficient
To alleviate the pressure of a growing population on resources
Agriculture: which traditional agricultural practices continued
Wooden plough still used and medieval rotation systems practised
Agriculture: why was grain from American and British farms way more than Russia
Lack of husbandry deprived soil of manure
Agriculture: how did some peasants manage to improve themselves since emancipation edict
By buying up land and farming more efficiently
Agriculture: how did stolypin describe kulaks
Strong and sturdy
Agriculture: how was stolypins plan to produce more kulaks two fold
Aimed to win their loyalty to tsardom and develop the economy by developing agriculture and creating an internal market for products of industry
Stolypins reforms: how did stolypins wish for peasants to become permanent owners of their land demand a complete transformation of the communal pattern of Russian rural life
He intended each peasants land should be held in one piece rather than as a collection of scattered strips around village
Stolypins reforms: when did his programme of agricultural reform begin
1903
Stolypins reforms: what was the mirs responsibility to do removed in1903
To pay taxes on behalf of all the peasants in the village
Stolypins reforms: when were major changes undertaken
Not until after violence and unrest of 1905
Stolypins reforms: what did stolypin claim to need for reforms to take affect and what prevented this
20 years of peace
Coming of war prevented
Stolypins reforms: what did the legislation encourage and why
Land transfers and development of larger farms as poorer peasants encouraged to sell out to more prosperous ones
Stolypins reforms: how did hereditary ownership of land by peasants increase from 1905-15
20%-50%
Stolypins reforms: how did grain production rise 1900-14
Annually from 56 million tons to 90 million
Stolypins reforms: what was russia the worlds largest exporter of by 1909
Cereal
Stolypins reforms: what played a significant part in increasing production
Run of good harvests
Stolypins reforms: what took 3.5 million peasants away from the over populated rural districts of the south and west to Siberia and help Siberia develop into a major agricultural region
Stolypins encouragement to districts of the south and west
Stolypins reforms: what did Siberia specialise in by 1915
Dairy and cereals
Stolypins reforms: how many applications for consolidation of hereditary tenure of individual farms dealt with by 1913
1.3 million/5 jillion
Stolypins reforms: what percentage of land had been transferred from communal to private ownership by 1914
10%
Stolypins reforms: what percentage of peasant holdings were still in traditional strips by 1914 and why
90%
Conservative peasants reluctant to give up traditional practice and the security the Mir provided for them
Stolypins reforms: why did 50% land remain in the hands of the nobility
Landowners often reluctant to give ho land and difficulties of dividing common land brought protracted legal battles
Stolypins reforms: what percentage of peasants achieved kulak status
Less than one percent
Stolypins reforms: what were those of kulak status forced to do
Leave their farms and join bands of migrant labourers looking for either seasonal farming work or industrial employment
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what swelled the urban population in russias major cities
arrival of new large factories, growing numbers of smaller workshops
developments in working and living conditions in towns: how many factory workers 1900 and 1913
2 million- 6 million 1913
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did the empires urban poplation quadruple between 1867 and n1917
influx of peasants looking for work in the cities
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did some peasants settle only temporarlily
retained their land and returned to their villages to help out their families for harvest
developments in working and living conditions in towns: how many people living in St Pt by 1914 were peasantsa by birth
3/4
developments in working and living conditions in towns: how did a peasants atmosphere surround the workers quarters in the city
livestock roamed the streets are there were numerous outdoor peasant markets, including one of red square
developments in working and living conditions in towns: how were facilities inadequate
- workers lived in overcorwded abd dirty barracks owned by factory workers
- ate in canteen and washed in communal bathrooms
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what percentage of houses in st pt at turn of century had no running water/ sewage system
40%
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why is it unsurprsising that 30000 inhabitants died of cholera in 1908-09
excrement set in piles in back yards and collected by wooden carts at night
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did rents reamin high despite awful conditions
demand for work and accomodation high
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what did workers wages vary according to
whether unskilled/skilled, occupation followed, amount of overtime put in or amount deducted in fines
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why were amogst lowest paid
women
developments in working and living conditions in towns: when were conditions at their worst
industrial depression of 1900-08
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what happened to workers wages when industry began to revive
failed to keep pace with inflation
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what were normal factory hours reduced to by 1914
10 hours
developments in working and living conditions in towns: how did education spread
85% rise in primary education 1905-1914
gov promoted development of technical schools and unis
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what were inadequacies of education
investment in education far less than in railways and only 55% children in full time education by 1914
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what was it easy for towns and cities to become breeding places for
political discontent
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why was poltiical activism comparatively rare before 1905
strike activity illegal and secret police efficient
relatively small number of workers and own desperation to get and retain jobs
developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did workers at lena goldfields in siberia go on strike in 1912
better wages and conditions
developments in working and living conditions in towns: what happened to lena goldfields strikers
troops sent in 270 killed and 250 injured
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did conditions for peasant gamers not improve substantially
Strip farming persisted on 90% land and still widespread rural poverty
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did gap between richest and poorest sections of peasantry become wider
Wealthier peasant entrepreneurs/kulaks took advantage of less favoured and bought out impoverished neighbours
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why were increasing numbers forced to leave their farms
Join bands of migrants labourers looking for seasonal farming work/industrial employment
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did a minority emigrate to Siberia
Encouraged by gov schemes from 1896 to sponsor emigration from over populated rural south and west to new agricultural settlements
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: how successful was gov drive to emigrate to Siberia
3.5 million/97 million went and scheme inadequate to alleviate pressure of growing population on resources
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: how did living standards vary in different parts of country
- more prosperous commercial farming in peripheral regions
- continuation of nobles landowning and backward farming methods mainly concentrated in Russian heartland
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: who tended to be better out of state peasants or privately owned serves
State peasants
Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what were many peasants turned down as unfit for
Military service
Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: where were mortality rates higher in Russia than
Anywhere else in Europe
Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: which professions were in short supply
Doctors and teachers
Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what was education like
Few received more than basic elementary education
1914 still around 60% illiteracy
Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what was unblemished despite remaining at bottom of social ladder
Sense of community and loyalty to church and tsar
social divisions: what did society become as economic changes were underway
more complex
social divisions: what was the most marked social feature
the continuing division between a small upper stratum of nobility and the broad mass of peasantry
the nobility: how did some nobles thrive despite their position suffering as a whole after emancipation
some thrived on favourable arrangements for land distribution or involvement in industrial enterprises and financial speculation
the nobility: what did others serve in which allowed them to retain former influence
gov office or with strong military
the nobility: what proportion of nobles land was transferred to townsmen/peasants between 1861-1905
one third
the nobility: how did nobles struggle economically
-struggled to meet debts, failed to understand modern money management, investment for future and need to adjust living standards accordingly
the nobility: why weren’t nobles incomes substantially harmed
no re distributive taxation or attacks on landed wealth
the nobility: how did nicholas view nobility
encouraged noble influence and was keen to see their power within local zemstva retained
the nobility: what were nobility regularly appointed to
provincial governorships and vice governorships
the nobility: what had its own noble assembly
each province and district of the empire, met once a year
the nobility: when did first meeting of united nobility take place
may 1906
middle classes: what was traditional legal structure of Russia challenged by
emergence of middle stratum that expanded as pace of economic change quickened
middle classes: which people were able to carve out comfortable lives for themselves
new business and professional men
middle classes: how was there social mobility
nobles sons chose to join the business world/those of peasant stock rose through hard work and enterprise to join ranks of middle management
middle classes: why did the group grow in force
as management and professional positions became more in demand in the increasingly complex industrialising society
middle classes: where were there plenty of opportunities for enterprising
within industrialising regions and in development of Russia’s infrastructure
middle classes: growth of what also fuelled growing middle class
growth of education and demand for more administrators
middle classes: where did growing middle classes find their natural home
on councils of zemstva and in town and state dumas
workers and peasantry: what most affected workers and peasantry
population growth and economic development
workers and peasantry: what awakening of the peasants was underway by 1914
awakening peasantry from their inertia to political activism
workers and peasantry: what were most peasant protests before 1914 the result of
failed harvest/unfair land allocation
workers and peasantry: what would complete awakening of peasants to political activism
exceptional conditions of war
workers and peasantry: how did former peasants in urban areas alienate their families and roots
lost something of their former identity and began to associate with others who lived and worked in close proximity sharing grievances
workers and peasantry: how could it be justified to say that one of the gravest mistaken of the tsarist gov was to fail to respond effectively to effects of social change in the cities
was from large and discontented urban working class that impetus to overthrow regime in 1917 would eventually come
workers and peasantry: what did former peasants in urban areas become an easy target for
political agitators
cultural changes: how did fundamental patriarchal structure of society remain in 1914
ties of family and household predominated
cultural changes: what brought new opportunities and aspirations for woemn
economic and political developments
cultural changes: what did educational opportunities grow from 1900 despite
AIII and NII trying to cut back on womens educational opportunities
cultural changes: how did greater numbers of women find increased independence
factory work
cultural changes: when was first all russian congress of women
December 1908
cultural changes: who attended first all russian congress of women and what did it campaign for
1035 delegates and it campaigned for a female franchise
cultural changes: what did gov expenditure on primary education grow from 1896 to 1914
5 million roubles to over 82 million by 1914
cultural changes: how many children ages 8-11 were receiving primary education by 1911 and what proportion of these were girls
over 6.5 million
only a third were girls
cultural changes: what % illiteracy was there in 1914
40%
cultural changes: what did a basic level of education help to increase
a sense of self worth among the literate
cultural changes: why did number of books and publication proliferate
popular press boomed after 1905
cultural changes: what did secondary and higher education remain
elitist
cultural changes: number of uni students 1860-1914
5000-69,000
cultural changes: what did more serious writers and artists use their art forms to address
problems in russian society
cultural changes: what did Anton Chekhov produce and what tradition did he continue
a stream of stories and plays from the 1880s until his death in 1904
continued realist tradition of Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky in 1860s and 1870s
cultural changes: what did relaxation of censorship controls from 1905 produce
silver age of russian culture
cultural changes: what was silver age of culture dominated by
poets
cultural changes: examples of experiments in modernism
- Igor Stravinsky’s music
- Serge Diaghilev’s ballets
- Marc Chagalls pictures
- Kazimir Malevich’s paintings
cultural changes: what challenges did experiments in modernism pose
to convention and showed that russia was culturally as much a part of modern world as its more advanced economic neighbours
cultural changes: what had russian culture broadened and diversified to encompass by 1914
a much wider groups than the intelligentsia elites
cultural changes: in what sense was russian culture and behaviour seen to exhibit little change
- 1913 tercentenary year of Romanov dynasty
- Nicholas and Alexandra revelled in traditional jubilee rituals organised to celebrate permanency of Romanov’s
- encouraging wearing of Muscovite costumes and Orthodox
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what added to numbers favouring more representation and rule of law
spread of education and emergence of stronger middle class as a result of industrialisation
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why was liberalism particularly strong in the zemstva
- reputation enhanced by actions taken in face of gov incompetence during Great Famine 1891-92
- resentments galvanised by reduction zemstva powers under AII
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: how did Tsar dismiss Tver Zemstvo’s petition to set up an advisory body
as senseless dreams
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: liberal noble who continued to demand creation of an all class zemstvo at district level and a national assembly
Prince Lvov
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what happened when Ivan Shipov tried to set up an ‘All Zemsto Organisation’ in 1896
it was immediately banned
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did banning of ‘all zemstvo organisation’ encourage some liberals to do
establish Beseda Symposium in 1899
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did Beseda Smyposium meet in secret to discuss
matters of liberal interest eg judicial reform and universal education
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why did beseda symposium assume leadership of liberal movement in 1900
gov ordered dismissal of hundreds of liberals from the zemstva
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: who did Beseda symposium attract a wide range of support from when they assumed leadership of the liberals
public figures, town leaders, members of legal and teaching professions and industrialists
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what was founded in 1903 under Struve
union of liberation
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why did struve defect from the Marxist movement
opposed its commitment to violent revolution
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did struve believe Russia needed
a period of peaceful evolution in which to adapt to its new industrialising status
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what system did struve want to see implemented
constitutional system through which workers could campaign legally to improve their conditions
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did struve believe Russia needed to adapt to its new industrialising status
period of peaceful evolution
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: who attended unions grand meeting of 1904
reps of zemstva and other professional societies
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did members declare at unions grand meeting
intention to work for establishment of a constitutional gov and arranged series of society banquets
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what political influence did they have
limited
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what were they fortunate to escape
closer attention of police
growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why were they main beneficiaries from 1905 revolution
one of their aims, duma, established
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when were ideas of agrarian socialism revived
after great famine 1891-92
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when was SR founded
1901
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what did SRs become a rallying point for
those who wished to appeal to peasantry through a commitment to land socialisation and decentralised government
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: who was SRs most influential theorist
Viktor Chernov
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how was SRs a fairly loose organisation
comprised of groups with a wide variety of views
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: why did SRs put forward idea that peasants and workers should work together to bring down autocracy and bring about land redistribution
they saw their views as identical
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what emphasis of SRs set them apart from pure Marxists
emphasis on peasantry and land socialisation rather than land nationalisation
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what did SRs develop in terms of support
wide national base with a large peasant membership
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how were SR tactics similar to earlier populists
tried to stir up discontent in countryside and strikes in towns and to disrupt gov by political assassinations
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how many political assasinations did SRs carry out between 1901-05
2000
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: which ministers of internal affairs did SRs assassinate
Dmitri Sipyagin and Von Plehve
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how did SRs play an active role in 1905 revolution
developed full programme in Nov 1905 and forming a separate combat organisation which attracted many students to carry out assassinations
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when did SRs assassinate Stolypin
1911
development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how did police hinder SRs progress
foiled some activities and was successful in infiltrating the movement at its highest levels
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what helped make Marxist theories more attractive to Russian intellectuals from late 1890s
industrial takeoff
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: which group grew
Georgi Plekhanovs emancipation of labour group
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what were attracted by Marxist ideas
discussion circles, workers organisations, illegal trade unions, and other groups
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: when was SD party set up
1898
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what happened at first congress of Russian SDs
chose name, elected 3 man central committee and produced a manifesto
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did SDs manifesto assert
working classes had and were been exploited by their masters and that the future of Russia would be the product of the class struggle
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did SDs manifesto make clear that impetus for change had to come from
working men themselves
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: why did SDs get off to promising start
first congress broken up by Okhrana agents who promptly arrested 2 of committee
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: who came to play a prominent part in development of party
lenin
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: when did second party congress take place
1903
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what was considered at second party congress
variety of propositions as to how party should move forward but were divided on these
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did lenin argue in favour of
strong disciplined organisation of professional revolutionaries to lead proletariat
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did others like Martov believe
their task should be to develop a broad party with a mass working class membership
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: how did lenin win vote towards more centralise party structure despite not having mass support in beginning
number of reps withdrew and lenin claimed his supporters were majority
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what was there continued argument and rivalry between in SDs
nature, timing, and organisation of rev
influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what were Bolsheviks and mensheviks by 1906 and why
essentially 2 separate parties because division hardened so much
Trade unions: why may a reduction in working class discontent have been expected after excitement raised by 1905 revolution
Revolution and legislation of trade unions
Trade unions: what did the state continue to fear despite some reforms for working class
Independent working class activity and potential for revolutionaries to work through trade unions
Trade unions: how many TUs closed town and how many denied registration 1906-1910
497 closed down
604 denied registration
Trade unions: what were unions that survived mainly
Those of the better paid male skilled workers
Trade unions: what reduced any opportunity for union action from 1907
Economic depression, rise in unemployment and political clampdown
Trade unions: what provided new impetus
Shooting of unarmed demonstrators at Lena Goldfields in April 1912
Trade unions: what gave Skills labour more bargaining power in market place from 1911
Economic recovery
Trade unions: where was trade union activity mainly confined to
St Petersburg and surrounding area
Trade unions: what added to anger and opposition
Bitter resistance of employers and repressive measures taken to break strikes
Trade unions: how was danger to autocracy of pre war strike movement less than it seemed
Gerogespically limited, only 12% enterprises experienced a strike and even GS in St Pt only brought out a quarter of manufacturing labour force
Other opposition groups: why was moderate liberal opposition largely appeased by
Tsarist concessions 1905-06 and tried to cooperate with duma sustem
Other opposition groups: why was there no single, strong opposition among the nationalisites after 1905
- apart from poles and Finns none wanted outright independence
- Ukrainians and Belorussians, combo of policies of assimilation and respressiln enjoyed success
Other opposition groups: why were SRs and SDs weakened after 1905
- exile of leaders
- damaging split within SDs
- rivalry between SRs and SDs
Other opposition groups: what were ideological divisions within SRS AND SDS compounded by
Disagreements over appropriate response to 1905 defeat and use parties should make to work in Dumas
Other opposition groups: how did srs and SDs suffer from secret police activities
Agrents effective in smashing rev cells
Other opposition groups: what made organisation of srs and SDs difficult
Industrial depression 1907, lack of finance and shortage of secret printing presses
Other opposition groups: what happened instead of establishing national, regional or even all city organisations
At best they maintained underground organisation in individual factories and workshops
Other opposition groups: how was there a revival in Bolshevik fortunes in 1912-14
Succeeded in taking over many legal labour institutions in st pt and moscow from Mensheviks and gained 6 workers deputies in elections to fourth duma
Other opposition groups: when did Pravda launch
April 1912
Other opposition groups: how had bolsheviks been helped in fourth duma elections
By SR boycott
Other opposition groups: who did bolsheviks enjoy no success with
Army and navy
Other opposition groups: what became nothing of Bolshevik promise
Launch general pol strike, provoke mass street Demos and recreation soviet of workers deputies on 1905 model
Other opposition groups: how did opposition in Russia appear before 1914
Weak and demoralised
Other opposition groups: why did coming of war in 1914 further diminish support for action
Patriotic fervour swept through all political save for bolsheviks
Other opposition groups: why did Lenin favour defeat
Believed it would bring Russia closer to rev he sought
political problems of tsardom in wartime: how was tsars decision to go to war in 1914 initially popular
supported by wave of anti german sentiment
political problems of tsardom in wartime: what happened to strike activity and extremist when tsar announced decision to go to war
strike activity ceased, extremists imprisoned
political problems of tsardom in wartime: why did duma dissolve itself in coming of war
didnt want to burden country with unnecessary politics
political problems of tsardom in wartime: what did st petersburg become
petrograd
political problems of tsardom in wartime: when was spirit of national solidarity dampened
initial victories gave way to defeat at hands of germand in Battle of Tannenburg
political problems of tsardom in wartime: reports of what inflamed simmering discontent in russian capital
military incompetence
wartime gov and organisation: what were military zones set up in July 1914
all civillian authority suspended and military assumed command
wartime gov and organisation: why did liberal zemstva oppose military zones
regarded gov as insensitive to needs of people and believed civilians had major part to play in running the war
wartime gov and organisation: why was govs decision to ban sale of alcohol 1914 resented
vodka regarded as a near essential
wartime gov and organisation: what did zemstva establish to provide medical facilities which state seemed to neglect
union of zemstva
wartime gov and organisation: what initiative came from factory owners and businessmen
congress of reps of industry and business
wartime gov and organisation: what did congress of reps of industry and businessmen do
helped coordinate production
wartime gov and organisation: what joined togehter in June 1915 to form all russian union of zemstva and cities
existing zemstva and municipal dumas
wartime gov and organisation: who was all russian union of zemstvas and cities chaired by
Prince Lvov
wartime gov and organisation: what did all russian union of zemstva and cities soon turn into
liberal focus for discontent
wartime gov and organisation: what did progressive bloc demand
the tsar change his ministers and establish a gov of public confidence
wartime gov and organisation: who set up progressive bloc
some deputies from fourth duma
wartime gov and organisation: what did NII do in response to progressive blocs demands
suspended all sittings of duma in sept and remained closed until jan 1917
wartime gov and organisation: what did NII decide to do following defeats in Galicia
take on role of commander in chief of russian army
wartime gov and organisation: what was NII decision to take on role of commander in chief not wise
hed already lost confidence and support of russian general staff and didnt possess military experience to turn war effort around
wartime gov and organisation: what effect did NII commander in chief have
made him appear yet more responsible for varying disasters and distanced him more from developments in Petrograd
wartime gov and organisation: why began to meddle in political appointments and policy in city
rasputin
wartime gov and organisation: what rumours were circulating about Alexandra
deliberately sabotaging war effort
wartime gov and organisation: who warned nicholas of rasputins unpopularity
president of fourth duma, Mikhail Rodzianko
wartime gov and organisation: why did NII not take action against rasputin
his wife relied on him heavily
wartime gov and organisation: who murdered rasputin 17 december 1916
tsars nephew and his accomplice
wartime gov and organisation: how did NII seem unaware/unconcerned about political demands
in letters home he seemed more concerned about childrens measles than starving children
economic and social problems created by war: how was russian economy showing strains of war by Christmas 1914
serious shortage of munitions and prospect of a long war was daunting
military issues: how many men did gov manage to mobilise between 1914-17
15 million
military issues: how were soldiers sent to fight without adequate supplies
without suitable weaponary, lacking warm clothing and fitting, waterproof footwear
military issues: how many rifles did infantry have 1914
2 rifles for every 3 soldiers
military issues: what did soldiers have to rely on weaponary wise in early years
that of fallen comrades
military issues: what did quiet winter months of 1915-16 allow for
more time for training and production of ammunition
military issues: what did most front line units have by time of brusilov offensive june 1916
reasonable complement of machine guns and artillery shells
military issues: why did army have a serious lack of experienced officers by 1916
most killed by early stages of war
military issues: what led to 1.5 million desertions per year
heavy casualties and deteriorating economic and pol situation in russia
internal problems: what did spending on war rise to 1914-18
1914: 1500 million roubles
1918 14500 roubles
internal problems: what happened as a result of rural and industrial workforce being affected by increased military spending
women and children took on some mens work but production slumped at a time when country needed to be producing more
internal problems: what removed important industrial capacity in Germany and other parts of western russia
overrun by germans
internal problems: what brought russian trade to a standstill
naval blockades of baltic and black sea ports together with loss of overland routes to europe
internal problems: why did some in countryside do well out of war
conscription helped to relieve some of population pressure and those with grain and horses made money by supplying the military
internal problems: why did some hoard grain and foodstuffs they produced
prices offered by gov low, tools and equipment in short supply and it was hard to find essential household goods
internal problems: why did grain not always reach town workers even when it was released
inefficient distribution
internal problems: why had railways been taken over
to transport men and goods to front line
internal problems: what happened to foodstuffs that should have found their way to citites
left to rot beside railway beside railway sidings
internal problems: why did town population swell
factories sought more workers for essential war industries
internal problems: what did recruitment drive mean although armament manufacture improved
rifle prod x2
heavy artillery prod x4- at expense of civilian needs
internal problems: why did unemployment soar in urban centres
non military factories deprived of vital supplies and forced to close
internal problems: what financially crippled surviving industries
strikes and lockouts
internal problems: how many workers on strike in moscow and petrograd Jan 1917
m 30,000
p 145000`
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why were streets of petrograd tense by winter of 1917
pent up frustrations of unemployed, starving and desperate
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: what was a hint of things to come
demonstration 150000 workers in petrograd on anniversary of bloody sunday
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why was order no 1 introduced
pressure from soldiers and from mutineers at Kronstadt caused petrograd soviet to agree that each regiment should elect committees and send reps to soviet
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: what was order no 1
charter of soldiers rights
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 all units to elect
deputy to soviet and agree to pol control of petrograd soviet
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 military commission of duma to be obeyed only if
agreed with soviets orders
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 alll weapons to be controlled by
elected soldiers committees
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: all soldiers to enjoy when off duty
full citizens rights
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 no honorific titles to be used for
officers
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 officers not to address soldiers in what form
ty form
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did NII never return to pretrograd
train diverted by rebellious railway workers and froced to stop as Pskov
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who was tsar under pressure to resign from
chief of general stafff
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did chief of general staff pressure NII to resign
he’d be reassured by an agreement on 1 march that petrograd soviet would recognise PG formed by members of duma
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who did chief of general staff suggest NII resign in favour of
his son
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: when did NII agree to cheif of general staffs demand
2 march
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did NII name GD Mikhail as new tsar
Alexei’s health too delicate
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: how did NII state Mikhail should lead country
‘in complete union with reps of people in legislative bodies on principles to be established by them and to take an inviolable oath to this effect
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who refused throne
Mikahil
opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: where were tsar and family placed
under house arrest along with most of members of tsars council of ministers
prov gov: who led PG
prince Lvov
prov gov: what did its members represent
cross section of influentual elites
prov gov: what was its orginial intention
temporary and elections would be held asap for new constituent assembly
prov gov: who was PG accepted as legitimate by
tsarist civil service, army officers and police
prov gov: where did PG set up
in duma chamber in right wind of Tauride Palace in petrograd
petrograd soviet: how did workers soliders and peasants regard PG
self appointed committee of wealthy, tainted by previous associations with tsardom
petrograd soviet: who was it dominated by
mensheviks and SRs small no of bolsheviks
petrograd soviet: where did it establish its HQ
left wing of tauride palace
petrograd soviet: what was it primarily composed of
radical social intellectuals
petrograd soviet: what did it seem to lack
confidence needed to assume direct control
petrograd soviet: what agreement was reached thanks to kerensky
agreement to work together which laid foundations for period of dual power
petrograd soviet: what did soviet make no attempt to demand
land redistribution or nationalisation of industry
petrograd soviet: what promises of PG did soviet accept
- general amnesty for pol prisoners
- basic civil liberties
- abolition of legal disabilities based on class, religion and nationality
- right to organise TUs and to strike
- constituent assembly elected
petrograd soviet: what did PG allow freedom of
religion and the press
petrograd soviet: what did PG abolish
death penalty at front
petrograd soviet: who did PG replace tsarist police force with
peoples militia
the dual power in action: why was dual power never going to be easy
mixture of radical and liberals ruling
the dual power in action: what did order 1 state that made rule difficult
soldiers should obey PG but only when soviet agreed with pg
the dual power in action: what did soviet encourage whilst PG tried to discipline deserters and restore order in towns and cities
encouraged peasants and workers to defy authority and assert their rights
the dual power in action: what had the masses expected despite PGs belief that a change of regime should lead to all out effort to win the war
expected political changes to bring about an end to wartime deprivation
the dual power in action: examples of workers and peasants disturbances that continued
- military desertions and workers strikes
- peasants disturbances affected 34 districts march 1917 325 in july
the dual power in action: what led to a massive anti war demonstration that forced milyukov and guchkov to resign
announcement april 1917 that gov would continue fighting until a just peace has been ensued
the dual power in action: who were milyukov and guchov replaced by
socialists from the soviet
the dual power in action: who was prince Lvov replaced as chairman by
Kerensky
the dual power in action: why did ministerial changes alarm upper class
despair that gov had failed to protect their property, maintain order or win war aggravated by shift to left
the dual power in action: which street riots exacerbated upper class fears
july days
the dual power in action: who were the hopes of the elites transferred to
general kornilov who Kerensky had appointed as commander in chief of army
the dual power in action: what did Kornilov order at end of august 1917
6 regiments of troops to march on Petrograd, presumably intending to crush the soviet and establish a military dictatorship
the dual power in action: why did kornilov affair fail
Kerensky released imprisoned Bolsheviks and provided soviet with weapons from gov armouries to halt kornilovs advance
the dual power in action: what was support for PG like by summer 1917
little support left
the dual power in action: what were food supplies and wages like by end of summer 1917
food supplies chaotic in towns and although gov granted 8 hour day, real wages fell rapidly in 1917 as prices rose
the dual power in action: why was hope of workers that unions and factory committees would be able to improve their lot dashed
august when right of factory owners to dismiss workers who went on strike was confirmed and meetings of factory committees during working hours were forbidden
the dual power in action: what lost pg support in countryside
continuation of war and govs failure to redistribute land
the dual power in action: why did gov fail to redistribute land
claimed such an important issue had to be left until after Russia had a democratically elected assembly
the dual power in action: what did peasants do when pg failed to redistribute land
took law into their own hands and seized it anyway
the dual power in action: what suspicions were rife despite electoral commission being established in may to arrange elections for November
suspicion that bourgeois gov was deliberately delaying a move to greater demoncracy in order to preserve its power
the dual power in action: which group benefitted most from widespread disillusionment
Bolsheviks
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: when did lenin return to Russia from Switzerland
3 april 1917
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why was lenin helped by germans
they expected him to seize power and make peace
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: where were april theses published
Pravda`
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did april theses demand
- power transferred to soviets
- war brought to an immediate end
- all land taken over by state and reallocated to peasants by local soviets
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what have april theses been summed up as
demand for peace bread and land
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did ‘all power to soviets mean’
lenin stressed a policy of non cooperation with PG
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did lenin want all power to soviets
he argued that Russian middle class was too weak to carry through a full bourgeois revolution and that to allow the middle classes to continue in power was to hold inevitable proletarian revolution back
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did some Bolsheviks fear
that lenin had grown out of touch and that his radical proposals would do more harm than good
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what allegations were there about lenin
that he was in the pay of the germans
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did the mensheviks fear about lenin
that he would undermine what they had been doing and by stirring up discontent would provoke a right wing reaction
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did some think lenins call to oppose PG was unrealistic
Bolsheviks had only 26000 members and were still in minority among socialists
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why were Bolsheviks divided amongst themselves
over whether to cooperate with PG or not
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did lenin claim credit for in his speeches that gradually built up support for him
claimed credit for what was already happening, not least peasants seizure of land
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: how had lenin won over majority of central committee of Bolshevik party by end of april
by sheer force of personality
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did winning wider support require more persistence
when first all Russian congress of sovviets met in Petrograd on 3 june it passed a cote of confidence In PG
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did lenin win a key adherence at beginning of july
when Trotsky decided to throw his full weight behind Bolshevik cause
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: kerenskys determination to do what played into Bolshevik hands
continue the war
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what threatened to undermine some of Bolsheviks good work
frustrations and disappointments of workers, soldiers and sailors that boiled over in unctontolled rioting in Petrograd during july days
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why were warrants for the arrest of Bolsheviks issued
blamed for stirring up troubles in july days
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: how did soviet newspaper Izvestia denounce role of Bolsheviks over july days
claimed lenin was working in pay of germans and against russias best interests
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what happened to Bolshevik propaganda and Pravda following july days
propaganda burned and Pravda offices closed
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did lenins reputation fall after july days
for fleeing rather than leading
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did it seem Bolshevik moment had passed on 8 july
Kerensky replaced prince Lvov as PM
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why was Bolsheviks cause saved by kornilov affair
Bolsheviks released from gaols and soldiers, sailors and workers again took to streets
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did Bolsheviks organise when given arms by PG during kornilov affair
seized opportunity to organise bands of workers commanded by their red guards
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what were Bolsheviks able to bask in reputation of after Kornilov affair
being the only group to have opposed kornilov consistently
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what were Bolsheviks elected in increasing numbers to
soviets throughout urban Moscow and in duma elections in moscow
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did Bolshevik support increase by between june and december
164%
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: Bolshevik membership feb-oct
feb- 23000
oct- 200000
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what placed them in a powerful position by September
Bolsheviks won a majority in elections were held to Petrograd soviet and had control of Moscow soviet
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did trosky become on 21 sept
chairman of Petrograd soviet
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what were inadequacies of Bolsheviks despite their increasing support
not a tightly organised or disciplined group
tended to go along with events rather than initiate change
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did lenin bombard control committee of bol party with from mid September
demands to stage a revolution and seize power
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: who particularly opposed lenins desire to stage rev in central committee
Kamenev and zinoviev
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did central committee urge restraint against bol seizure of power
Russia not yet economically ready for rev
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did lenin write 12 sept
‘history will not forgive us if we do not assume power now’
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did committee vote against 15 sept
a coup
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did Zinoviev and Kamenev argue bol rev shouldn’t occur before
results of constituent assembly known
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did Trotsky suggest they should work through
Petrograd soviet and wait for congress of soviets which was due to be convened on 26 oct
lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did Trotsky believe they could win at congress of soviets
support of all socialist parties for soviet gov without having to resort to violence
The Bolshevik seizure of power: why did Lenin secretly return to Petrograd 7 October
To attend a meeting of central committee to try and win them over in person to policy of taking power immediately
The Bolshevik seizure of power: what excuse did soviet have to set up military revolutionary committee
Kerensky sent some of more radical army units out of capital
Soviet claimed kerensky was abandoning capital to allow it to fall to Germans
The Bolshevik seizure of power: what did MRCs appoint
Commissars to military units to issue orders and organise weapons supplies
The Bolshevik seizure of power: what was MRCs declared purpose
Toncontrol troop movements
The Bolshevik seizure of power: what was MRCs existence justified by
Fears that gov ministers might support a right wing coup
The Bolshevik seizure of power: when did Lenin finally succeed in convincing central committee that an armed rising is the order of the day
10 October
The Bolshevik seizure of power: what did zinoviev and Kamenev do in response to plans for rev
Disagreed and published own views in a newspaper, declaring that ‘if we take power now and we are forced into a revolutionary war, the mass of soldiers will not support us’
The Bolshevik seizure of power: what did kerensky try and do to limit Bolshevik power
- attempted to close 2 bolshevik newspapers and restrict MRCs power
- ordered bridges linking WC areas to centre of Petrograd to be raised
The Bolshevik seizure of power: what did Bolshevik propagandist suggest kerenskys actions were a betrayal of
Soviet and an abandon enemy of principles of feb revolution
How did Russia seem economically by October 1905?
Near collapse
Where were there strikes and demonstrations? Where were peasant uprisings?
Cities
Countryside
Why did Alexander III make his decree? What 2 things did he promise?
Pressure from advisers
Civil liberties and State Duma
What are examples of civil liberties?
Free speech, press, assembly
Who was the State Duma elected by? What did the Duma pass?
Universal suffrage
Laws
Who accepted the Manifesto? Who are 3 group examples of these?
Liberals
Kadets, Progressives and Octobrists
Which 2 socialist groups rejected the Manifesto? What do they stand for?
SR/SD
Revolutionaries and Democrats
What were many workers unconvinced by in the Manifesto? Who did they continue to support?
Tsar’s promises
Socialist groups
What uprising continued? What was hoped for?
Peasant uprising
Land redistribution
Who remained loyal to the Tsar?
Army
What 2 places did the army storm in November/December 1905?
Moscow and St Petersburg HQ
What happened to Soviet leaders? What was the worst punishment?
Arrested or exiled to Siberia
Execution
Where was order restored by the army? What ended for peasants?
Countryside
Redemption payments
When were the Fundamental Laws introduced? What were they?
April 1906
A constitution
Which 2 groups refused to participate in the Fundamental Laws?
SRs and Bolsheviks
What did the Tsar exercise in the Fundamental Laws?
Supreme autocratic power
What did the Tsar initiate in the Fundamental Laws?
Legislation and approval
Who could the Tsar appoint and dismiss as part of the Fundamental Laws? What could he summon and dissolve?
Ministers
Duma
What could the Tsar do in an emergency?
Rule by decree
What did the Tsar never have any intention of becoming?
A “constitutional monarch”
When was the First Duma active? Who was it dominated by?
May-June 1906
Radicals and Kadets
What did the First Duma demand? Why did the Duma dissolve?
Radical change
Vote of no confidence
When was the Second Duma active? Who engineered elections to gain Octobrists?
February-June 1907
Peter Stolypin
Who increased the number of radical deputies due to participation?
Bolsheviks and SRs
What did the Second Duma oppose?
Most Tsarist proposals
When was the Third Duma active? What did Stolypin introduce?
November 1907-June 1912
Emergency law for representation
Who dominated the Third Duma?
Octobrists and Conservatives
When was the Fourth Duma active? Who couldn’t co-operate?
November 1912-17
Right and left deputies
What did the Fourth Duma vote for in 1914? Why was it suspended in 1915?
War credits
Demanding more power
What does Historian Orlando Figes say about Nicholas II and his autocratic values?
“Nicholas was opposed to limitation upon his autocratic prerogatives”
What does Historian Martin Sixsmith say about Nicholas II offering concessions?
“He offered concessions in the hope of defusing tension”
What did Witte believe that was essential for a revolution? What continued between 1892 and 1914?
Industrialisation
The drive for growth
Between 1892 and 1914, what rate did the Russian economy grow?
8% per annum
What was raised to encourage foreign loans?
Interest rates
What was introduced in 1897 to increase business confidence? What was this backed by?
New rouble (currency) Gold
How was industrial development funded? What type of industry was prioritised?
Foreign capital
Heavy industry
How many KM of railway track did Russia have by 1914?
62,000
What was the purpose of the Trans-Siberian railway?
To link Russia with the Far East
What stimulated heavy industries? Who was given reduced transport costs and government revenue?
Railway development
Manufacturers
Due to the cost of railways, what did Russia become dependent on?
Foreign investment
What was Russia the 5th largest power of in the world?
Industrial power
How much did Coal increase from 1880-1910?
3.2-25.4 million metric tons
How much did Pig Iron increase from 1880-1910?
0.42-3 million metric tons
How much did Crude Oil increase from 1880-1910?
0.5-12.1 million metric tons
What remained small-scale in the 1890s?
Agriculture
Who was Stolypin in 1906? What did he believe in to prevent peasant unrest?
Minister of the Interior
Agricultural reform
What type of ownership did Stolypin want to increase to create farmer profit?
Individual peasant ownership
Who did Stolypin want to help support the regime of agriculture?
Kulaks and profit-orientated farmers
What system/type of ownership was abolished in November 1906?
Mir
Collective ownership
When were redemption payments abolished? Where could peasants leave?
January 1907
Villages
What could peasants apply for with permission? What would be consolidated?
Consolidation for single farms
Scattered strips of farm
What was newly reformed to fund purchases?
Peasant Land Bank
What was used to encourage settlements in Siberia? What happened to them?
Government subsides
Increased
How much did peasant ownership increase from 1905-1915?
20% to 50%
What was produced that rose annually? What was the Russia the biggest exporter of in 1909?
Grain production
Cereal
Who often bought out poorer peasants to increase the efficiency in farms?
Kulaks
How many peasants moved from an overpopulated Siberia? What was prominently made in the region?
3,500,000
Dairy and cereal
Why did some peasants sell up? What did this boost the supply of?
To move to towns
Industrial labour
By 1914, how much land had successfully been transferred from communal to private ownership?
10%
In 1914, how much of peasant holdings were based on scattered strips? What were peasants reluctant to?
90%
New farming methods
Who lost their land? What did many do afterwards?
Poorer peasants
Factory or seasonal work
What was Siberia like in terms of climate?
Difficult terrain
What did industrialisation help strengthen in Russia? What did it bring about?
Economy
Changes
What new emerson proved detrimental to the Tsarist regime?
Middle and urban working class
What middle class occupations became more prominent in society? Where did many of these people play a role?
Owners, managers, traders and professionals
Zemstva
What was lacking in the middle class that made them opponents to Tsarism? When was this finally established?
Elected national assembly
1906
How did the urban population increase from 1867-1917? Approximately how much of the population were factory workers?
7 to 28 million
10%
What did the urban working class suffer from? What rates were high?
Appalling working and living conditions
Mortality rates
Where did some of the urban working class rent rooms? Where else were they accommodated?
Overcrowded blocks
Barracks
How many rented houses in St Petersburg had no running water? How was sewage collected?
40%
Handcarts
What could employers do due to limited regulation? What did this fail to keep pace with?
Pay minimum wage
Inflation
By 1914, how much of the workforce was compromised by women?
20%
When did an industrial depression hit?
1900-1908
What was officially banned before 1905? How did some strikes take place?
Strikes
Illegally and violently
What 2 provisions were improved by 1914? What did every change lead to?
Education and social welfare
More demand for change
What law was introduced in 1885 which restricted work?
Night-time work was only allowed for men
What legal document had to be drawn up by law in 1886?
Contracts of employment
What employment law was introduced in 1892?
Employment of under 12s and females in labour was banned
How were working hours reduced by a law in 1897?
Working hours were reduced to 11.5
What inspection was expanded by law in 1903?
Factory inspectorate
What unions were made legal by 1905?
Trade unions
What insurance for workers was introduced as a law in 1912?
Sickness and accident insurance
How were factory hours legally reduced in 1914?
Reduced to 10 hours per day
What declined in the years 1910-13? What 2 reasons led to this?
Real wages
Inflation/employers
What miners in 1912 went on strike? Why?
Lena goldfield miners in Siberia
Long hours and poor pay
What did the Lena strikers demand? How many were killed by the army?
Better pay and living conditions
500
How many strikes took place alongside Lena in Russia in 1912? How many in 1913?
2,000
24,000
How many strikes took place in 1914? What took place in July 1914?
Over a million
General strike at St Petersburg
What does Historian Edward Acton say about unused land?
“Unused land was brought under cultivation”
At what level did peasants continue to live? What event from 1891-92 caused this?
Substience level
Great Famine
How much per acre was grain output in Russia compared to Britain and Germany?
1/3
What were peasants driven hard to produce? What were they forced to pay?
Surplus for export
High taxes
What population made living conditions worse? Who were holdings divided by?
Rural population
Sons and the amount of land families had
Who could Kulaks afford to employ? What gulf widened in society?
Labour
Kulaks and labourers
Whose mortality rates were high? What did they have limited access to?
Peasants
Doctors
What standards varied in Russia? Where was there prosperity?
Living standards
Ukraine
Where were backward farming methods still favoured? Whose support mostly came from there?
Central Russia
Bolsheviks
How much of nobility land was transferred to peasants and dwellers from 1861-1914? What 2 things did most nobles retain?
1/3
Wealth and position in government
Who emerged as industrialisation gained pace? What did many of them serve on?
Middle class Zemstva
What did the Orthodox Church have close ties with? What did the Tsar allegedly rule by?
Tsarism
“Divine right”
What did the Orthodox Church exercise sway over? What did this benefit?
Superstitious peasantry
Tsarist regime
Who had close ties to the village? What were they expected to do?
Priests
Read out decrees
What controls did the Church exercise? What would the courts hand down punishments for?
Censorship
Social/moral crimes
Under which Tsar did the Church have increased control over primary education? What became a crime in terms of Orthodox loyalty?
Alexander III
You couldn’t convert to another faith
Who did the Church have less hold of in the cities? What type of ideas had more appeal?
Growing working class Socialism
What development brought new opportunities for women? What provision was expanded?
Economic
Education
What percentage of children were in primary school by 1914? Between what ages?
45%
8-11
What flourished at the end of censorship? When did censorship end?
Popular press
1905
What novels were cheaply produced for the newly literate?
Tolstoy and Dostoevsky
What had Russian culture embraced by 1914?
More than the elite
What 2 things did millions of people remain respectful to even after cultural changes?
Autocracy and Orthodox Church
What did millions go out on the streets for in 1913?
300th anniversary of Romanov dynasty
What did industrial and educational expansion produce? What did they seek?
Middle class Liberal change
Where did support for the middle class come from? Who were they joined by?
Professional groups
Liberal Nobility
What were 2 Liberal priorities?
Civil rights and a State Duma
Who was strongly represented in the Zemstva? What were they highly critical of?
Liberals/Professionals
Autocracy
What was introduced in 1889 that caused further opposition? How was it fuelled?
Land Captains
Overruling Zemstva decisions
What event exemplified Tsarist incompetence?
Great Famine
What was dismissed as a “senseless dream” in 1895? Whose idea was this?
National Duma
Zemstvo of Tver
What organisation was banned in 1896?
“All-Zemstva Organisation”
Who helped popularise political changes? Who is an example of this?
Liberal intellectuals
Tolstoy
What was legalised in 1900? Who was given permission to legalise this?
Trade unions
S.V. Zubatov - Head of Moscow Ohkrana
When was Zubatov’s permission revoked? Why?
1903
Trade unions attempted a general strike
When was the first liberal opposition group formed? What was it called?
1899
Beseda
What did Beseda merge with in 1903? Who led them?
Union of Liberation
Peter Struve
What was Struve formerly? What did he oppose?
Marxist
Violent revolution
What did Struve want Tsarism to become?
A constitutional monarchy
How many banquets were held over winter 1904? Why?
50
To spread the union’s message
What did liberal opposition have before 1905? What 2 things were they won over by?
Limited political influence
October Manifesto and Duma
Who was the liberal opposition largely represented by? What did they believe in?
Kadets
Constitutional Democracy
Who did liberals try to co-operate with? What were they increasingly frustrated by?
Tsarist government
Intransigence of the Tsarist regime
Who was arrested after the first Duma dissolved in 1906? What was reduced in size after the second Duma dissolved in 1907?
Kadet leaders
Electorate
What did the Tsar increasingly ignore to pass laws? What was there little semblance to by 1914?
Dumas
Constitutional Monarchy
What ideology seemed far off in Russia by 1894? What did the Great Famine revive?
Marxism
Rural socialism
When were the SRs established? What 2 ideologies did it combine?
1901
Marxism and Populism
Who edited the SRs journal? What was it called?
Chernov
Revolutionary Russia
How many political assassinations did the SRs carry out from 1901-05? What key figure was assassinated in 1911?
2,000
Stolypin
How many SRs were executed from 1901-11?
2,000
What ideology gained more support as industrialisation increased?
Marxism
Who established the first Marxist association in 1883? What was it called?
Plekhanov
“Emancipation of Labour”
What did Emancipation of Labour smuggle into Russia? What did this encourage?
Marxist literature
The overthrow of Tsarism
What key figure did Marxism attract in 1901? Why was he attracted to Marxism?
Ulyanov - Lenin
He was a St Petersburg Law student
Where was Lenin exiled to in 1895? When was he released?
Siberia
1900
When were the SDs founded? What was elected three-man?
1898
Central Committee
What 2 things did Lenin write to SDs while exiled in Switzerland?
Iskra - “the spark”
What is to be done? - pamphlet
Whose disagreements split ranks in 1903?
Lenin and Martov
Whose followers became Bolsheviks? Whose followers became Mensheviks?
Lenin’s
Martov’s
What kind of party did the Bolsheviks want? Who did they want?
Small and disciplined party
Professional revolutionaries
What kind of party did the Mensheviks want?
Democratic and open
Who did the Bolsheviks refuse to work with? Who did this juxtapose?
Other parties and trade unions
Mensheviks
What did the Bolsheviks believe about the bourgeois and proletarian revolutions? What did the Mensheviks believe?
They could occur simultaneously
Proletarian revolution should take place first
What did SRs and SDs both reject? What did they call for?
The October Manifesto
General strike
Who organised the General Strike? When did it take place?
St Petersburg Soviet
November 1905
Who had no clear leader post-1905? Who was exiled to Siberia?
Radical opposition
Trotsky
Where did Lenin flee to after 1905?
Finland
What did the government still fear after 1905? What from specifically?
Opposition
Trade unions
What did the government fail to pacify? Until what date was Tsarism not in grave danger?
Working-class discontent 1914
What does Historian Edward Acton state about Marxism in the 1890s?
“Marxism caught on among young radicals with remarkable speed”
What date did Germany declare war on Russia? What surged Russia?
19/07/14
Patriotism
What credits did the Duma vote for? What ceased?
War credits
Strikes
What Union was created in 1914? What 2 things was it created for?
An All-Russian Zemstvo Union
Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers
Who was President of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union? What class was he?
Prince Lvov
Kadet
What was St Petersburg renamed as in August 1914? Why?
Petrograd
To sound less German
What did the country divide into? What authority was suspended?
Military zones
Civilian authority
What invasion in August 1914 met strong German resistance?
East Prussia
What battle took place in August 1914? How many Russian soldiers died?
Battle of Tannenburg
300,000
What battle took place in September 1914?
Battle of Masurian Lakes
Where did 2 Russian retreats take place? What reports soon came out after?
Germany and Austria
Lack of raw materials
What did the Zemstva resent? Why?
Loss of authority
They were doing more medical relief than the government
What industries assumed responsibility for supplies in the absence of Tsarist action? What did this encourage?
Local and national industries
Political ambitions
What did the Zemstva and Duma accuse the government of?
Incompetence
What did the Duma form in August 1915? What did they demand?
Progressive bloc
A constitutional monarchy
What role did the Tsar take over in August 1915? What did he lack?
Commander-in-chief
Military experience
How many men were mobilised by the government between 1914-17? What weren’t they provided with?
15 million
Appropriate equipment
What offensive was Nicholas II held responsible for? When did this take place?
Brusilov offensive
June-August 1916
What 2 things contributed to the Brusilov defeat?
Lack of trained officers
Small railway network
Which 2 outsiders had influence over appointments in Russia? Why was this?
Alexandra and Rasputin
Nicholas’ absence
What rumours spread about Alexandra and Rasputin?
They were sabotaging the Russian war effort
Who was Rodzianko? What did he warn Nicholas II about?
4th Duma President
The rumours about Rasputin and Alexandra
Who assassinated Rasputin? When was he assassinated?
Prince Yusupov
December 1916
How much did costs rise in Russia between 1914-18?
1.5m roubles to 14.5m roubles
Why did production slump in Russia?
Conscription
Why was industrial capacity lost? In what 2 areas did trade end following naval blockades?
Germans overran Western Europe
Baltic/Black Sea trades
Why was distribution of war goods an issue? What was this disrupted by?
Small railway network
Fuel shortage
Who were railways prioritised to? What did this mean for civilians?
The military
Food would rot before it got to them
Why was hoarding grain ineffective? What did workers suffer from?
There was nothing to buy after the war
Unemployment
Why did non-military factories close?
Lack of raw materials
How much did living rates increase in Petrograd? What escalated in Petrograd?
300%
Strikes
What does Historian Edward Acton say about social tension?
“Political developments directly reflected mounting social tension”
What 2 factors produced a workers’ revolution in winter 1917? Where did it take place?
Starvation and desperation
Petrograd
How many workers demonstrated in Petrograd on the 9th January 1917? What anniversary was this?
150,000
12 years since Bloody Sunday
How many workers were on strike on Valentine’s Day 1917? What did the Duma demand?
100,000 from 58 factories
Tsar abdication
What news was delivered on 19th February 1917? What 2 things did this cause?
Rationing began in March
Panic buying and violence
How many workers went on strike from Putilov from the 22nd February 1917?
20,000
What march was swelled by other events on 23rd February 1917? How many people called for bread and reform?
International Women’s Day march
200,000
What grew more menacing from 24th-25th February 1917? Why?
Demonstrations
Increasing calls for Tsarism overthrow
What did Nicholas II order the use of on 26th February 1917? What did he order to close?
Troops
Duma
What group joined protestors on the 27th February 1917? What Soviet was created?
Petrograd garrison
Petrograd Soviet
Where did Nicholas II leave to head to Petrograd on the 28th February 1917? Who was arrested under the newly established Provisional Committee?
Military HQ
Ministers
What new Order did the Petrograd Soviet issue on the 28th February 1917? What did this proclaim?
Order #1
Soviet authority
What did the Duma and Soviet agree to support the creation of on the 1st March 1917?
Provisional Government
Who did the Tsar abdicate in favour of on the 2nd March 1917? Who was he encouraged by?
His brother - Grand Duke Mikhail
Ministers and generals
What 2 groups were left in charge after Mikhail refused the throne on the 3rd March 1917? Who was placed under house arrest?
Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet
Tsar and his family
Who were the Tsar and his family murdered by in July 1918?
Bolsheviks
What happened after the Tsar’s abdication? Who was in charge?
Russia was left with two sets of authorities
Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet
What did the Soviet agree to temporarily? What was drawn up that changed this?
Provisional Government’s authority
Constituent assembly
What was the arrangement of the constituent assembly also known as?
Dual power
Who became Prime Minister of the Provisional Government? What 2 main groups did the government compromise of?
Prince Lvov
Octobrists and Kadets
Who was the only socialist of the Provisional Government? What executive Soviet committee did he previously sit on?
Kerensky
Petrograd Soviet
What did the Petrograd Soviet compromise of? What did the Soviet act as?
Radicals
A “guardian” of rights
What liberties did the Provisional Government and Soviet accept? What did they create for political prisoners?
Civil liberties
Amnesties
What punishment, along with exile, did the Provisional Government and Soviet abolish? Who did they appoint to the judiciary?
Capital punishment
Independent judges
Why did the Provisional Government and Soviet often conflict? What was an example of this?
Views on different issues
War
What did the Provisional Government continue to fight in? What did this lead to?
The Great War
Mass demonstrations
What did countryside peasants seize during the War? What were food supplies like in cities?
Land
Chaotic
What type of wages fell in cities? What rose as a result?
Real wages
Prices
How much support was left for the Provisional Government by the summer of 1917?
Little
What does Historian John Gooding say the overthrow of Tsarism was largely the work of?
“The overthrow of Tsarism was largely the work of unorganised masses in cities”
Where did Lenin return from after being exiled in April 1917? What famous speech did he give when he returned?
Switzerland
The April Theses
What did Lenin demand about power in the April Theses? What did he want to end?
All power is given to the Soviet
War
Who did Lenin want land for? What was he accepting about Russia?
Peasants
Peasants were wanted to rule Russia
Who did the April Theses unite with Lenin? What Committee did he manage to win over?
Bolsheviks
Central Committee
Who did Lenin believe in non-co-operation with?
Provisional Government
Who joined Lenin in July 1917? When did he return from exile?
Trotsky
May
What threatened to undermine Lenin’s efforts in July? Who did this event attract?
Uprisings
Bolsheviks
Who did the Provisional Government use to break up the protests in July? What happened to several prominent Bolshevik leaders?
Troops
They were arrested
What key figure was arrested along the Bolsheviks in July 1917? Who fled to Finland?
Trotsky
Lenin
Who became PM in July 1917? Who became commander-in-chief?
Kerensky
General Lavr Kornilov
What did Kornilov believe he could restore? Who did he prepare to bring?
Strong government
Troops from Petrograd
Who opposed Kornilov’s “coup”? When did the “coup” take place?
Kerensky
25th-30th August 1917
Who did Kornilov ask to help defend the city during the “coup”? Who else was given weaponry?
Petrograd Soviet
Bolsheviks
Who halted trains carrying troops? Who had Kornilov arrested?
Railway workers
Kerensky
Whose support increased following the Kornilov Affair? Whose position did it weaken?
Bolsheviks
Kerensky’s
Who refused compromise with the PG? Who did they grow at the expense of?
Bolsheviks
Mensheviks and SRs
What did SRs and Mensheviks urge in Russia? Who did they work with?
Unity
PG
In what 2 Soviets did Bolsheviks get a majority in September 1917? Who became chairman of the second soviet?
Moscow and Petrograd
Trotsky
How many Bolsheviks were there in October 1917? How many Red Guards?
200,000
10,000
What did Lenin urge from Finland? What were the Bolshevik Central Committee reluctant to do?
Seizure of power
Lead an uprising against the PG
What was needed for the Bolshevik Central Committee to lead an uprising?
A mandate from an assembly
Who returned secretly to Petrograd on the 7th October 1917? What did Kerensky order on the same day?
Lenin
Radical troops left Petrograd
What did the PS set up on the 9th October 1917? Who set this up?
Military Revolutionary Committee
Trotsky
What did the Military Revolutionary Committee claim responsibility for?
Defence of Petrograd
What vote did Lenin win on the 10th October 1917? What did he want replaced?
An “armed uprising”
The PG with the PS
How many Red Guards and Kronstadt sailors seized Petrograd between the 24th-25th October 1917? Who fled Petrograd?
8,000
Kerensky
Who broke into the Winter Palace on the 26th October 1917? Who was arrested?
Red Guards and civilians
Remaining PG members
What does Historian Edward Acton state about the 1917 Revolution?
“The 1917 Revolution was the product of popular revolt against oppression”
What does Historian Richard Pipes state about what Russia experienced that led to a bring down of the Tsarist regime?
“Russia experienced a revolution that brought down Tsarism”
What did Lenin announce on the 25th October 1917? What Congress was introduced?
Seizure of power
All-Russian Congress of Soviets
Who met on the 26th October 1917? Who did they meet with to end the “coup”?
Congress of Soviets
Socialists
Who was left in control after Mensheviks and SRs left?
Bolsheviks and extreme SRs
What did Lenin establish a political government of? What were they known as collectively?
Political commissars
Sovnarkom
What role did Trotsky play in Sovnarkom?
Commissar of Foreign Affairs
How could Commissars rule by? What reference wasn’t needed?
Without decree
Soviet reference
What was Sovnarkom made up of primarily?
Bolsheviks
What did The Decree on Peace call for?
End to war
What did The Decree on Land call for?
Land to be property of the people
What did The Decree on Workers’ Control call for?
Workers to have factory control
What was abolished under Sovnarkom?
Titles and Ranks
What 2 things were nationalised under Sovnarkom?
Banks and Churches
How did early Bolshevik decrees seem in society? Which decree was especially popular?
Popular
Decree on Land
What did the Decree on Land help peasants do?
Win peasant support from SRs
What was most of Russia outside control of? What did the people call out for from Bolsheviks?
Bolsheviks control
New government
What was the “new government” from the Bolsheviks meant to represent? What did Lenin prefer?
Socialism
One-party rule
What type of warfare was encouraged? What campaign began?
Class warfare
Burzhui (anti-communism)
What type of newspapers were closed?
Anti-Bolshevik papers
What happened to many civil servants? Who replaced them?
Dismissed
Bolsheviks
What was established in December 1917? What was this?
Cheka
Bolshevik secret police
What 3 right-wing groups were arrested under Lenin?
SRs
Kadets
Mensheviks
What did Bolshevik opponents centre on? Why did Lenin allow the election?
Constituent Assembly
Fear of opposition
Who won most of the seats in the 1918 election? Who did this shock?
SRs
Lenin
What did Lenin announce about the new assembly post-election?
The new assembly would be a bourgeoisie democracy
When did the bourgeoisie democracy meet for the first time? What did Lenin decide?
5th January 1918
Bolsheviks would rule on behalf of the proletariats
What does Historian Sheila Fitzpatrick suggest about the Bolsheviks’ one-party rule?
“One-party rule emerged as a historical accident”
