Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

H - 1H > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Mid-19th Century Russia like?

A

Large but economically underdeveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the ratio of villagers to town dwellers?

A

11:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much of the population were illiterate peasants?

A

85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What 2 places did Serfs belong to?

A

Village communes/Mirs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In what 2 ways were Serfs owned?

A

Private/State

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In what 2 ways did Serfs pay their master?

What 3 things could their masters do to them?

A

Rent and labour

Bought/Sold/Beaten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was Russia ruled as in 1855? How was it run?

A

An empire

An Autocratic Tsar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was the Tsar head of?

A

Russian Orthodox Church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was the Tsar believed to have possessed?

A

Semi-divine powers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What were edicts? What could the Tsar choose?

A

Law

His own advisers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When did Alexander II become Tsar? What was Russia involved in?

A

March 1855

Crimean War

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which 3 countries had Russia been fighting in the Crimean War since 1853?

A

Britain/France/Turkey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 2 battles did Russia lose in 1854?

A

Battles of Balaclava/Inkerman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What did Russia lose in August 1855? What was it?

A

Sevastopol

Major naval base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 2 things did Russia’s 1856 final defeat highlight?

A

Reliance on Serf armies/Conscripts

Economic backwardness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How much of Russia’s expenditure was spent on the army? What 3 things did the army suffer from?

A

45%

Incompetent officers/Humiliation/Increase in Serf uprisings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 3 things had Alexander II done prior to Serf emancipation?

A

Travelled the empire/Served on father’s Council of State/Led a Serfdom committee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What 2 benefits did Alexander II believe Serf Emancipation would have?

A

To curb tensions/Stimulate the economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which 2 groups also believed in the idea of Serf emancipation? Who were 2 key figures of the latter?

A

Family/Bureaucrats

Nicholas and Dmitri Milyutin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What were the 4 types of motives behind Alexander II’s reforms?

A

Political/Economic/Moral/Intellectual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of motive was nobility debt? Why did nobility debt occur?

A

Political

Nobles shunned business and relied on serfs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of motive was declining incomes? What 2 things caused this? What 2 things were masters forced to do?

A

Political
Growing Serf population/Inadequate agriculture
Mortgage/Sell Serfs as security for loans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of motive was Serfdom? What 2 things prevented reform?

A

Economic

Inability to move to town factories/Internal demands for goods low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of motive was experimentation? What 2 things prevented reform? What did the latter lead to?

A

Economic

Mirs prevented experimentation/Rural poverty led to a state debt of 54 million roubles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of motive were the Westernisers? What did they believe?

A

Moral/Intellectual

Russia should abandon Serfdom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of motive were the Slavophiles? What 2 things did they believe?

A

Moral/Intellectual

Serfdom should be reformed/Russia should stay as a traditional peasant society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What type of motive were the Intellectuals? What did they believe?

A

Moral/Intellectual

People were treated like animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of motive were the Nihilists? What did they believe?

A

Moral/Intellectual

Sweep all tradition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What did Historian John Gooding about Russia in the Mid-19th century?

A

“It was more backwards now than at the beginning of the century”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

political context: how can the Russian empire be described in 1855

A

autocratic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

political context: Who was the head of the empire

A

tsar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

political context: what title did the tsar take

A

‘emperor and autocrat of all russia’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

political context: who was at the head of the Russian orthodox church in name only

A

the tsar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

political context: what was the tsar believed to be by orthodox believers

A

The embodiment of god on earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

political context: what were Russians taught to show to the tsar

A

devotion and accept their conditions on earth as the will of god

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

political context: what did the patriarch of Moscow provide for the tsar

A

spiritual guidance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

political context: what was the procurator of the holy synod

A

gov minister appointed by tsar to run church affairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

political context: why were the structures of the church and state intertwined

A

those at the head of the church hierarchy were subject to tsarist control over appointments, religious education, church finance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

political context: what is an edict

A

an official order issued by a person/authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

political context: how much involvement did the tsar have in making edicts

A

he had advisers and ministers but they were all chosen by the tsar himself and no one could do anything without tsars approval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

political context: who were the tsars main advisory bodies

A

The imperial council/chancellery

The council of ministers

The senate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

political context: Where were the tsar and central gov based

A

in the imperial capital of St Petersburg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

political context: who did the regime also depend on and why

A

The provincial nobility for support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

political context: provincial definition

A

Living away from the capital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

political context: how can nobles loyalty to tsar be described

A

sense of obligation remained strong and all landowners expected to keep order on their estates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

political context: Civil servants

A

Paid noble officials selected from a table of ranks that laid down the requirements for office

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

political context: What was the bureaucracy riddled by

A

Internal corruption and incompetence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

political context: What was operation in the bureaucracy

A

One way with no provision for suggestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

political context: How big was the tsars army

A

1.5 million- worlds largest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

political context: Who were the tsars army made up of

A

Conscripted serfs- each forced into service for 25 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

political context: Where were the conscripted serfs made to live

A

In a military colony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

political context: How much of the governments spending was absorbed by army and navy

A

45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

political context: Cossacks

A

Service of elite regiments belonging to tsar with special social privileges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

political context: What did the Cossacks act as

A

Personal bodyguard for tsar and police reinforcements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

political context: What had the country developed into to maintain autocracy

A

A police state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

political context: What did the police state prevent

A
  • freedom of speech, the press and travel abroad

- political meetings and strikes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

political context: What was present at every level of government

A

Censorship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

political context: What was the secret state security run by

A

The third section of the emperors imperial council

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

political context: What did third section agents do

A

Keep a strict surveillance over population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

political context: What did third section have power to do

A

Carry out raids, arrest and imprison and exile anyone suspected of anti tsarist behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

political context: What did the military defeat at crimean bring to light

A

The need for change to the new tsars attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

the economic situation: Which 4 countries were well advanced industrially when AII came to power

A

Britain, Belgium, France and states comprising germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

the economic situation: What were transforming the landscape in well industrialised countries

A

Mills, factories and railways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

the economic situation: What was Russia’s economy mostly comprised of

A

Rural with a ratio of 11:1 village to town dwellers- 2:1 in Britain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

the economic situation: Reasons for Russia’s economic backwardness

A

Much of territory was inhospitable

size and climate placed severe strains on economic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

the economic situation: Who was europes main exporter of agricultural produce mid 19th century

A

Russia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

the economic situation: What did Russia possess vast reserves of

A

Timber, coal, gold and oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

the economic situation: Why did Russia’s potential remain untapped

A

Communications between different parts of empire were poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

the economic situation: Primary cause for Russia’s lack of economic progresss

A

Russia’s commitment to a serf based economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

the economic situation: Who were reliant on serfs

A

Landowning aristocracy, tsarist gov and army

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

the economic situation: Why did the serfs inhibit economic development

A

They were poor and had little incentive to develop into wage earners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

the economic situation: why were few goods purchased by peasants

A

they were mostly self suffiecient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

the economic situation: how did exchanges take place in peasant markets

A

‘in kind’: one thing swapped for another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

the economic situation: where were market forces beginning to develop

A

near large cities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

the economic situation: why were market forces beginning to develop near cities

A

peasants sought wage-work at slack times in the farming year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

the economic situation: what were attitudes like towards market force amongst the majority

A

money irrelevant and there was no internal market demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

the economic situation: how did the small landowning elite obtain what they needed

A

from their serfs in the form of service and feudal dues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

the economic situation: what were the landowning elites generally uninterested in

A

how efficiently their estates operated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

the economic situation: what did serf owning provoke for many

A

idleness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

the economic situation: why was their no opportunity for capital accumulation

A

income was generally falling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

the economic situation: why was income genrally falling

A

rural population growth and agricultural changes in western Europe- increased competitiveness and productivity of European markets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

the economic situation: what had the increased productivity of European markets forced land owners into

A

debt and had to take out mortgages on estates which had previously been owned outright be their families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

the social context: social division in Russia 1855

A

between land owning elites and serf majority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

the social context: what did the land owning elite consist of

A

the clergy, nobility, civil officials etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

the social context: who else was in productive classes in addition to serfs

A

urban artisans, manufactures and merchants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

the social context: what was the striking feature of mid nineteenth Russian society

A

the absence of any coherent middle class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

the social context: intelligentsia

A

small number of professionals e.g. doctors but these were sons of nobles often

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

the social context: what was class based on

A

birth, land and service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

the social context: what limited social mobility

A

legal barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

the social context: what were serfs restricted by socially

A

dues and direct/indirect taxes to the government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

the social context: what did the elites pay tax wise

A

they were exempt from monetary taxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

political context: what did the civil servants make up

A

the bureaucracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

political context: bureaucracy definition

A

system of gov in which most important decisions are taken by state officials rather than elected reps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

political context: who were the higher ranks of the military reserved for

A

nobles who bought and sold their commissions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

political context: what was discipline like for the lower ranks

A

harsh discipline and army life was tough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

political context: what did alexander I consider setting up following the French revolution

A

an advisory representative assembly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

political context: what did Nicholas I believe in

A

strict autocracy and severe restrictions imposed on russias nationalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

what had the Sultan struggled to control since 1820s

A

the Christians in his European dominions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

how did Tsar NI react to the Sultans struggle

A

he seized the opportunity to increase Russian influence in the area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

how did Nicholas the first try to increase russia influence in the ottoman empire

A

by posing as protector of the slavs and christians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

what did Nicholas I do in june 1853

A

sent a Russian army to Moldavia and wallachia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

what did NI sending an army provoke the turks to do

A

declaring war in october

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

what brought the british and French into the war

A

Russia sank a squadron from the Turkish black sea fleet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

why did the british and French defend turkey

A

they were anxious to protect their own trading interests in the area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

what was the war marred by

A

incompetence on both sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

what was the death toll made worse by

A

the outbreak of cholera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

what did Russia suffer badly from

A

outdated technology, poorr transport and inadequate leadership

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

what did the Russian army lack as a result of its size

A

the flexibility and determination of the French and british units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

when and where were the Russians defeated

A

Balaclava- October 1854

Inkerman- November 1854

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

what did NI address to his son shortly before he died- March 1855

A

I hand over to you my command, unfortunately not in as good order as I would have wished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

what happened by September

A

the fortress of Sebastopol had fallen to its enemies- Russia humiliated and shocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

what had the course of fighting revealed

A

Russia’s military and administrative inadequacies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

why was the war disastrous

A

trade disrupted, peasant uprisings escalated and intelligentsia renewed cries for something to b done to close gap between Russia and west

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Which treaty added to Russias humiliation after the crimean war?

A

treaty of Paris: prevented russias warships from using black sea in times of peace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

what did failure in the Crimean war provide

A

the wake up call that Russia needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

how many serfs did AII emancipate in 1861

A

51 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

what has his decision to emancipate been hailed as

A

the product of the tsars own liberal and humanitarian ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

what was the emancipation followed by

A

reforms in other areas such as the army, local gov, judiciary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

what has the series of reforms led to

A

him being given name ‘Tsar Liberator’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

what does Emmons refer to emancipation edict as

A

piece of state directed manipulation of society aimed to strengthen social and political stability rather than product of liberal thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

what does Emmons state reforms were intended for

A

maintaining tsarist authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

what does Emmons interpretation suggest

A

it backfired and created division between gov and landed gentry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

what could AII views on serfdom have been shaped by

A
  • romantic tutor- Zhukovsky
  • travels around empire
  • party of st Petersburg progress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

which other family members had been committed to abolition of serfdom for sometime

A 
GD Konstantin (Brother)
GD Elena (AUNT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

what were alexanders natural tendencies

A

conservative rather than liberal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

what alarmed AII and convinced him that change needed to occur

A

increase in peasant uprisings since 1840s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

what were the main catalyst for reform

A

humiliations an efficiencies of Crimean war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

who pleaded for reform in order to ‘strengthen the state and restore dignity’

A

Dmitry Milyutin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

what did Dimtry Milyutin believe about the army

A

needed modernising and only a free population would provide labour needed for military improvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

what was AII like in conserving autocracy

A

determined to maintain autocracy and uphold god given duties but felt pressure for reform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

how did AII begin his reign

A

releasing political prisoners and pardoning decemberists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

who were decemberists

A

group involved in plot to assassinate his father

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

what did AII relax at start of his reign

A

controls on censorship, restrictions on foreign travel and uni entrance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

what did AII ask nobles for in March 1856

A

asked them to produce suggestions for an emancipation measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

how did AII try and win noble support for emancipation

A

toured countryside giving pro emancipation speeches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

who did emancipation edict initially apply to

A

privately owned serfs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

when did state serfs receive freedom

A

1866

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

what did emancipation edict grant

A

serfs freedom and an allotment of land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

what did landowners receive under emancipation edict

A

government compensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

what were freed serfs required to pay

A

redemption payments to the government over 49 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

where did the serfs have to stay until redemption payments were made

A

within the mir/peasant commune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

what was the mir made responsible for

A

distributing allotments, controlling farming and collecting and paying peasants taxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

what were volosts established for

A

to supervise the mirs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

what were volosts

A

peasant communities consisting of several villages/hamlets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

from when did the volosts run their own courts

A

1863

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

what did the volosts replace

A

the landlords jurisdiction over serfs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

what period was there befpre freedoms were granted

A

a two year period of temporary obligation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

what happened during the temporary obligation period

A

allocations were worked out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

what land did landowners keep

A

meadows, pasture, woodland and a personal holding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

what land was given to the mirs

A

open fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

how many serfs remained ‘temporary obligated’ to their landlords until 1881

A

15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

when were redemption payments made compulsory

A

1881

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

who did well out of land allocation

A

kulaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

why did kulaks do well

A

bought up extra land-produce surplus grain- export

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

how did some serfs raise living standards

A

those who obtained passport to leave Mir- worked in industrialising cities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

how did landowners benefit

A

used compensation to get out of debt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

why did peasants feel cheated by emancipatopn

A

land allocations unfair + land allocated divided as sons inherited land and shared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

what persisted as a result of mir being so traditional

A

subsistence farming and technical backwardness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

what percentage of peasantry able to produce surplus by 1878

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

what made rural life difficult after emancipation

A

loss of former benefits, restrictions on travel and burden of redemption payments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

what led to violent outbreaks in countryside

A

resentment of kulaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

what did landowners resent after emancipation and what occurred as a result

A

loss of influence- student protests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

who reorganised the armed forces

A

Dmitry Milyutin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

what did milyutin want armed forces to be

A

smaller, more professional and efficient and less expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

what was made compulsory for all classes (military)

A

conscription at the age of 21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

what was the length of military service reduced from and to

A

25-15 years with 10 in reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

which military system was abandoned under milyutins reforms

A

military colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

what were the reforms to military punishments

A

they were made less severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

what medical reforms were there in the military

A

better provisioning and medical care established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

what happened to weaponary and command structure in reforms

A

modern weaponry and a new command structure established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

why were military colleges set up

A

to provide better training for non-noble officer corps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

how was literacy within the army improved

A

mass army education campaigns in 1870s-90s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

what happened to the officer class as a result of military reforms

A

still remained largely aristocratic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

how did the wealthy get around the military reforms

A

found substitutes to serve in their place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

did military reform fix problems of supply and leadership?

A

no problems still continued

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

who did the army struggle to win wars against

A

turkey (1877-78)
japan (1904-05)
Germany (1914-17)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

zemstva

A

system of elected local councils established to replace rights and obligations of former serf owning gentry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

at which two levels were the zemstva

A

district and provincial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

how were the members of the zemstva chosen

A

through a system of electoral colleges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

problem with voting procedure of zemstva

A

arranged in a way that allowed nobility to dominate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

what were the zemstva given the power to do

A

improve public services, develop industrial projects and administer poor relief in times of hardship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

what did the establishment of a degree of representative government raise the hopes of

A

members of intelligentsia who wanted representative national assembly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
183
Q

how was power of zemstva limited

A

had no control over taxes and provincial gov could overturn zemstva decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
184
Q

why were the zemstvas never truly people assemblies

A

they attracted doctors, lawyers and scientists who used meetings as opportunity to debate political issues and criticise central gov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
185
Q

in which areas was an overhaul of law particularly needed

A

property rights and a change in the administration of local justice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
186
Q

what was absent in old legal system

A

jury, laywers and examination of witnesses

accused considered guilty until proven innocent and judges decision was final

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
187
Q

how was equality established before the law

A

single system of local, provincial and national courts

accused presumed innocent until proven guilty and could employ a lawyer to defend himself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
188
Q

who were criminal cases heard under the reform

A

barristers and a jury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
189
Q

who were the jury selected from

A

a list of property owners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
190
Q

who were judges appointed by and how did they benefit from reform

A

tsar

given better training and pay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
191
Q

who were local justices of the peace elected by

A

zemstva every 3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
192
Q

who were local justices of the peace independent from

A

political control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
193
Q

who were courts opened to

A

the public

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
194
Q

where were national trials recorded

A

in the Russian courier- a gov newspaper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
195
Q

benefits of new legal system

A
  • fairer and less corrupt

- public flocked to open courts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
196
Q

what did the legal reforms provide the opportunity for

A

layers of intelligentsia to criticise the regime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
197
Q

why did new juries sometimes acquit guilty

A

they sympathised with their plight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
198
Q

what was done to counter juries acquitting guilty through sympathy

A

new decree issued to permit political crimes to be tried by special procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
199
Q

where was trial by jury never established

A

Poland, the western provinces and the causcasus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
200
Q

which courts were excluded from legal reforms

A

ecclesiastical and military

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
201
Q

why did the abolition of serfdom increase need for numeracy and literacy

A

peasants trying to run private smallholdings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
202
Q

what provided the opportunity for change in control and funding of education

A

establishment of zemstva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
203
Q

who were the education reforms under

A

alexander golovnin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
204
Q

what were universtities given the oppurtuntiy to do under the educational reform

A

govern themselves and appoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
205
Q

who was responsibility for schooling transferred from and to

A

from Russian orthodox church to zemstva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
206
Q

which 2 tiers of education were extended

A

primary and secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
207
Q

what were schools declared

A

‘open to all’ regardless of class and sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
208
Q

what effect did new independence given to universities have

A

increasing number of radical and militant thinkers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
209
Q

what happened as a result of education reforms being so successful

A

after 1866 it was deemed necessary to reassert gov control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
210
Q

how was censorship relaxed

A

restrictions on publishers reduced
foreign publications permitted with gov approval
press allowed to print editorials with comment on gov policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
211
Q

what did relaxation of censorship lead to

A

short lived growth in number of books, journals and newspapers on sale in russia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
212
Q

what brought a retightening of gov control in 1870s

A

growth in critical writing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
213
Q

what areas was there some reform in

A

Russian orthodox church
conditions of jews and ethnic minorities
economic liberalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
214
Q

what led to a reversal of the lenient treatment of poles and jews

A

1863 polish rebellion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
215
Q

what was financial liberalisation at the expense of

A

the peasants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
216
Q

after what event was a more repressive policy undertaken under alexander the second

A

1866 tempted assassination attempt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
217
Q

what two events in 1865 caused AII to seek consolation in a mistress

A

eldest son died and wife suffering tuberculosis- withdrawn from public appearances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
218
Q

what did tsars withdrawal make him less inclined to resist

A

reactionary conservatives who believed tsars reforms had gone too far

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
219
Q

what did the reactionaries fear

A

the spread of western ideas through universities and freer press
argued that ethnic minorities diluted Russian strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
220
Q

what was aII convinced to do as a result of the reactionaries fears

A

replace liberal ministers with conservatives in 1866

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
221
Q

who was Golovnin replaced by as minister for education in 1866

A

Dmitry tolstoy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
222
Q

who was valuev repleaced by as minister of internal affairs in 1866

A

timashev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
223
Q

who became head of third section 1866

A

shuvalov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
224
Q

who became minister of justice 1866

A

pahlen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
225
Q

what did Tolstoy feel was essential to eradicate western liberal ideas

A

tight control over education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
226
Q

what happened as a result of tolstoys ideas over education

A

zemstvas powers over education redcued and church regained its authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
227
Q

what happened in terms of courses at uni

A

more liberal courses replaced by traditional curriculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
228
Q

which subjects were encouraged and which forced out

A

subjects that encouraged critical thinking forced out

maths, latin encouraged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
229
Q

how did shuvalov strengthen the police

A

encouraged third section and stepped up persecution of minorities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
230
Q

what did pahlen ensure that the judicial system did

A

made an example of political agitators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
231
Q

when were new governor generals established

A

1879

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
232
Q

what powers did governor generals have

A

emergency powers to prosecute in military courts and exile poltical offenders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
233
Q

how did pahlen intend to deter people from revolutionary activity

A

held open show trials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
234
Q

who was loris meilkov appointed for

A

minister of internal affairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
235
Q

what did a further attempt on the tsars life in late 1870s lead him to accept

A

violence and unrest may be better curbed by widening democratic consultation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
236
Q

what did loris meilkov do

A

relaxed censorship, released polticial prisoners, removed salt tax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
237
Q

what happened to the third section under loris meilkob

A

abolished and powers transferred to regular police

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
238
Q

what was created in place of the third section

A

Okhrana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
239
Q

what became known as the loris meilkov constitution

A

his proposals to include elected reps of nobility of zemstva and of town govs in debating drafts of some state decrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
240
Q

what was the loris meilkov constitution in response to

A

zemstva demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
241
Q

what happened on 13th march

A

tsar signed LM report- killed by bomb in afternoon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
242
Q

who influenced AIII strong commitment to autocracy

A

his tutor Pobedonostev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
243
Q

how did AIII begin his reign

A

hanging those involved in fathers assassination, manifesto of unshakeable autocracy and law on exceptional measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
244
Q

what happened to loris meilkov proposals and reforming ministers under AIII

A

proposals abandoned and ministers resigned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
245
Q

who did AIII rely heavily on

A

conservatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
246
Q

who was AIII first internal minister and who was he replaced by in 1882

A

ignatiev replaced by tolstoy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
247
Q

minister for education

A

delyanov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
248
Q

over procurator of holy synod

A

pobedonostev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
249
Q

how did Katkov help AIII

A

he was a journalist who helped justify AIII conservative views to literate public

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
250
Q

what did land captains have the power to do

A

override elections to zemstva and village assemblies and disregard zemstvo decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
251
Q

what were land captains made responsible for

A

law enforcement and gov in countryside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
252
Q

what could land captains ignore

A

normal judicial process, overturned court judgements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
253
Q

how were election arrangements changed in 1890

A

reduce peasants vote and placed zemstva under central gov control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
254
Q

what happened to the electorate of towns in 1892

A

reduced to owners of property above a certain value

mayor and members of town councils subject to gov direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
255
Q

who were the police led by 1881-1884

A

Von Plehve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
256
Q

what were the changes in policing at this time

A

no of police increased and new branches of criminal investigation dept set ip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
257
Q

what was there a drive to recruit in police

A

spies, counter spies and agents provocateurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
258
Q

what could any area of the empire be deemed as by the 1882 statute on police surveillance

A

an area of subversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
259
Q

what could police do to convicts, those aware of crimes and relatives of convicts under statute on police surveillance

A

arrest, detain, question, imprison or exile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
260
Q

what did the 1885 decree provide that minister of justice did

A

exercise greater control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
261
Q

what powers were the ministry of justice granted in 1887

A

hold closed court sessions

262
Q

what did ministry of justice become responsible for in 1889

A

appointment of town judges

263
Q

what were raised in 1887

A

property and educational qualifications needed by jurors

264
Q

who were volost courts put under jurisdiction of 1889

A

Land Captains- countryside

judges- towns

265
Q

what did delyanovs university charter make appointmens of staff subject to

A

religious moral and patriotic orientations rather than academic grounds

266
Q

what did delyanov close and abolish

A

closed universities for women and abolished separate uni courts

267
Q

what happened to primary education under delyanov

A

lowest class children restricted to primary education

placed in hands of church

268
Q

why were education policies of dubious value

A

ran counter to govs attmepts to promote economic modernisation and failed to prevent student involvement in illegal polticial movements

269
Q

what were the temporary regulations established by tolstoy under AIII

A

1) allowed papers to be closed down
2) ban placed on publishers
3) censorship extended to theatre art and culture

270
Q

what positive changes were introduced in may 1881

A

reduced redemption fees payable and cancels arrears of some ex serfs

271
Q

what was abolished may 1885

A

poll tax

272
Q

introduction of what tax shifted burden of taxation a little from lowest classes

A

inheritance tax

273
Q

when was peasants land bank established

A

1883

274
Q

When were Land Captains established and who did they oversee?

A

1889; zemstva

275
Q

what provoked ethnic minorities to assert their distinctive identities

A

development of national ideology

276
Q

what had surfaced and brought rebellion 1830

A

polish nationalisms

277
Q

what was set up 1840

A

finnish language pressure group

278
Q

what did the secret brotherhood od saints Cyril and Methodius provoke in the Ukraine

A

national consciousness that sought to separate ukranian slavs from Russians

279
Q

what was AII more concerned with than racial superiority

A

control

280
Q

how did AII react to polish rebellion 1863

A

sent brother to deal with rebels

281
Q

how did AII keep control without persecuting racial minorities

A

used concessions

282
Q

examples of AII concessions

A

1864+1875- lativans able to convert to Lutheranism

finns- have own diet

283
Q

what did period of increased reaction towards end of AII reign see

A

growing intolerance of national differences

284
Q

russification in finland

A

diet reorganised to weaken political influence

use of russian language demanded

independent postal service abolished

Russian coinage replaced local currency

285
Q

russification in poland

A

polish national bank closed

Russian language enforced in schools and universities

polish literature studied in Russian translation
administration changed to curb independence

286
Q

russification in Baltic germany

A

Russian in all state offices, schools, police force and judicial system

german uni ‘dorpar’ became ‘iurev’

287
Q

russification in the ukraine

A

limited use of ukranian language

all theatres in 5 provinces closed

military service arrangements extended

288
Q

russification in siberia

A

uprising of ethnic peoples surpressed

289
Q

how was adherence to orthodox church encouraged

A

laws benefitted those of orthodox faith

290
Q

what were closed down in poland

A

catholic monasteries, influence of catholic priests curbed

291
Q

who worked to convert heathens and Muslims in asia

A

all Russian orthodox missionary society

292
Q

what were members of non orthodox churches not allowed to do from 1883

A

build new places of worship, wear religious dress except within meeting place and spread religious propaganda

293
Q

results of russification

A

mass disturbance

resentment amongst educated and wealthy

growth of opposition groups

294
Q

who suffered most from intense nationalism

A

jews

295
Q

how many jews within Russian empire

A

5 million

296
Q

since 1736 where had most jews been confined to

A

pale of settlement

297
Q

why were jews hated in AII reign

A

non orthodox teachings and money lending and personal riches

298
Q

where did AII allow wealthier jews to settle until polish revolt

A

outside pale

299
Q

inflammatory slogan pobodonostev

A

beat the yids, save russia

300
Q

on what grounds was AII anti Semitic

A

religious

301
Q

what were AIII poltical concerns about jews

A

was believed that they orchestrated AII assassination

302
Q

why may pogroms have started

A

business competition, encouragement from okrhana

303
Q

how did gov curb pogroms

A

did little

304
Q

who supported holy league organisation and what did they do

A

pobodonostev- coordinated early attacks against Jews - banned 1882

305
Q

what did many jews do in response to pogroms

A

free over border to western europe

306
Q

what did pogroms involve

A

jewish property burnt, shops and businesses destroyed, rape and murder

307
Q

what did may laws add to

A

discrimination of jews

308
Q

what did may laws condemn jews to

A

living in ghettoes in cities and towns

309
Q

what did a separate decree of 1882 decrease the number of

A

jewish doctors in army

310
Q

in which 2 ways did jews leave country

A

through own free will or forcibly expelled

311
Q

what did policies towards jews remaining in country drive them to towards

A

revolutionary groups in particular Marxist socialist organisations

312
Q

what stimulated opposition in AII reign

A

hope and disappointment brought by reforms

313
Q

what did initial relaxation of censorship encourage

A

spread of radical literature

314
Q

what did relaxation of controls on education increase

A

no of independently minded students

315
Q

what did creation of zemstvas and dumas provide

A

platform for educated intellectuals to challenge tsarist policies

316
Q

what did reform in judicial system produce

A

professionally trained lawyers skilled in art of persuasion

ready to challenge autocratic practices

317
Q

why was moderate liberate opposition only small scale

A

only few literate and educated russians

318
Q

what did liberal intellectuals have benefit of

A

education, time, wealth and interest to reflect on political matters

319
Q

what did some intelligentsia seek the truth via

A

philosophical ideas eg nihilism/anarchy

320
Q

what 2 categories did most liberal members of opposition fall into

A

slavophiles and westernisers

321
Q

what did westernisers want

A

to catch up with the west by copying western ways

322
Q

what did slavophiles favour

A

a superior Russian path to a better future

323
Q

what was westernising liberal oppositions aim

A

reform the autocracy so the tsar would listen and rule in conjunction with his subjects

324
Q

how did AII respond to st pt zemstva demanding a central body

A

he stood firmly against proposal

325
Q

why did the attractions of the slavophiles diminish in 1890s

A

country moved forward towards industrialisation

326
Q

why did industrialisation split the intelligentsia

A

some attracted by Marxist theory and some maintained more liberal stance

327
Q

what happened in 1891-92 that left zemstva responsible for relief work

A

famine

tsarist gov didn’t take actions

328
Q

what did famine provide evidence for

A

change needed

329
Q

among which group of people did a more radical strand of opposition develop

A

younger generation

330
Q

what were young Russia held responsible for in june 1862

A

a series of fires in capital

331
Q

who was ‘the organisation’ set up by in 1863 and what was made

A

students at Moscow university

more calls for reform made

332
Q

what was student idealism and determination heightened by

A

increased repression of later 1860s and influence of radical socialist writers

333
Q

what was chernyshevsky the author of

A

the contemporary and what is to be done?

334
Q

what did chernyshevskys writings suggest

A

peasants had to be made leaders of revolutionary change

335
Q

what did Herzen advocate in his journal

A

new peasant based social structure

336
Q

what did herzen call on followers to do in 1869

A

go to the people

337
Q

what view did Bakunin put forward

A

private ownership of land should be replaced by collective ownership and income should be based on number of hours worked

338
Q

how did Bakunin help to introduce Marxism into russia

A

translated marx’s communist manifesto into russian in 1869

339
Q

when was the Tchaikovsky circle set up

A

1868-69

340
Q

what was the Tchaikovsky circle

A

literary society that organised printing, publishing and distribution of scientific and revolutionary literature

341
Q

what did the circle seek

A

social revolution

342
Q

what did the circle start to do from 1872

A

organise workers with the intention of sending them to work among peasants in countryside

343
Q

another name for the populists

A

narodniks

344
Q

what was the idea behind populism

A

going to the people

345
Q

what did lavrov persuade a group of 2000 people to do in 1874

A

travel to countryside to persuade peasantry that the future of Russia depended on development of peasant commune

346
Q

what did the populists aim to exploit

A

the resentment felt since the emancipation about ack of land and tax burden

347
Q

why were the populist incomers reported to the authorities by the peasants

A

peasants ignorance, superstition, prejudice and deep rooted loyalty to tsar

348
Q

how did nardodnysim have a benefit

A

helped to take radical opposition away from underground meeting rooms and into countryside

helped to make gov more aware of opponents

349
Q

when was land and liberty set up

A

1877

350
Q

what did land and liberty continue

A

populist traditions

351
Q

what did land and liberty members seek

A

work within peasant commune but in less obtrusive manner than narodniks

352
Q

what did some members of land and liberty carry out

A

political assassinations

353
Q

when did the land and liberty organisation split

A

1879

354
Q

into what 2 groups did land and liberty split into

A

black repartition and the peoples will

355
Q

who organised black repartition

A

Plekhanov

356
Q

why did black repartition take such name

A

wanted to share black soil provinces of Russia among peasants

357
Q

what were the hopes of black repartitions

A

stimulating social change without violence

358
Q

how did black repartition set about achieving their aims

A

worked peacefully among peasantry

359
Q

what was black repartition severely weakened by

A

series of arrests in 1880-81

360
Q

who led peoples will

A

mikhailov

361
Q

how did mikhailov keep group informed of secret police activities

A

planted a spy in third section

362
Q

what methods did peoples will advocate

A

violent ones, undermining gov by assassinating officials

363
Q

how did AII assassination mark a turning point

A

security stepped up and new tsar retired to fortitfied castle

364
Q

what effect did increased security have

A

ended populist movement

365
Q

which forms of opposition continued underground after AII assassination

A

self education circles who translated writings of foreign socialists

contact with radicals in exile in west maintained

366
Q

what did Plekhanov establish from Switzerland in 1883

A

emancipation of labour group

367
Q

what did emancipation of labour group do

A

translated and arranged for Marxist tracts to be smuggled into Russia

sought to demonstrate Marxism fully applicable to russia

368
Q

how did industrialisation benefit opposition groups

A

numbers of workers organisations, illegal trade unions, Marxist discussion circles and other groups developed- spreading Marxist ideas

369
Q

what was industrialisation in Russia largely driven by

A

the state

370
Q

why was industrialisation largely driven by the state

A

in a deliberate attempt to match the economic development of western europe

371
Q

who was AII minister of finance 1862-78

A

von Reutern

372
Q

what were reuterns reforms designed for

A

to boost the economy and provide funds to drive industrial growth

373
Q

reuterns reforms

A
  • treasury reformed
  • new arrangements for collecting taxes put in place
  • tax farming abolished
  • tax system reformed
  • banks and credit facilities extended
  • state, municipal and savings banks established
374
Q

how was trade promoted under reutern

A

reduction of import duties 1863

375
Q

what were offered to private entrepreneurs to develop railways under reutern

A

government subsidies

376
Q

how was foreign investment encouraged under reutern

A

government guaranteed annual dividend

377
Q

for what industries was government support offered under reutern

A

cotton and mining

378
Q

what did Reuten do to tax farming?

A

Abolished it

379
Q

how did reuterns reforms encourage enterprise

A

opportunities provided by gov subsidies and trade treaties

380
Q

what did the use of foreign technical expertise and capital support under reutern

A

industrial expansion (railway saw expansion)

381
Q

what was the annual growth rate during reuterns term of office

A

6%

382
Q

what were the new developments under reutern

A

oil extraction, ironworks

383
Q

how did economy remain weak despite reuterns reforms

A
  • 1/3 gov expenditure went on repayment of debts
  • rouble subject to variation
  • limitations of emancipation edict kept peasantry poor and domestic market small
  • tariff reductions meant decline in gov revenue
384
Q

when was the decision to raise tariffs taken

A

1878

385
Q

when did Vyshnegradsky take over as minister of finance

A

1887

386
Q

what was the import tariff designed to boost under Vyshnegradsky

A

home production and helped iron industry and development of industrial machinery

387
Q

how did Vyshnegradsky balance budget whilst financing enterprise

A
  • negotiated valuable loans
  • increased indirect taxes
  • mounted a drive to swell grain exports
388
Q

how did Vyshnegradsky policy appear successful on surface

A

1881-1891 grain exports +18% and Russian budget in surplus

389
Q

what was Vyshnegradsky export drive achieve at expense of

A

peasants who paid taxes and saw their grain requisitioned by state

390
Q

what did Vyshnegradsky famously say about exports

A

‘we ourselves shall not eat, but we shall export’

391
Q

what did Vyshnegradsky export drive ultimately lead to

A

widespread famine due to bad harvest and no reserve stores

392
Q

who was Vyshnegradsky successor

A

Witte

393
Q

what was Witte totally committed to

A

economic modernisation as a means of curbing revolutionary activity

394
Q

what did Witte believe was only way forward

A

continue with protective tariffs, heavy taxation and forced exports to generate capital

395
Q

what did much of Wittes investment go into

A

mining, metal trades, oil and banking

396
Q

who did Witte encourage to oversee industrial developments

A

foreign engineers to advise on planning and techniques

397
Q

what industry saw major expansion under Witte

A

railway

398
Q

how much land did the average peasant receive

A

little less than four hectares

399
Q

which factors hampered agricultural change

A

high taxes, grain requisitions, traditional farming practices

400
Q

what was the problem with land banks

A

the loans they offered merely increased debts

401
Q

why was there an increase in agricultural production in the 1870s-1880s

A

kulaks positive response to Vyshnegradskys export drive

402
Q

what did the 1891-92 famine show

A

average peasant had too little land to become prosperous

403
Q

Social divisions: what did Russia’s traditional land based society move towards as industrialisation spread

A

One more focused on money, capital and wages

404
Q

Social divisions: what did the period see the beginnings of

A

An emergent new middle class and urban working class

405
Q

The landed elite: why had their personal landholdings declined after emancipation

A

Some sold out to pay off debts/abandoned farming in favour of more rewarding professional activities

406
Q

The landed elite: what percentage of university professors in 1880 were from hereditary nobility

A

1/5

407
Q

The landed elite: how many nobles owned their own business in 1882

A

700

408
Q

The landed elite: how many nobles employed in commerce in 1882

A

2500

409
Q

The landed elite: which governorships did nobles find themselves in

A

Zemstva and provincial governorships

410
Q

The landed elite: why did they retain despite changes to their position

A

Retained much of precious wealth and status

411
Q

The middle class: why did Russia’s middle class begin to grow

A

Urban and industrial expansion and an increase in educational opportunities

412
Q

The middle class: what were in greater demand

A

Bankers, doctors, teachers and administrators

413
Q

The middle class: what provided enterprising oppurtunities

A

Gov contracts to build railways and state loans to set up factories

414
Q

The middle class: what were there opportunities to do at the lower end of the scale

A

Take up management positions or set up as workshop owners or traders

415
Q

The urban working class: what was number of urban workers despite growth

A

Still very small- 2% population

416
Q

The urban working class: why did some peasants sell up

A

Join migrant groups building railways/become urban workers

417
Q

The urban working class: how many inhabitants in st Petersburg in 1864 were peasants by birth

A

1 in 3

418
Q

The urban working class: what were conditions in factories like

A

Grim and early factories paid little heed to workers welfare

419
Q

The urban working class: what did reforming legislation in 1882-90 implement

A

1) Regulation of child labour
2) reduction in working hours
3) reduction in excessive fines
4) appointment of inspectors with powers to check up on living and working conditions

420
Q

The urban working class: what was payment in kind

A

Payment in goods/services such as accommodation rather than money wages

421
Q

The urban working class: what were payments like despite peasants being attracted by regular wages

A

Payments rarely generous

422
Q

The urban working class: how many strikes per year 1886-94 despite being illegal

A

33

423
Q

The position of the peasantry: kulaks

A

Bought up land

Employed labour and sometimes acted as pawn brokers with land

424
Q

The position of the peasantry: what was life like for poorest peasants

A

Life getting harsher as they turned into landles labourers

425
Q

The position of the peasantry: what did zemstvo survey in 1880s state about poorest peasants

A

2/3 of former serfs in Tambov region unable to feed household without falling into debt

426
Q

The position of the peasantry: how did living standards vary

A

Areas of former state peasants tended to be better off than those of emancipated privately owned

427
Q

The position of the peasantry: why were former state serfs better off that privately owned ones

A

They’d been granted more land

428
Q

The position of the peasantry: evidence of poor living standards of peasants

A

Large proportion turned down as unfit for military service

Mortality rates higher than those in any other European country

429
Q

The position of the peasantry: what was average life expectancy for males and females

A

M 27
F 29

In England it was 45

430
Q

Cultural influence of church: what percentage of population were subscribed to Orthodox Church

A

70%

431
Q

Cultural influence of church: what was russia According to tradition

A

A holy land that had been chosen by god to save the world

432
Q

Cultural influence of church: how had church administration changed by the late nineteenth century

A

Moved to holy synod and tsars position became more secular

433
Q

Cultural influence of church: how did the domination of the Orthodox Church benefit the regime

A

Moral domination of Orthodox Church over superstitious and ill educated peasantry hugely benefitixal to regime as a means of contr l

434
Q

Cultural influence of church: what were priests expected to do

A

Read out imperial manifestos and decrees, keep statistics, root out opposition and inform the police of any suspicious activity

435
Q

Cultural influence of church: why was an ecclesiastical commission set up in 1862

A

After a report expressing concern about clerical poverty and behaviour

436
Q

Cultural influence of church: what reforms were introduced in 1868

A

To improve education of priests

437
Q

Cultural influence of church: what was church given increased power over under Delyanov

A

Primary education

438
Q

Cultural influence of church: why did AIIIs policy of Russification allow him to promote orthodoxy throughout the empire

A

-became an offence to covert from orthodoxy to another faith/publish criticisms of it

439
Q

Cultural influence of church: how many Muslims and pagans converted to orthodoxy under AII

A

8500 m

50,000 P

440
Q

what did russias traditional land based society move towards as industrialisation spread

A

one more focused on money, capital and wages

441
Q

landed elite

A

small but diverse group, mostly of noble status

442
Q

why did landed elites personal landholdings decline after emancipation edict

A

some sold out to pay off debts and others abandoned farming in favour of more rewarding professional activities

443
Q

what percentage of university professors came from hereditry nobility in 1880

A

nearly 1/5

444
Q

how many nobles owned their own business in Moscow by 1882

A

700

445
Q

how many nobles employed in transport, commerce and industry

A

2500

446
Q

why did Russia’s middle class begin to grow

A

urban and industrial expansion and an increase in educational opportunities

447
Q

what professions were in greater demand

A

bankers, doctors, teachers and administrators

448
Q

what did government contracts to build railways and state loans to set up factories provide

A

tremendous opportunities for those who were enterprising

449
Q

what opportunities were there at the lower end of the scale

A

more opportunities to take up management positions or set up as workshop owners and traders

450
Q

what was the expansion of industry accompanied by

A

a growth in the urban population

451
Q

how small was the number of urban workers in this period

A

no more than 2% population

452
Q

what was it very common for peasants to do

A

move to the towns to work temporarily whist returning to their villages to help in busy times, such as harvest

453
Q

why did some peasants sell up and leave the countryside

A

to either join a migrant group building railways or to become urban workers

454
Q

what percentage of inhabitants in st Petersburg in 1864 were peasants by birth

A

1/3

455
Q

what were condiditons in the cities like

A

grim- the early factories paid little heed to their workers welfare

456
Q

what did the reforms in 1882-90 state

A
  • regulation of child labour
  • reduction in working hours
  • reduction in excessive fines and payment in kind
  • appointment of inspectors with powers to check up on working and living conditions
457
Q

how effective were the reforms

A

contributed very little towards improving the lives of the growing working class

458
Q

what were peasants attracted to the towns by

A

prospect of regular wages- rarely generous payments

459
Q

how many strikes between 1886-1894

A

33 per year

460
Q

how were the peasants divided

A

kulaks at the top

461
Q

how did kulaks buy up land

A

perhaps with aid of loans from peasants land bank

462
Q

what was life like for the poorest peasants

A
  • getting harsher
  • turned into landless labourers
  • 1880 2/3 former serfs in Tambov region unable to feed household without falling into debt
463
Q

which area of peasants tended to be better off

A

areas of former state peasants tended to be better off than those of emancipated privately owned serfs

464
Q

why were former state owned peasants better off

A

been granted more land

465
Q

what was the average life expectancy for male and female peasants

A
  • 27 M
  • 29 W
  • England: average 45
466
Q

what effect did economic change have on the peasantry

A

failed to improve the lot of the peasantry, may have affected them for the worse

467
Q

what percentage of the population subscribed to the orthodox church

A

70%

468
Q

what was Russia seen as, owing to tradition

A

Holy Land that had been chosen by god to save the world

tsar possessed a holiness which made him a saint on earth

469
Q

what had happened to church administration by late 19th century and effect on tsars position

A

church admin moved to holy synod and tsars position became more secular

470
Q

how did the regime use the church as a means of control

A

moral domination over superstitious and ill educated peasantry hugely beneficial to regime

471
Q

role of priests

A

had close ties with village and role assigned by state eg, read out manifestos and decrees, keep statisitics

472
Q

what did Pyotr Valuav set up the Ecclesaistical commission in response to in 1858

A

report expressing concern about clerical poverty and behaviour

473
Q

who was Pyotr Valuev

A

minister of internal affairs

474
Q

what did the ecclesiastical commission do

A

looked into church organisation and practice in 1862

475
Q

what reforms were introduced in 1868

A

to improve education of priests

476
Q

what were the church given increased control over under Ivan Delyanov

A

primary education

477
Q

what did the church possess strict controls over

A

-censorship

478
Q

what did the church courts judge

A

moral and social ‘crimes’

awarded punishments to those found guilty

479
Q

how many muslis and pagans converted to orthodoxy during aiiis reighn

A

8500 M

50000 P

480
Q

how many catholics and Lutherans converted to orthodoxy in Poland and Baltic provinces

A

40000 altogether

481
Q

What war ended in March 1856?

A

Crimean War

482
Q

What did Alexander II do to examine emancipation?

A

Set up committees

483
Q

What did Alexander II tour Russia delivering between 1858-59?

A

Pro-emancipation speeches

484
Q

Who failed to agree on emancipation measures? What took place between them and Alexander II?

A

Provincial nobles

Debate

485
Q

What did Alexander II establish? Who led it?

A

A committee of 38

Nicholas Milyutin

486
Q

What was the emancipation of the serfs proclaimed in?

A

Alexander’s Edict of 1861

487
Q

Who did emancipation only apply to? When did they receive their freedom?

A

Privately-owned serfs

1866

488
Q

What did emancipation permit? What did supporters find about it?

A

Modernisation

Not as “liberating” as expected

489
Q

What did Landlords receive from emancipation? What 2 things could they use it for?

A

Government bonds, compensation

Redeem debt/invest in enterprises

490
Q

What could some Landlords only do with their compensation? What were they forced to do?

A

Pay off debts

Sell land

491
Q

What were Serfs declared? What 4 things could they do?

A

Free

Marry/Own property/Travel and have rights

492
Q

What 2 things were Serfs given from emancipation? What varied?

A

Cottage/allotment of land

Quality of the latter

493
Q

What could enterprising peasants buy? What could they sell?

A

Land

Surplus grain

494
Q

What could Serfs do if they sold land?

A

Move to an industrialised city

495
Q

What often remained theoretical about Serfs? Why?

A

Rights

Other terms of the Edict

496
Q

What were Serfs required to pay? How many were needed?

A

Redemption payments annually

49

497
Q

What did redemption payments provoke?

A

Unrest

498
Q

What was the issue with land prices? Where did this leave Serfs?

A

Fixed above market value

Debt

499
Q

What 2 things did some peasants have to do to survive?

A

Work for their old masters/Rent land

500
Q

What was the Mir responsible for? How long did Serfs remain here?

A

Tax and redemption collection

Until redemption pay was finished

501
Q

What did the Mirs supervise? What did Mirs promote?

A

Farming of allocated land

Backward farming practices

502
Q

What did Mirs do to peasants? Where couldn’t they leave?

A

Constrain them

Countryside

503
Q

What were Landowners allowed to retain? How did some Serfs struggle? What did Serfs lose from Landowners?

A

Personal lands
Couldn’t make a living without additional land
Protection

504
Q

What was opened by the Mirs for everyone?

A

Communal open fields

505
Q

What was the Obruk? How long did it remain for?

A

Labour service

Two years of “temp obligation”

506
Q

How did peasants feel about the Obruk? What happened over 4 months?

A

Resentful

647 riots

507
Q

What does Historian John Gooding say about the Emancipation Edict from a European perspective?

A

“To many Europeans, it might not have seemed like freedom at all”

508
Q

What were 2 reasons for further reform?

A

Disappointment/Other issues

509
Q

What type of reform was conscription? Who was it made compulsory for?

A

Military

All classes

510
Q

What type of reform was length of service? How was it reduced?

A

Military

25 to 15 years

511
Q

What type of reform was welfare improvements? What type of punishment was abolished?

A

Military

Corporal

512
Q

What was established to train officers? What was introduced to officers?

A

Military colleges

Modern weaponry

513
Q

How could the new army be described after military reform?

A

Smaller but better-trained

514
Q

What was reduced after military reform?

A

Costs

515
Q

What was improved through army education campaigns?

A

Literacy

516
Q

What type of leaders were officers still? What class served less time?

A

Aristocrats

Upper

517
Q

What type of reform was rural councils? What was established at district and provincial levels in 1864?

A

Local government

Zemstva

518
Q

What type of reform were council elections? How were they elected?

A

Local government

People, primarily Nobles

519
Q

What 2 things were the Zemstva given more power to improve? Who did this relieve?

A

Public services and industry

The poor

520
Q

What did the Zemstva offer at local level? Who were they dominated by? What did they improve?

A

Representative government
Nobles and “professionals”
Welfare and education

521
Q

How could people criticise government policies? What 2 things did they not have control over?

A

Zemstva forum

Taxation and law

522
Q

What type of reform was a system of local, provincial and national courts?

A

Judicial

523
Q

What type of reform is criminal cases? Who were they heard before?

A

Judiciary

Barristers and a jury

524
Q

What type of reform was class judgement before law? How were they treated?

A

Judiciary

Equally

525
Q

What happened to judges’ training and pay? What reform is this?

A

It improved

Judiciary

526
Q

What happened to the system as a result of judiciary reform? What could a jury undermine? What was an example of this?

A

Fairer and less corrupt
Government control
Vera Zasulich

527
Q

What 2 courts continued in Russia after judiciary reform? Where didn’t this apply?

A

Ecclesiastical and military courts

Poland

528
Q

What was important for Russia’s modernisation in education? Who led important changes?

A

Improvements in literacy and numeracy

Liberal Alexander Golovnin

529
Q

Who took responsibility for primary education? Who was it free for?

A

Zemstva

All

530
Q

What type of school was set up at secondary level? Where could students progress to from secondary education?

A

Vocational schools

University

531
Q

When did universities become self-governing? What type of courses were offered?

A

1863

Liberal

532
Q

What tripled between 1856-1880? How was there an increase in students?

A

Primary schools

Doubled

533
Q

What was there a greater selection of at schools? What happened to the number of students at university?

A

Subjects

Tripled

534
Q

What was the primary curriculum still based on? What did it offer?

A

Religion

Reading, writing and arithmetic

535
Q

How was secondary education limited? Who was it limited to?

A

It had fees

The better-off

536
Q

What did more radical students join? What were these committed to?

A

Opposition movements

Violence

537
Q

What year did the Military reforms take place? What other reforms also took place that year?

A

1864

Judiciary

538
Q

What 2 separate years did Local Government reforms take place?

A

1864

1870

539
Q

Between what period did Educational reforms take place?

A

1863-64

540
Q

What feelings did reforms create in the 1860s?

A

Excitement and opposition

541
Q

What did censorship relaxation encourage?

A

More radical books

542
Q

What did educational changes lead to the growth of?

A

Radical student organisations

543
Q

What did legal reforms promote? Who did they attract?

A 
Legal careers
Middle class critical of government
544
Q

When was the opposition group Young Russia formed? Who were they hostile to?

A

1862

Tsar and Church

545
Q

When was the opposition group The Organisation formed? Who was it set up by and what did they carry out?

A

1863

Moscow Uni alumni, revolutionary activities

546
Q

What sort of period set in between 1866-67? Why?

A

Reaction

Attempted Tsar assassinations

547
Q

Who did Alexander II appoint? Who are 2 examples?

A

Reactionary ministers

Dmitry Tolstoy and Peter Shuvalov

548
Q

What did the reactionary ministers argue about Russia?

A

Westernising changes were weakening Russia

549
Q

What 2 type of reforms still continued? What happened to the others?

A

Economic and legal

Halted or reversed

550
Q

Who was the authority of primary schools returned to? Whose activities were restricted?

A

Church

Zemstva

551
Q

What were secondary schools ordered to remove from their curriculum?

A

Sciences

552
Q

Where could vocational students only attend as of 1871?

A

Higher technical institutions

553
Q

What subjects were banned in universities? Why?

A

Literature and history

Encouraged critical thought

554
Q

What organisations were banned?

A

Student organisations

555
Q

What could the government do over university appointments?

A

Veto

556
Q

What was reasserted with the new education policies? What became restricted?

A

Religious control

The curriculum

557
Q

What education was declined? How did people escape restrictions?

A

Female education

Studying abroad

558
Q

What force’s work was increased?

A

Third Section

559
Q

What trial could political offenders face? Until what year?

A

Show trials

1878

560
Q

Where could political crimes be tried from 1878?

A

Secret closed military courts

561
Q

What were given to governor-generals? From what year?

A

Emergency powers for military courts and exile

1879

562
Q

Which groups of people thrived underground?

A

Critics and opponents

563
Q

Why were show trials abandoned? Who is an example?

A

Sympathetic juries

Vera Zasulich

564
Q

What war took place between 1877-78? What situation took place between 1879-80?

A

Russo-Turkish War

Famine

565
Q

What recession started in the late 1870s? What event from the 1860s repeated itself relating to the Tsar?

A

Industrial

Assassination attempts

566
Q

What commission did Alexander II establish? Under who?

A

Count Loris-Melikov

567
Q

What position was Loris-Melikov appointed to in 1880? What was he to investigate?

A

Minister of the Interior

Revolutionary activities

568
Q

Who was released because of Loris-Melikov?

A

Political prisoners

569
Q

What was relaxed because of Loris-Melikov?

A

Censorship

570
Q

Whose restrictions were lifted because of Loris-Melikov?

A

Zemstva

571
Q

What was tax removed from because of Loris-Melikov?

A

Salt

572
Q

What was abolished because of Loris-Melikov? Who replaced them?

A

Third Section

Okhrana

573
Q

Whose ideas influenced young people? What view was promoted?

A

Radical thinkers

Socialism

574
Q

Who was Chernyshevsky? What book did he write in 1863?

A

Editor of The Contemporary

What is to be done?

575
Q

What view did Chernyshevsky have about revolution?

A

Peasants had to lead it for it to be successful

576
Q

Who was Herzen? What structure did this advocate?

A

Editor of The Bell

Peasant based revolution

577
Q

Who was Bakunin? What type of ownership did he promote?

A

Anarchist/socialist

Collective ownership

578
Q

Whose book did Bakunin translate? What did he believe in?

A 
Marx's Communist Manifesto
A struggle of working and middle class would lead to a perfect society
579
Q

What year did Lavrov encourage a populist movement? What was the name of the movement?

A

1874

Go to the people

580
Q

How many Narodniks joined “Go to the people”? What would they do?

A

2000

Act as peasants and spread socialist ideas

581
Q

What were 3 reasons for peasants rejecting Narodniks?

A

Fears they were secret police
Ignorance
Church loyalty

582
Q

What year did the second Narodnik movement take place? Why did it fail?

A

1876

People were arrested

583
Q

What did the remaining Narodniks establish in 1877? What was it?

A

Land and Liberty

Commitment to assassinations

584
Q

What 2 objectives did Land and Liberty have?

A 
Assassinate Mezemstev (Third Section)
Attempt to kill Alexander II
585
Q

What 2 organisations did Land and Liberty split into in 1879?

A

Black Partition

People’s Will

586
Q

Who was The Black Partition organised by? What was its aim?

A

Plekhanov

“Partition the black soil”

587
Q

Who did The Black Partition work peacefully among? What did it spread to students and workers?

A

Peasants

Radical materials

588
Q

What was the Black Partition weakened by? What did Plekhanov later become?

A

Arrests in 1880-81

A Marxist

589
Q

Who led The People’s Will? What was it larger than?

A

Mikhailov

Black Partition

590
Q

What did The People’s Will advocate? What was their biggest success?

A

Violence

Assassination of Alexander II

591
Q

What 2 reasons did opposition spread?

A

Government failures

Demands for “reforms from below”

592
Q

Who succeeded Alexander II? When was he crowned?

A

Alexander III

May 1881

593
Q

Who was Alexander III advised by? Who was he?

A

Konstantin Pobedonostev

Procurator of the Holy Synod

594
Q

What did Pobedonostev encourage the Tsar to reassert?

A

Autocracy

595
Q

What did Alexander III publicly announce?

A

“I am the sole ruler, as only absolute power can safeguard Russia”

596
Q

What group had 150 people arrested and hanged? Why?

A

People’s Will

Assassinated Alexander II

597
Q

What happened to the powers of the police? What department was made to supervise the Okhrana?

A

They increased

Department of Police

598
Q

Who were the Department of Police made responsible to? Why?

A

Ministry of Internal Affairs

So activities could be monitored

599
Q

Who were also widely used? Who watched these people?

A

Spies

Secret spies

600
Q

What land rule was put in place in 1882? What could police agents do?

A

Any area could be deemed “subversion”

Arrest, imprison and exile on suspicion

601
Q

What judicial courts were reintroduced in 1885?

A

Closed courts

602
Q

What did Alexander III introduce in 1889? Who were they appointed by?

A

Land Captains

Nobility

603
Q

Who did Land Captains replace? Who could they override?

A

Magistrates

Zemstva

604
Q

What 2 things could Land Captains overturn?

A

Local court judgements and flogging of peasants

605
Q

What vote was reduced in 1890?

A

Zemstva peasant vote

606
Q

Who were removed from office?

A

Outspoken Liberals

607
Q

Whose creed did Alexander III adopt? What did this mean?

A

Pobedonostev’s “Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationality”

Russification

608
Q

What is Russification?

A

Enforcement of Russian language and culture on ethnic minorities

609
Q

What was declared as the first language? What did this mean for the judicial system?

A

Russian

Trials and local government had to be conducted in Russian

610
Q

What was closed to non-fluent Russian speakers?

A

Public office

611
Q

What Church was adherence encouraged for? How many Lutherans converted?

A

Orthodox

37,000

612
Q

What Catholic buildings were closed down? What were non-Orthodox churches not allowed to do?

A

Monasteries

Build new places of worship

613
Q

Who suppressed Russification resistance?

A

The military

614
Q

What 4 nationalities suffered the most?

A

Poles, Finns, Baltic Germans and Ukrainians

615
Q

What was the intention of Russification? What did it intensify? What did it cause?

A

To “unite” the country
National feelings for non-Russians
Opposition groups

616
Q

Which religion suffered most from Russification? How many were living in Russia?

A

Jews

5 million

617
Q

What was ingrained in Russian society? What broke out between 1881-84?

A

Anti-semitism

Jewish pogroms

618
Q

What did authorities not do a lot of? What happened to many Jews? What happened to some Jewish property?

A

Curb anti-semitic violence
Raped or murdered
Destroyed

619
Q

What was passed during Alexander III’s reign to restrict Jews? Where were Jews forced to live?

A

Laws

Ghettos

620
Q

What happened to many Jews? Who were 2 key figures who joined revolutionary groups?

A

Emigrated or expelled

Leon Trotsky and Julius Martov

621
Q

What does Historian Martin Sixsmith say about Alexander III’s intentions towards Russification?

A

“Alexander III wanted to unify the country by turning an empire into a nation”

622
Q

What does Historian Orlando Figes say about Russification’s central aim?

A

“It had always been a central aim to assimilate non-Russian peoples”

623
Q

What does Historian John Gooding say about Jews?

A

“Jews were seen as a particular problem”

624
Q

What class did Russia not possess?

A

Middle class

625
Q

What did Von Reutern believe Russia needed? What did he introduce?

A

Economic change

Reforms

626
Q

What type of farming was abolished? What did this mean?

A

Tax-farming

Companies could no longer collect taxes

627
Q

What organisation was reformed under Von Reutern? What systems were established?

A

The Treasury

Auditing and budgeting

628
Q

What facilities were made available from Banks?

A

Credit facilities

629
Q

What was offered to private railway companies?

A

Subsides

630
Q

What was guaranteed by the government for foreign investors?

A

Annual dividends

631
Q

What was lowered on trade? What was negotiated?

A

Tariffs

Trade treaties

632
Q

What 2 industries expanded because of Von Reutern? What field was there an improvement in?

A

Cotton/Mining

Agriculture

633
Q

In what 2 fields did mobility remained limited? What was slow?

A

Transport/Labour

Growth

634
Q

What was unstable in the economy? Where did a lot of income go towards?

A

Russian Currency

Paying off debts

635
Q

Which place did Russia remain underdeveloped towards?

A

Western Europe

636
Q

What did Vyshnegradsky try to build up?

A

Industry

637
Q

What tariffs were increased? How much by?

A

Import tariffs

30%

638
Q

Why were grain imports increased? How much were they increased by between 1881-91?

A

To make peasants sell to the state

18%

639
Q

Where did Russia get a loan from in 1888?

A

France

640
Q

What 3 things did peasants suffer from under Vyshnegradsky?

A

High taxes
High good prices
Grain requisitions

641
Q

When did a famine take place under Vyshnegradsky? How many people died?

A

1891-92

350,000

642
Q

What did Witte want from abroad? What 3 things did he increase investment in?

A

Loans

Mining, oil and banking

643
Q

What did Witte encourage European experts to oversee? What did he want advice on?

A

Development

Planning

644
Q

What did Witte achieve with the railway network?

A

A huge expansion

645
Q

Why did emancipation bring little change to agriculture for peasants?

A

Peasants had too little land to become prosperous

646
Q

Why did the Mir fail to bring agricultural success?

A

Backwards farming practices favoured by the elders

647
Q

Who were the biggest Landowners? What did many of them do?

A

Nobles

Sell their land to pay debts

648
Q

Why did some Landowners abandon farming? What did some of them start up?

A

To learn professions

Businesses

649
Q

How did Kulaks buy land? Who did Kulaks employ?

A

Loans from the Peasants Land Bank

Lower peasants

650
Q

What did the poorer peasants become?

A

Landless labourers

651
Q

Why were most peasants unable to do military service? What was the average life expectancy in Russia for peasants?

A

Unfit

28

652
Q

What does Historian Orlando Figes say about the economic partitions?

A

“Partitions made little economic sense”

H - 1H (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions