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My Cardiopulmonary > Section 2E > Flashcards

Section 2E Flashcards

0
Q

What causes Variant angina

A

Spasms and constriction of the coronary arteries. May be at rest and is unpredictable.

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1
Q

Another name for Variant Angina

A

Prinzmetal’s angina or Vasospastic angina

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2
Q

Unstable angina results from what?

A

Atheroslcerotic plaque disruption. The plaque breaks away and damages the the wall which leads to a blood clot. This blood clot leads to obstruction

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3
Q

What causes Classic Angina and when does it occur?

A

Associated with atherosclerosis diseases that produces fixed obstruction of the coronary arteries. It occurs when the metabolic needs of the myocardium exceeds the ability of the occluded arteries to deliver adequate blood flow.

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4
Q

What are the two distinct patterns of myocardial ischemic necrosis

A

Transmural infarcts

Subendocardial infarcts

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5
Q

What is the Transmural Infarct pattern?

A

Traverses the entire ventricular wall from the endocardium to the epicardium

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6
Q

What is the Subendocardial infarct pattern?

A

Limited to the interior one-third of the wall of ventricle

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7
Q

Name the 5 complications of Myocardial Infarction

A 
Arrhythmia
Myocardial (pump) failure
Myocardial rupture
Ruptured papillary muscle
Mural Thrombosis
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8
Q

What are the three techniques used in patients with angina to revascularize?

A
  1. CABG
  2. Stent
  3. Angioplasty
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9
Q

What is a Myocardial Infarction

A

Hear Attack. Refers to Ischemic death of myocardial tissue

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10
Q

Unstable angina is sometimes referred to what? Why?

A

Pre-Infarction angina because of its propensity to lead to infarction

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11
Q

What causes a Myocardial Infarction?

A

Rupture or Fissuring of atherosclerotic plaque

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12
Q

What complication of Myocardial Infarction is the most common cause of death in the first several hours following infarction

A

Arrythmia

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13
Q

What does the term heart failure mean?

A

Failure of the heart as a Pump

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14
Q

What are the five causes of heart failure

A
  1. Pressure Overload
  2. Volume Overload
  3. Loss of Myocardial Tissue
  4. Decreased Cardiac Contractibility
  5. Diminished Filling
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15
Q

What two things are associated with Pressure Overload that may cause heart failure?

A

Pulmonary Hypertension

Systemic Hypertension

16
Q

What specific thing might cause Volume Overload that may lead to Heart Failure

A

Vavlular Insuffiency

17
Q

What might lead to Loss of Myocardial Tissue leading to Heart Failure

A

Acute Coronary Syndromes (MI, CAD)

18
Q

What two things may lead to Decreased Cardiac Contractibility leading to heart failure

A

Cardiomyopathies

Myocarditis

19
Q

What two things may lead to Diminished Filling which may lead to heart failure

A

Pericarditis

Cardiac Tamponade

20
Q

What is similar in both left ventricular failure and right ventricular failure

A

The forward effects of decreased CO output

  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Faint Pulses
  • Decreased Mentation
  • Decreased GFR
21
Q

What main Backward Effect will help distinguish between Right ventricular failure and Left ventricular failure

A

Pulmonary Congestion/Edema such as Dyspnea (Difficulty breathing) and Orthopnea (hard time breathing while laying down) are characteristic of Left Ventricular Failure. These are less common in Right Ventricular Failure

22
Q

What is Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)

A

When the demand is greater than the supply of oxygen

23
Q

Name the 3 factors that contribute to the physiology of decreased supply leading to IHD

A
  1. Hemodynamic Factors
  2. Cardiac Factors
  3. Hematologic Factors
24
Q

Describe the two Hemodynamic factors that contribute to decreased supply in IHD

A
  • Increased resistance in coronary arteries

- Hypotension

25
Q

Describe the two Cardiac factors leading to decreased supply in IHD

A
  • Valve disease

- Increased Heart Rate

26
Q

Describe the two Hematologic factors leading to decreased supply in IHD

A

Anemias

Poison

27
Q

Name the 3 factors in the physiology of increased demand of IHD

A

Myocardial Hypertrophy
Overcoming excessive preload
Overcoming excessive afterload

28
Q

Blood flow through the arteries is affected by what two variables?

A

Pressure and Resistance

29
Q

What is the major influence on resistance in the flow of blood

A

The radius of the artery

My Cardiopulmonary (17 decks)

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