Section 2E Flashcards
What causes Variant angina
Spasms and constriction of the coronary arteries. May be at rest and is unpredictable.
Another name for Variant Angina
Prinzmetal’s angina or Vasospastic angina
Unstable angina results from what?
Atheroslcerotic plaque disruption. The plaque breaks away and damages the the wall which leads to a blood clot. This blood clot leads to obstruction
What causes Classic Angina and when does it occur?
Associated with atherosclerosis diseases that produces fixed obstruction of the coronary arteries. It occurs when the metabolic needs of the myocardium exceeds the ability of the occluded arteries to deliver adequate blood flow.
What are the two distinct patterns of myocardial ischemic necrosis
Transmural infarcts
Subendocardial infarcts
What is the Transmural Infarct pattern?
Traverses the entire ventricular wall from the endocardium to the epicardium
What is the Subendocardial infarct pattern?
Limited to the interior one-third of the wall of ventricle
Name the 5 complications of Myocardial Infarction
Arrhythmia Myocardial (pump) failure Myocardial rupture Ruptured papillary muscle Mural Thrombosis
What are the three techniques used in patients with angina to revascularize?
- CABG
- Stent
- Angioplasty
What is a Myocardial Infarction
Hear Attack. Refers to Ischemic death of myocardial tissue
Unstable angina is sometimes referred to what? Why?
Pre-Infarction angina because of its propensity to lead to infarction
What causes a Myocardial Infarction?
Rupture or Fissuring of atherosclerotic plaque
What complication of Myocardial Infarction is the most common cause of death in the first several hours following infarction
Arrythmia
What does the term heart failure mean?
Failure of the heart as a Pump
What are the five causes of heart failure
- Pressure Overload
- Volume Overload
- Loss of Myocardial Tissue
- Decreased Cardiac Contractibility
- Diminished Filling
What two things are associated with Pressure Overload that may cause heart failure?
Pulmonary Hypertension
Systemic Hypertension
What specific thing might cause Volume Overload that may lead to Heart Failure
Vavlular Insuffiency
What might lead to Loss of Myocardial Tissue leading to Heart Failure
Acute Coronary Syndromes (MI, CAD)
What two things may lead to Decreased Cardiac Contractibility leading to heart failure
Cardiomyopathies
Myocarditis
What two things may lead to Diminished Filling which may lead to heart failure
Pericarditis
Cardiac Tamponade
What is similar in both left ventricular failure and right ventricular failure
The forward effects of decreased CO output
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Faint Pulses
- Decreased Mentation
- Decreased GFR
What main Backward Effect will help distinguish between Right ventricular failure and Left ventricular failure
Pulmonary Congestion/Edema such as Dyspnea (Difficulty breathing) and Orthopnea (hard time breathing while laying down) are characteristic of Left Ventricular Failure. These are less common in Right Ventricular Failure
What is Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
When the demand is greater than the supply of oxygen
Name the 3 factors that contribute to the physiology of decreased supply leading to IHD
- Hemodynamic Factors
- Cardiac Factors
- Hematologic Factors
