Lecture 4B

Question 0

What are the muscles of inspiration

Answer 0

Diaphragm

External Intercostals

Question 1

What 2 main things does the respiratory system do?

Answer 1

Ventilation (Breathing or Respiration)

Gas Exchange

Question 2

What are the muscles of expiration

Answer 2

Internal intercostals

Abdominal muscles

Question 3

When the diaphragm contracts, which direction does it go?

Answer 3

Inferiorly and flattens out. The thoracic cavity increases in length

Question 4

When the external intercostals contract, they do what two things?

Answer 4

1. Elevate the ribs superolaterally

2. Move the sternum anteriorly

Question 5

Which of these is an active process?

Inhalation or Exhalation

Answer 5

Inhalation

Exhalation (forced)

Question 6

Which of these has elastic recoil?

Inhalation or Exhalation

Answer 6

Exhalation

Question 7

Which of these is associated with the phrenic nerve?

Inhalation or Exhalation

Answer 7

Inhalation

Question 8

What happens when the internal intercostals contract?

Answer 8

Depress the ribcage

Decrease Thoracic volume

Question 9

What happens when the internal abdominal muscles contract?

Answer 9

THey raise the intra-abdominal pressure, which forces the abdominal viscera superiorly against the diaphragm

Question 10

3 structures of Upper Respiratory tract

Answer 10

1. Nose
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx

Question 11

4 structures of the Lower Respiratory tract

Answer 11

1. Trachea
   2 Bronchi
2. Bronchioles
3. Alveolar ducts and sacs

Question 12

The airways begin with the trachea and then branch to yield a bronchial tree. How many approximate branch generations are there that yields what two function zones?

Answer 12

23 branch generations

Conduction zone and Respiratory zone

Question 13

What happens in the respiratory zone?

Answer 13

Gas Exchange

Question 14

What occurs in the conduction zone?

Answer 14

Moves air
Warms air
Moistens air
Filters air
airway resistance

Question 15

Where is the greatest site of airway resistance?

Answer 15

Bronchi and Bronchioles (where there is lots of smooth muscle)

Question 16

The bronchi and bronchioles are affected by SNS via what receptors? ParaNS via what receptors?

Answer 16

SNS: Beta 2 receptors (Bronchodilation)
PNS: Muscarinic receptors (Bronchoconstriction)

Question 17

Where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 17

Alveoli (Majority)
Respiratory Bronchioles (Small amount)

Question 18

Alveoli are surrounded by:

Answer 18

Pulmonary capillaries

Question 19

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses

Answer 19

1. Frontal
2. Maxillary
3. Sphenoidal
4. Ethmoidal

Question 20

Why do sinus infections often develop from colds in which the nasal mucosa is inflamed?

Answer 20

Because the mucosa that lines the sinuses is continuous with the mucosa that lines the nose

Question 21

What are the 3 parts of the Pharynx

Answer 21

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

Question 22

The arytenoid cartilages are important for what two things?

Answer 22

Influencing the position and tension of the vocal cords

Question 23

The trachea is mainly composed of rigid cartilagenous structures called:?

Answer 23

Tracheal rings

Question 24

Is there smooth muscle in the trachea?

Answer 24

Yes, but the rigidity of the cartilage limits the ability for changing diameter

Question 25

Right lung has how many lobes? Left lung?

Answer 25

Right: 3 lobes
Left: 2 lobes

Question 26

What is Pneumothorax?

Answer 26

The presence of air in the intrapleural space on one side of the chest. This leads to collapse!!

Question 27

Name the 3 anatomical structures of the lung pleurae

Answer 27

Parietal pleura
Visceral Pleura
Pleural fluid

Question 28

What is the physiological significance of the Alveolar - Pulmonary Capillary Interface?

Answer 28

The interface’s thinness and small amount of interstitial fluid

Question 29

Describe the Type I Alveolar cell

Answer 29

Thin, Flat (simple squamous)

Constitute about 90% of alveolar surface

Question 30

Describe Type II Alveoli

Answer 30

Synthesize pulmonary surfactant

Question 31

What is the other name for an Alveolar Macrophage?

Answer 31

Dust Cell

Question 32

What is the role of the dust cell?

Answer 32

Clean off particles such as dust or microorganisms
- Frequently contain granules of exogenous material such as particulate carbon that they have picked up from respiratory surfaces (particularly in smokers)