Section 12: Cloud and Datacenter

Question 1

Hypervisor / VMM (Virtual Machine Monitor)

Answer 1

▪ Specialized software that enables virtualization through the emulation of the physical hardware

Question 2

Examples of Hypervisors

Answer 2

▪ VMWare ESXi
▪ Microsoft Hyper-V
▪ Virtual Box
▪ VMWare Workstation

Question 3

Examples of Hypervisors

Answer 3

▪ VMWare ESXi (Freeware)
▪ Microsoft Hyper-V
▪ Virtual Box (Freeware - Open Source)
▪ VMWare Workstation

Question 4

Type 1 Hypervisor

Answer 4

Sits directly on top of the hardware. (AKA Bare Metal Hypervisor)
Removes the overhead of an OS

Question 5

Type 2 Hypervisor

Answer 5

Runs on top of the OS

Question 6

NAS

Answer 6

▪ Network Attached Storage - Disk storage as a service over TCP/IP

Question 7

SAN

Answer 7

▪ Storage Area Network
● Specialized LAN designed for data transfer/storage
● Transfers data at block level with special protocol
● Fibre Channel (FC)
o Special purpose hardware providing 1-16 Gbps
● Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)
o Removes need for specialized hardware
o Runs over your Ethernet networks
● iSCSI (IP Small Computer System Interface)
o Lower cost, built using Ethernet switches (<10 Gbps)
o Relies on configuration allowing jumbo frames over the network

Question 8

VoIP

Answer 8

▪ Digitizes voice traffic so that it can be treated like other data on the network
▪ Uses the SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) to setup, maintain, and tear down calls. Once setup, uses RTP (Real Time Protocol).

Question 9

Private Cloud

Answer 9

Systems and users only have access with other devices inside the same private cloud or system

Question 10

Public Cloud

Answer 10

Systems and users interact with devices on public networks, such as the Internet and other clouds

Question 11

Hybrid Cloud

Answer 11

Combination of private and public

Question 12

Community Cloud

Answer 12

Collaborative effort where infrastructure is shared between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns

Question 13

Models of Cloud Computing

Answer 13

▪ Network as a Service (NaaS)
▪ Infrastructure as a Service (Iass)
▪ Software as a Service (SaaS)
▪ Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Question 14

NaaS

Answer 14

Network as a Service
Allows outsourcing of the of a network to a service provider (Route 53, VPC)

Question 15

IaaS

Answer 15

Infrastructure as a Service
Allows outsourcing of the infrastructure of the servers or desktops to a service provider (Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft’s Azure)

Question 16

SaaS

Answer 16

Software as a Service
User interacts with a web-based application (MS Office, Google Docs)

Question 17

PaaS

Answer 17

Platform as a Service
Provides a development platform for companies that are developing applications without the need for infrastructure (Pivotal, OpenShift, Apprenda)

Question 18

DaaS

Answer 18

Desktop as a Service
Provides a desktop environment that is accessible through the Internet in the form of a cloud desktop or virtual desktop environment (Virtual Desktop Infrastructure - VDI) (Shadow PC, Amazon Workspaces)

Question 19

Cloud Computing Elasticity

Answer 19

▪ Attempts to match the resources allocated with the actual amount of resources needed at any given point in time
▪ Elasticity is focused on meeting the sudden increases and decreases in the workload
o Short-term addition or subtraction of resources

Question 20

Cloud Computing Scalability

Answer 20

▪ Handles the growing workload required to maintain good performance and efficiency for a given software or application
o Long-term planning and adoption

Question 21

Cloud Computing Vertical Scaling (Scaling Up)

Answer 21

▪ Increasing the power of the existing resources in the working environment (Scalability)

Question 22

Cloud Computing Horizontal Scaling (Scaling Out)

Answer 22

▪ Adding additional resources to help handle the extra load being experienced (Elasticity)
▪ Scaling out provides more redundancy and results in less downtime

Question 23

Cloud Computing Multitenancy

Answer 23

▪ Allowing customers to share computing resources in a public or private cloud
● Better storage/access
● Better use of resources
● Lower overall cost

▪ BMP - Set up virtual servers in the cloud with proper failover, redundancy, and elasticity
● Complex passwords
● Strong authentication
● Strong encryption
● Strong policies

Question 24

Cloud Computing Virtual Machine (VM) Escape

Answer 24

▪ Vulnerability - Occurs when an attacker breaks out of one of the isolated VMs and begins to directly interact with the underlying hypervisor
▪ Mitigation - Host virtual servers on the same physical server as other VMs in the same network

Question 25

SDN (Four Parts)

Answer 25

Software-Defined Networking
▪ Enables the network to be intelligently and centrally controlled, or programmed, using software applications
▪ Application Layer - Focuses on the communication resource requests or information about the network as a whole
▪ Control Layer - Uses the information from the applications and decides how to route a data packet on the network
▪ Infrastructure Layer - Contains the network devices that receive information about where to move the data and then performs those movements.
- Provides a layer of abstraction between the devices and the control and data flow that happen on the network
▪ Management Plane - Used to monitor traffic conditions and the status of the network

Question 26

Spine and Leaf Architecture