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iGCSE Biology - Edexcel > section 1 - the nature and variety of organisms > Flashcards

section 1 - the nature and variety of organisms Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of living organisms

A
  1. NUTRITION
  2. RESPIRATION
  3. EXCRETION
  4. RESPONSE (to their surroundings)
  5. MOVEMENT
  6. HOMEOSTASIS (control of their internal conditions
  7. REPRODUCTION
  8. GROWTH
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2
Q

levels of organisation

A

organelles –> cells –> tissues –> organs –> organ systems —> organism

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3
Q

embryonic cells are not…

A

specialised

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4
Q

embryonic cells become specialised by …

A

cell differentiation - the process in which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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5
Q

embryonic cells are also known as

A

stem cells - undifferentiated cells

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6
Q

adults have stem cells where?

A

in bone marrow

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7
Q

in bone marrow they can only become

A

blood cells eg treating leukemia

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8
Q

stem cell research is a moral issue, why?

A

some people disagree because embryos are used - potential for human life
some people agree because of the quality of existing life

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9
Q

What are the two types of cells called?

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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10
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A
  • they are found in plants, animals, fungi and protoctists
  • are 10-100 micrometers in size
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11
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A
  • bacteria are prokaryotes
  • 0.1-0.5 micrometers in size
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12
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

An organism made up of eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

What features do a prokaryotic cell contain?

A
  • plasmids (small rings of DNA that can replicate and move between cells to share genetic information)
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14
Q

What features do prokaryotic cells NOT contain?

A
  • no mitochondria
  • no chloroplasts
  • no nucleus
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15
Q

Animals cells contain…?

A
  • a nucleus
  • a cell membrane
  • a cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
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16
Q

What organelles do a plant cell contain?

A
  • nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes
    -chloroplasts, cell wall and vacuole
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17
Q

Are plants unicellular or multicellular?

A

Multicellular

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18
Q

How do plants store carbohydrates?

A

As sucrose or starch

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19
Q

What are a plant’s cell wall made up of?

A

Cellulose

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20
Q

Plants use what to photosynthesise?

A

Chloroplasts

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21
Q

Name TWO examples of a flowering plant

A
  • cereals (eg maize)
  • herbaceous legumes (eg peas and beans)
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22
Q

Are animals unicellular?

A

No obvs not idiot
U might be if u answered it wrong tho
(They’re multicellular)

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23
Q

What do animals not have that plants do?

A
  • no chloroplasts, no cell walls (and no vacuole)
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24
Q

Give two examples of animal ‘groups’

A
  • mammals (like humans)
  • insects (like houseflies)
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25
Q

How do animals store carbohydrates?

A

As glycogen

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26
Q

What do animals have that means they can respond rapidly to changes within their environment?

A

Nervous coordination

27
Q

Are fungi unicellular?

A
  • trick question - some are, but others have a body called a MYCELIUM
28
Q

What is the mycelium made up of?

A

Hyphae, which are THREAD-LIKE structures

29
Q

What does hyphae contain?

A

Lots of nuclei

30
Q

Can fungi photosynthesis

31
Q

What are a fungi’s cell wall made up of?

32
Q

Fungi feed by what method?

A

Saprotrophic nutrition

33
Q

Describe saprotrophic nutrition

A

Secrete extracellular enzymes into the area to dissolve the food and then they can absorb the nutrients

34
Q

Fungi store carbohydrates as…?

A

Glycogen (like animals)

35
Q

Is yeast a plant, fungi or a protoctist?

36
Q

Give 2 examples of a fungi

A
  • yeast (single celled)
  • mucor- multicellular and has a mycelium (and hyphae)
37
Q

Are protocists eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic (unlike bacteria)

38
Q

Are protocists multicellular?

A

NO - unicellular

39
Q

Do protocists contain chloroplasts?

A

Some do and are similar to PLANT cells. Others are more similar to animal cells

40
Q

Two examples of a protoctist are..?

A
  • chlorella (plant cell like)
  • amoeba (animal cell like)
41
Q

Do protoctists have a nucleus?

42
Q

Give two examples of bacteria

A
  • lactobacillus bulgaricus
  • pneumococcus
43
Q

What is the shape of a lactobacillus bulgaricus?

A

It is rod shaped

44
Q

What is the use of a lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteria?

A

Can make milk go sour and become yogurt

45
Q

What is the shape of a pneumococcus?

A

Spherical (round) in shape

46
Q

Are bacteria single celled/unicellular?

A

Yes and microscopic

47
Q

Can bacteria photosynthesis?

48
Q

Do bacteria have a nucleus?

49
Q

What does bacteria have instead of a nucleus?

A

Bacteria has a circular chromosome of DNA, as well as plasmids

50
Q

What feeds off of other organisms (living and dead)?

51
Q

Give two examples of human viruses

A
  • influenza virus
  • HIV
52
Q

Give one example of a plant virus

A
  • The tobacco mosaic virus
  • discolours plants by preventing the production of chloroplasts
53
Q

Viruses are NOT cells, what are they instead?

54
Q

Viruses only reproduce within where?

A

Living cells because a virus is a type of parasite

55
Q

Give the definition of a parasite

A

An organism that depends on another organism to grow and reproduce

56
Q

Viruses infect what types of living organisms

57
Q

Are viruses one size?

A

No- have multiple shapes and sizes

58
Q

Viruses have a p—————— c——— around genetic material instead of a ce—————— st———————
Fill in the gaps

A
  • protein coat
  • cellular structure
59
Q

What is the virus’ genetic material

A

DNA or RNA

60
Q

Pathogens are..?

A

Microorganism that are disease causing- for example, fungi, protoctistss, bacteria AND viruses

61
Q

Are viruses living organisms?
Why/why not?

A

No (because they cannot reproduce on their own and are not made up of cells)

62
Q

Give three examples of pathogens

A
  • plasmodium, a PROTOCTIST, which causes malaria
  • pneumococcus, BACTERIUM, which causes pneumonia
  • influenza virus and HIV- VIRUSES
63
Q

Give two types of insects

A

Houseflies, mosquitoes

iGCSE Biology - Edexcel (43 decks)

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