section 1: chapter 4

Question 1

what were the causes of Russification

Answer 1

• Russia - over 100 ethnic groups
• Each asserted their distinctive identities - problem for autocracy
• Repression/concession(allow Finns to have own diet) to maintain control
• towards end of Alex’s reign intolerance increased

Question 2

what was Russification

Answer 2

• merge all Tsars subjects into 1 nation with shared identity
• controlled by autocracy + church

Question 3

Russification in Finland

Answer 3

• ‘diet’ reorgnaised (1892) to weaken political infleunce
• use of Russian language increasingly demanded
• ## Russian coinage replaced local currency

Question 4

Russification in Poland

Answer 4

• National bank closed (1885)
• schools + unis had to teach almost all subjects in Russian
• literature had to be studied in Russian translation

Question 5

Russification for the Baltic Germans

Answer 5

• baltic germans had been loyal to Russia + enjoyed special protection
• however, Russian enforced in all state offices at skl + uni level
• German uni of Dorpar ‘russified’

Question 6

Russification in other countries (Siberia, Ukraine etc)

Answer 6

-ukrainian theatres closed
- military conscription extended
- ethnic uprisings supressed
- orthodoxy encouraged + laws benefitted converters(Baltic region 37,000 lutherans converted)
- forced baptisms (Asia-russian orthodox missionary socioty)

Question 7

Results of Russification

Answer 7

• destabilising effect:
• unrest/mass disturbances in many districts- quickly supressed
• resentment grew among more educated/wealthy Finns/Poles etc
• local Language books secretly published -‘fanned flames of resentment against tsardom’

Question 8

what did supporters of Russifcation believe

Answer 8

• necessary to ‘unite’ country + allow modernisation
• long term - failed in its objectives - fuelled political opposition

Question 9

Anti - Semitism and Russification

Answer 9

• jews worst affected
• around 5 mil jews in empire - confined to ‘the pale of settlement’
• Tsar+many ministers anti semetic
• fear of jewish involvement in opposition movements

Question 10

Pogrom meaning

Answer 10

• means ‘round up’ or lynching
• after 1881 - gained special connotations of attacks on jews

Question 11

the jewish Pogroms of 1881-84

Answer 11

• broke out in ukraine in April 1881
• authorities ignored them (Okhrana may have encouraged)
• violence spread to 16 major cities
• jewish property burned
• incidents of rape + murder
• outbreaks continued to 1884

Question 12

Anti - Semetic legislation

Answer 12

-laws passed to restrict jew rights
- may laws of 1882 - confined jews to living in ghettos
- jews forbidden from particpation in local elections in 92

Question 13

impact of Anti- Semitism

Answer 13

• after Pogroms - many Jews left the country
• from 1890 - foreign jews/ those settled outside ‘the pale’ deported
• drove many jews who remained towards revolutionary groups