section 1: chapter 3

Question 1

Alex II + reaction to assasination attempt

Answer 1

• Adopted more repressive policy after 1866 following assasination attempt

Question 2

what were the reasons for reaction by Alex II

Answer 2

• 1865 - Alex II’s eldest son died
• reactionary conservatives argued reforms gone too far + were weakening church and nobility (which Tsar relied upon)
• 4 assasination attempts (1866-80) reinforced need for reaction

Question 3

what did Alex II do to resolve pressure for reform in 1866

Answer 3

• replaced 4 reformist ministers with conservatives

Question 4

who did Alex II make as the new minister for education + what were his intentions

Answer 4

• Tolstoy
• wanted tight control over education + eradicate western liberal ideals + growing cricitism of autocracy

Question 5

what actions did Tolstoy take as new education minister

Answer 5

• Zemstva power in education reduced
• church regained authority over rural schools
• in unis - more liberal courses replaced with traditional curriculum - student activites firmly controlled

Question 6

who was appointed as the new head of the secret police and what were his intentions

Answer 6

• Shuvalov
• aimed to strengthen police and increase persecution of ethnic minorites

Question 7

what actions did the new head of the secret police take

Answer 7

• increased searches/arrests - political offenders could be prosecuted under emergency powers + exiled
• radicals who fled tracked down
• ‘show trials held’ - to deter others from revolutionary actions

Question 8

who was appointed the new justice minister and what did he do

Answer 8

• Pahlen
• ensured new justice system made an example of ‘political agitators’

Question 9

what did Alex II do to reduce political unrest in late 1870s

Answer 9

• Wanted to widen democratic consultation
• ## appointed Loris-Melikov as minister for internal affairs

Question 10

what actions did Loris Melikov take to reduce political unrest

Answer 10

• relaxed many restrictions
• abolished 3rd section (secret police)(powers transferred to new section of police -Okhrana - just as opressive)

Question 11

what did Loris Melikov produce in 1880

Answer 11

• a report known as ‘Loris-Melikov’s constitution’
• recommended including elected representatives in debating some state decrees
• Alex II accepted report on march 13 1881 - killed by bomb same day

Question 12

Alex III as Tsar

Answer 12

• reigned 1881- 94
• terrified of revolutionary activity
• Infleunce by tutor pobedonostsev (belived in absolutism, anti-semistism)
  Alex III believed subject duty was ‘not to question but to love + obey’

Question 13

what did Alex III do at the start of his reign

Answer 13

• publically hanged conspirators involved in fathers assasination
• issued 1881 ‘manifesto of unshakable autocracy’
• abandoned Loris-Melikov reforms
• accepted resigation of reform ministers(Milyutin) + relied on conservatives

Question 14

what position was created in 1889 to reinstate autocratic control

Answer 14

ofice of noble ‘land captain’ created
- state appointed
- could override elections to zemstva/ignore zemstvo decisions
- responsible for law enforcement in countryside

Question 15

what happened in1890 to the zemstva

Answer 15

• peasants vote reduced
• Zemstva placed under central gov control

Question 16

what happened in 1892 to town councils

Answer 16

• electorate reduced to owners of property above a certain value
• mayor + town councils became state employees directed by central gov

Question 17

who led the department of police and when

Answer 17

department of police (including Okhrana) led by
- Phleve - 1881-84
- Durnovo - 1884

Question 18

how was the department of police developed under Phleve

Answer 18

• no. police increased
• new branches of crim investigation department set up
• Okhrana investigated communists, socialists + trade unionists

Question 19

what was the statue on police surveillance and when was it introduced

Answer 19

1882 - statue of police surveillance:
- gave police tremendous power over peoples lives
- police agents could serarch/arrest/detain/exile anyone they thought likely to have commited a crime

Question 20

how were the judicial reforms of Alex II partially reversed by Alex III

Answer 20

• decrees of 1885/87 - greater powers to ministry of justice
• 1889 - volost (peasant) courts put under direct jurisdiction of land captains

Question 21

how were the Education reforms of Alex II reversed by Alex III

Answer 21

• 1884-uni appointments - religion /patriotic orientation over academic grounds
• uni’s for girls shut/uni life closely supervised
• no of skls increased - but 21% literate (1897)
• policies failed to prevent student involvement in Politcal movements

Question 22

extent and impact of counter reform

Answer 22

• Changes increased gov control over local matters + restored nobility infleunce
• there was some postive change:
• may ‘81-redemption fees reduced
• peasant land bank - 1883

Question 23

what is the meaning of a ‘period of reaction’

Answer 23

• implies actions and policies that are backward looking in an attempt to restore the past