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Renal & GIT Physiology > Secretions (Gastric, Salivary, Pancreatic, Bile) > Flashcards

Secretions (Gastric, Salivary, Pancreatic, Bile) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main secretions of the stomach?

A

The main secretions of the stomach include hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus.

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2
Q

What cells produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is produced by parietal cells.

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3
Q

What is the function of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretion?

A

Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic environment that activates pepsinogen to pepsin and helps in protein digestion.

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4
Q

Which cells in the stomach secrete intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor in the stomach.

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5
Q

What is the role of intrinsic factor in gastric secretion?

A

Intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum.

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6
Q

Describe the composition and function of pepsinogen.

A

Pepsinogen is an inactive precursor of pepsin, composed of proteolytic enzymes.

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7
Q

How is pepsinogen converted into pepsin?

A

Pepsinogen is converted into pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid.

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8
Q

What is the function of pepsin in gastric secretion?

A

Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.

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9
Q

What hormone stimulates gastric acid secretion?

A

Gastric acid secretion is stimulated by the hormone gastrin.

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10
Q

How does histamine contribute to gastric acid secretion?

A

Histamine stimulates gastric acid secretion by activating H2 receptors on parietal cells.

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11
Q

What is the role of gastrin in gastric acid secretion?

A

Gastrin is a hormone released by G cells in the stomach that stimulates gastric acid secretion.

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12
Q

Describe the regulation of gastric acid secretion by the vagus nerve.

A

The vagus nerve stimulates gastric acid secretion in response to cephalic and gastric stimuli.

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13
Q

What is the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

A

The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is the initial response to the sight, smell, or taste of food.

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14
Q

How does the cephalic phase of gastric secretion occur?

A

The cephalic phase is mediated by the vagus nerve, leading to the release of gastrin and stimulation of acid secretion.

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15
Q

What is the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

A

The gastric phase of gastric secretion occurs when food enters the stomach.

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16
Q

What triggers the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

A

Gastric distension and the presence of peptides and amino acids trigger the gastric phase.

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17
Q

Describe the mechanisms of regulation in the gastric phase.

A

Gastric phase regulation involves neural, hormonal, and paracrine mechanisms to modulate acid secretion.

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18
Q

What is the intestinal phase of gastric secretion?

A

The intestinal phase of gastric secretion occurs when chyme enters the duodenum.

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19
Q

What inhibits gastric secretion during the intestinal phase?

A

Gastric secretion is inhibited by factors such as low pH, fatty acids, and peptides in the duodenum.

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20
Q

How do somatostatin and prostaglandins regulate gastric acid secretion?

A

Somatostatin and prostaglandins inhibit gastric acid secretion by acting directly on parietal cells.

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21
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A

The three pairs of salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

22
Q

What are the primary constituents of saliva?

A

Saliva consists primarily of water, electrolytes, mucus, and enzymes.

23
Q

What enzymes are present in saliva and what are their functions?

A

Saliva contains enzymes such as salivary amylase (ptyalin) for carbohydrate digestion and lingual lipase for fat digestion.

24
Q

How does saliva contribute to digestion?

A

Saliva moistens food, facilitates swallowing, and initiates carbohydrate digestion.

25
Q

What is the role of salivary amylase in digestion?

A

Salivary amylase begins the digestion of starches into maltose in the mouth.

26
Q

How does saliva protect the oral cavity?

A

Saliva protects the oral cavity by lubricating and cleansing the teeth and oral mucosa.

27
Q

What is the composition of pancreatic juice?

A

Pancreatic juice is composed of water, electrolytes, bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes.

28
Q

What enzymes are present in pancreatic juice and what are their functions?

A

Pancreatic juice contains enzymes such as pancreatic amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.

29
Q

How does the pancreas regulate pancreatic secretion?

A

Pancreatic secretion is regulated by neural and hormonal signals, including secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK).

30
Q

What is the role of secretin in pancreatic secretion?

A

Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluid, neutralizing acidic chyme.

31
Q

How does secretin stimulate pancreatic secretion?

A

Secretin is released in response to acidic chyme entering the duodenum, stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.

32
Q

What is the function of pancreatic amylase?

A

Pancreatic amylase continues the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine.

33
Q

What role does lipase play in pancreatic secretion?

A

Lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides for absorption.

34
Q

Describe the function of trypsin in pancreatic secretion.

A

Trypsin digests proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.

35
Q

What is the function of chymotrypsin in pancreatic secretion?

A

Chymotrypsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds, further breaking down proteins.

36
Q

What activates trypsinogen into trypsin?

A

Trypsinogen is activated into trypsin by enteropeptidase in the duodenum.

37
Q

What is the function of pancreatic bicarbonate?

A

Pancreatic bicarbonate neutralizes acidic chyme, creating a suitable pH for enzymatic digestion.

38
Q

How does the liver contribute to digestion?

A

The liver contributes to digestion by producing bile, which aids in fat digestion and absorption.

39
Q

What is bile composed of?

A

Bile is composed of bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubin, and electrolytes.

40
Q

What is the primary function of bile?

A

The primary function of bile is to emulsify fats, increasing their surface area for digestion by lipases.

41
Q

How is bile secretion regulated?

A

Bile secretion is regulated by neural and hormonal signals, including cholecystokinin (CCK) and the vagus nerve.

42
Q

What is the role of bile salts in digestion?

A

Bile salts em ulsify large fat globules into smaller droplets, aiding in their digestion and absorption.

43
Q

How do bile salts aid in the digestion of fats?

A

Bile salts help in the digestion of fats by emulsifying them into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area for enzyme action.

44
Q

What is the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids?

A

The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids involves the recycling of bile acids from the intestine back to the liver via the portal vein.

45
Q

What is the function of bile pigments?

A

Bile pigments, such as bilirubin, give bile its characteristic color and are waste products of heme metabolism.

46
Q

How does bile help in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Bile helps in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) by facilitating their solubilization and transport.

47
Q

Describe the process of emulsification by bile salts.

A

Emulsification by bile salts involves the breakdown of large fat droplets into smaller droplets, increasing the efficiency of fat digestion by lipases.

48
Q

How does bile flow from the liver to the small intestine?

A

Bile flows from the liver to the small intestine through the bile duct system, including the common bile duct and cystic duct.

49
Q

What stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder?

A

Bile release from the gallbladder is stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK) in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the duodenum.

50
Q

How does bile secretion change in response to a fatty meal?

A

Bile secretion increases in response to a fatty meal to aid in the emulsification and digestion of dietary fats.

Renal & GIT Physiology (15 decks)

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