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Renal & GIT Physiology > GIT: Composition, Characteristics, Functions, Regulations > Flashcards

GIT: Composition, Characteristics, Functions, Regulations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?

A

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a long hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus, responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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2
Q

What are the primary functions of the GIT?

A

The primary functions of the GIT include digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.

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3
Q

Describe the layers of the GIT wall.

A

The layers of the GIT wall include the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (or adventitia).

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4
Q

What is the mucosa layer of the GIT composed of?

A

The mucosa layer of the GIT is composed of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.

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5
Q

What are the functions of the mucosa layer?

A

The mucosa layer functions in secretion, absorption, and protection of the GIT.

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6
Q

What is the submucosa layer of the GIT composed of?

A

The submucosa layer of the GIT is composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.

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7
Q

What structures are found in the submucosa layer?

A

Structures found in the submucosa layer include blood vessels, lymphatics, and submucosal glands.

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8
Q

What is the function of the submucosa layer?

A

The submucosa layer provides support and supplies nutrients to the mucosa layer.

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9
Q

Describe the muscularis externa layer of the GIT.

A

The muscularis externa layer of the GIT consists of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis and segmentation.

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10
Q

What types of muscle are present in the muscularis externa?

A

The muscularis externa contains inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle.

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11
Q

What is the function of the muscularis externa?

A

The function of the muscularis externa is to propel food along the GIT through peristalsis and mix food through segmentation.

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12
Q

What is the serosa (or adventitia) layer of the GIT?

A

The serosa (or adventitia) layer of the GIT is the outermost layer that provides protection and support to the GIT.

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13
Q

Describe the structure and function of the mouth in digestion.

A

The mouth is the entry point for food digestion, where mechanical breakdown and initial chemical digestion occur.

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14
Q

What are the functions of saliva in the mouth?

A

Saliva in the mouth contains enzymes that begin the digestion of carbohydrates and lubricate food for swallowing.

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15
Q

Explain the process of mastication.

A

Mastication is the process of chewing food to break it down into smaller particles, facilitating swallowing and digestion.

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16
Q

How does saliva aid in swallowing?

A

Saliva aids in swallowing by moistening and lubricating food, forming a bolus that can be easily swallowed.

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17
Q

Describe the structure and function of the esophagus.

A

The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis.

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18
Q

What is peristalsis, and how does it occur in the esophagus?

A

Peristalsis in the esophagus is coordinated by smooth muscle contractions that propel food downward toward the stomach.

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19
Q

What prevents reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus?

A

The lower esophageal sphincter prevents reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus by closing tightly after food passes through.

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20
Q

Describe the structure and function of the stomach.

A

The stomach is a muscular organ that stores, mixes, and digests food, producing gastric juices for chemical digestion.

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21
Q

What are the main secretions of the stomach?

A

The main secretions of the stomach include hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus.

22
Q

Explain the process of gastric emptying.

A

Gastric emptying is the process by which food is emptied from the stomach into the duodenum for further digestion and absorption.

23
Q

What are the functions of gastric acid in the stomach?

A

Gastric acid in the stomach helps in protein digestion, creates an acidic environment for enzyme activity, and kills bacteria.

24
Q

Describe the structure and function of the small intestine.

A

The small intestine is the primary site for digestion and absorption of nutrients, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

25
Q

What are the three segments of the small intestine?

A

The three segments of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

26
Q

What is the function of the duodenum in digestion?

A

The duodenum receives chyme from the stomach and plays a key role in digestion through mixing and enzyme secretion.

27
Q

How does the jejunum contribute to nutrient absorption?

A

The jejunum is the primary site for nutrient absorption, especially carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

28
Q

What is the function of the ileum in the small intestine?

A

The ileum completes nutrient absorption and plays a role in the absorption of bile salts and vitamin B12.

29
Q

Describe the structure and function of the large intestine.

A

The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, forms and stores feces, and houses gut microbiota.

30
Q

What are the main functions of the large intestine?

A

The main functions of the large intestine include water absorption, formation of feces, and elimination of waste.

31
Q

Explain the process of segmentation in the small intestine.

A

Segmentation in the small intestine involves alternating contractions and relaxations of circular smooth muscle, mixing chyme with digestive juices.

32
Q

What role does segmentation play in digestion and absorption?

A

Segmentation facilitates digestion and absorption by mixing chyme with digestive enzymes and bringing it into contact with the intestinal mucosa.

33
Q

Describe the process of peristalsis in the small intestine.

A

Peristalsis in the small intestine involves coordinated contractions of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle, propelling chyme along the GIT.

34
Q

How does peristalsis facilitate movement of food in the GIT?

A

Peristalsis facilitates movement of food along the GIT by propelling it forward through rhythmic contractions.

35
Q

What are the regulatory mechanisms of GIT motility?

A

GIT motility is regulated by the enteric nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and hormonal factors.

36
Q

Describe the role of the enteric nervous system in GIT regulation.

A

The enteric nervous system coordinates GIT motility locally within the GIT, controlling processes like peristalsis and secretion.

37
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in GIT regulation?

A

The autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, regulates GIT motility and secretion.

38
Q

Explain the hormonal regulation of GIT functions.

A

Hormonal regulation of GIT functions involves hormones such as gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

39
Q

What hormones are involved in GIT regulation, and what are their functions?

A

Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion and promotes gastric motility in response to food ingestion.

40
Q

Describe the cephalic phase of digestion.

A

Secretin stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion in response to acidic chyme entering the duodenum.

41
Q

What triggers the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction in response to fatty acids and amino acids in the duodenum.

42
Q

Explain the gastric phase of digestion.

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) inhibits gastric acid secretion and stimulates insulin release in response to nutrients in the duodenum.

43
Q

What stimulates the gastric phase of digestion?

A

The cephalic phase of digestion is initiated by the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food, leading to the secretion of gastric juices.

44
Q

Describe the intestinal phase of digestion.

A

The gastric phase of digestion occurs when food enters the stomach, stimulating gastric acid and enzyme secretion.

45
Q

What triggers the intestinal phase of digestion?

A

The intestinal phase of digestion involves the inhibition of gastric emptying and acid secretion and the stimulation of pancreatic secretion.

46
Q

How is the intestinal phase of digestion regulated?

A

The intestinal phase of digestion is regulated by hormones such as secretin, CCK, and GIP, as well as neural reflexes.

47
Q

Explain the role of secretin in GIT regulation.

A

Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to acidic chyme, stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion to neutralize acidity.

48
Q

Describe the functions of cholecystokinin (CCK) in GIT regulation.

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released from the duodenum in response to fatty acids and amino acids, stimulating pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction.

49
Q

What is the role of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) in GIT regulation?

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is released from the duodenum in response to nutrients, inhibiting gastric acid secretion and stimulating insulin release.

50
Q

How does motilin contribute to GIT motility?

A

Motilin is released from the duodenum during fasting, stimulating migrating motor complexes (MMCs) to clear residual food from the stomach and small intestine.

Renal & GIT Physiology (15 decks)

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