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Renal & GIT Physiology > Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System > Flashcards

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

A

The RAAS primarily regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

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2
Q

What triggers the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Renin is released in response to low blood pressure, low sodium concentration, and sympathetic nervous system activation.

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3
Q

What is the role of renin in the RAAS?

A

Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I.

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4
Q

Where is angiotensinogen produced?

A

Angiotensinogen is produced in the liver.

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5
Q

How is angiotensin I formed?

A

Angiotensin I is formed when renin cleaves angiotensinogen.

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6
Q

What enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

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7
Q

Where is angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) primarily located?

A

ACE is primarily located in the lungs.

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8
Q

What are the main actions of angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction, stimulates aldosterone release, and increases blood pressure.

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9
Q

How does angiotensin II affect blood pressure?

A

Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.

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10
Q

What effect does angiotensin II have on the adrenal cortex?

A

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.

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11
Q

What hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II?

A

Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex.

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12
Q

How does aldosterone affect sodium and potassium levels?

A

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

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13
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on water reabsorption?

A

Aldosterone increases water reabsorption by promoting sodium retention.

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14
Q

How does the RAAS contribute to the regulation of blood volume?

A

The RAAS regulates blood volume by controlling sodium and water reabsorption.

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15
Q

What role does the RAAS play in the regulation of systemic vascular resistance?

A

The RAAS regulates systemic vascular resistance by causing vasoconstriction.

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16
Q

How does angiotensin II affect the efferent arterioles in the kidney?

A

Angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles, increasing glomerular pressure.

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17
Q

What is the impact of angiotensin II on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

Angiotensin II helps maintain GFR by constricting efferent arterioles.

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18
Q

How does aldosterone influence acid-base balance?

A

Aldosterone influences acid-base balance by promoting hydrogen ion excretion.

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19
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II in thirst regulation?

A

Angiotensin II stimulates thirst in the hypothalamus.

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20
Q

How does angiotensin II affect antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release?

A

Angiotensin II promotes the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary.

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21
Q

What is the impact of angiotensin II on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Angiotensin II increases sympathetic nervous system activity.

22
Q

How does the RAAS respond to low blood pressure?

A

The RAAS responds to low blood pressure by increasing renin release and activating the system.

23
Q

What are the stimuli for renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Renin release is stimulated by low blood pressure, low sodium, and sympathetic activation.

24
Q

How does renal perfusion pressure affect renin release?

A

Decreased renal perfusion pressure increases renin release.

25
Q

What is the effect of the macula densa on renin secretion?

A

The macula densa detects low sodium and signals for renin release.

26
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system influence renin release?

A

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates renin release via beta-adrenergic receptors.

27
Q

What is the role of beta-adrenergic receptors in renin secretion?

A

Beta-adrenergic receptors on juxtaglomerular cells promote renin release.

28
Q

How do prostaglandins affect renin release?

A

Prostaglandins increase renin release by enhancing the signaling pathway.

29
Q

What is the function of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor?

A

The AT1 receptor mediates most of the known actions of angiotensin II, including vasoconstriction and aldosterone release.

30
Q

How does angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor function differ from AT1 receptor?

A

The AT2 receptor generally opposes the actions of the AT1 receptor, promoting vasodilation and anti-inflammatory effects.

31
Q

What role do natriuretic peptides play in relation to the RAAS?

A

Natriuretic peptides inhibit the RAAS by promoting natriuresis and vasodilation.

32
Q

How do ACE inhibitors affect the RAAS?

A

ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

A

ARBs block the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor.

34
Q

How do aldosterone antagonists work within the RAAS?

A

Aldosterone antagonists block the effects of aldosterone on the kidneys.

35
Q

What are the effects of RAAS overactivation?

A

Overactivation of the RAAS can lead to hypertension, heart failure, and kidney disease.

36
Q

How is the RAAS involved in heart failure?

A

In heart failure, the RAAS can contribute to fluid retention and increased cardiac workload.

37
Q

What role does the RAAS play in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

A

In CKD, the RAAS can cause further kidney damage by promoting hypertension and proteinuria.

38
Q

How does RAAS blockade benefit patients with hypertension?

A

RAAS blockade helps reduce blood pressure and protect organs in hypertensive patients.

39
Q

What is the relationship between RAAS and hypertension?

A

The RAAS increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction and fluid retention.

40
Q

How does the RAAS contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy?

A

The RAAS contributes to diabetic nephropathy by promoting glomerular hypertension and fibrosis.

41
Q

What is the effect of angiotensin II on inflammation and fibrosis?

A

Angiotensin II promotes inflammation and fibrosis in various tissues.

42
Q

How does angiotensin II promote cardiovascular remodeling?

A

Angiotensin II promotes cardiovascular remodeling by increasing smooth muscle proliferation and fibrosis.

43
Q

What are the systemic effects of angiotensin II beyond blood pressure regulation?

A

Systemically, angiotensin II affects vascular tone, electrolyte balance, and cell growth.

44
Q

How does aldosterone contribute to cardiovascular disease?

A

Aldosterone contributes to cardiovascular disease by promoting fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction.

45
Q

What are the feedback mechanisms that regulate the RAAS?

A

Feedback mechanisms include the response of renin release to blood pressure, blood volume, and sodium concentration.

46
Q

How does plasma sodium concentration influence renin release?

A

Low plasma sodium concentration stimulates renin release.

47
Q

What is the impact of the RAAS on potassium homeostasis?

A

The RAAS helps maintain potassium homeostasis through aldosterone-mediated excretion.

48
Q

How does the RAAS interact with other hormonal systems, like the ADH system?

A

The RAAS interacts with the ADH system to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

49
Q

What is the clinical significance of measuring plasma renin activity (PRA)?

A

Measuring PRA helps diagnose disorders related to blood pressure and fluid balance.

50
Q

How is the RAAS involved in the body’s response to hemorrhage?

A

During hemorrhage, the RAAS is activated to conserve fluids and maintain blood pressure.

Renal & GIT Physiology (15 decks)

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