Second World Planning the Third World Flashcards
Who constitutes the 1st World ;
USA & Europe
Who constitutes the 2nd World;
Soviet Union + Socialist countries
Who constitutes the 3rd word;
What is interesting about these
countries not part of the East-West competition
paradox: these countries âme to become very important actors in the global cold war’
What x3 types of modernisation were essential in confrontation between 1st and 2nd world
military modernisation
Economic modernisation
technical modernisation
What were the objectives of helping the third world?
- political and economic influence
- incorporating states into ideological discourse
- feedback loop for architectural practices
What would buildings represent in terms of influence upon the third world
Buildings would convey modernisation efforts
Would represent a physical manifestation of alliances
When did the term ‘third world’ come about
1950s
Describe the capacity of the second world (socialists) in exerting their influence in third world countries
- fewer resources
- less advanced technology
Although still able to promote their model of state centred, justice orientated fast growth
Name countries which requested assistance off of socialist states
Algeria, Egypt, Iraq
Who suggests that socialists were being Faustian by partaking in what…
What did he mean by this
Hong suggests socialists were being hypocritical / Faustian by partaking in HYBRID ECONOMIES
- operating at the intersect of capitalist and socialist systems
- buildings = product of global commodity economy
What can be said of the socialist’s approach to influencing the third world?
did not approach as a homogenous unit - each state had their own speciality
What was the dynamic between China and the Soviet Union
each vying for leadership of the Soviet Block
Why did the Second World want to assist the Third World;
believed that aid programs would be good advertisements for socialism
wanted to encourage third world countries to see that they could only achieve goals by aligning with soviet block against capitalism
What influence did the 1950s Korean War have on germany?
accelerated the alliances of each of the sides;
Increased structured bloc wide participation in aid programs for north ad south Korea
What type of specialised assistance did East Germany provide to Korea?
What was this a type of ?
What mechanisms to disseminate?
East Germany used medical assistance
A form of cultural diplomacy
Used hygiene exhibitions, trade fairs - would demonstrate how science + socialism had the potential for development
What was the non-aligned movement?
Began in early 1960s
complemented and aided the multi-polar cooperation in the south
meant countries were not falling foul of the Hallestein doctrine
What was the Hallestein doctrine
FDR would not establish or maintain diplomatic relations with any state which recognised the GDR
How did the north define itself against the south?
North defined itself based on ;
- humanitarian / medical / development progress
- established in 1950s/60s
- ‘humanitarian regime’ ; grounded in ideas of racial / civilisation difference
Competition; each side was trying to win over the…
‘hearts and minds’
Example of a country taking advantage of the non-aligned movement;
Ghana late 50-60s;
= accepted and used credits from opposing sides
= gained upper hand in ‘negotiated imposition’ of foreign planning solutions
Mechanisms of Dissipation;
What do these as an entirely suggest
- International Institutions
- Networks by Planning Institutions
- Socialist Research Institutions
The work of these as an entirety suggests that KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION had an increasingly important role to play in post-war architectural culture
Name & describe some of the INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
UN AGENCIES
i.e Centre for Housing, Building and Planning
Became platforms for exchanges between architects across the cold war divide
i.e discussed prefabricated systems ; i.e Soviet Union’s KPD
Name and describe some of the; Networks by Planning INSTITUTIONS
What is unique about attributing responsibility to these;
i. e Bulgaria’s ‘BulgarProject’
i. e Romania’s ‘Romconsult’
Institutional structure + archive gaps make it difficult to determine authorship
Name and describe some of the SOCIALIST RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS which assisted with challenges of adaptation
What were these institutions largely
COLLEGE FOR URBAN PLANNING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (Poland)
TROPENBAU (Research Area in Tropical Construction in Weimar)
German Academy of Architecture (Berlin)
Institutions in second world largely specialised
Describe some of the specialisations in the second world;
- Bulgarians: Tourists
- East Germans: Prefab housing
- Romanians: Cost Efficiency
- Poles: Conservation
Who suggested that Cubans and Chinese presented just as much of a challenge to the second world as the first world did?
Hong
What does Hong suggest about competition over influence?
suggested that Cubans and Chinese presented just as much of a challenge to the second world as the first world did
How does Hong develop his argument that the Chinese presented as much of a challenge to second world as E.G and America did
Idea of south-south solidarity - idea of a permanent revolution
More ground than bureaucratic approach
What is it important to recognise about the 1st and 2nd worlds;
not the case that they were organised by Moscow / Washington - but instead encompass a whole host of narratives and actors
How can the cold war be described in terms of scale
The Cold War was globally staged yet locally diverse
Important to recognise how designs were adapted / rejected / integrated
Post WWII world was one where formally EQUAL, SOVEREIGN STATES existed -
How did the West argue around this?
Western powers argued that this was only proportionate to a state’s level of civilisation and development
Where do women fit into the picture?
Global flows of migrant labour in postwar decades;
shaped discourse on race and gender
ie. women of India / S.Korea moved to West Germany
What did East Germany consider Zanzibar as?
What had happened to their influence by 1970?
East G: saw Zanzibar as a potential laboratory of German Socialist Modernity
By 1970: Chinese had displaced East Germans from field of medical aid in Zanzibar
Zanzibar: When was the revolution?
What did this establish?
1964
No longer wanted alliance with the West
Established Revolutionary Council & 1 Party Rule
Which regimes took opportunity from this?
USSR & China took opportunity to develop Zanzibar
Z: Which two areas were separated by a stream
What did the stream essentially form?
Stone Town & Ng’Ambo
Racial division ‘Condon Sanitaire’
Z: What type of support were Zanzibar initially given?
Financial Support
Technical Transfers
Education + Medical Assistance
Z: What did the GDR agree to do as a first project on housing?
Build 150 flats
15 buildings
3 storeys in Ng’Ambo
Z: In the 1st project on housing done by the GDR, name some features of the development
+ prefab
+ sunlight and windows
+ large for extended families (adaptation)
+ resemblance to GDR
Z: Who designed the 1st project on housing by the GDR in Ng’Ambo
German Academy of Architecture
Z: Why was the first project in Ng’Ambo, designed by the German Academy of Architecture, exceptional?
GDR covered all of the construction costs
Z: Name of the 2nd project in Zanzibar
Kilimani
Z: Who was Kilimani helped built by
GDR Youth and local trainees from Zanzibar
Z: What was significant about the role of the ASP (Zanzibar gov) in the Kilimani proejct
Increased as had no GDR financial assistance
Z: What was established at the Kilimani development
403 flats in 4 storey buildings
Z: What did GDR architects do which contradicted socialist ideas?
Built 2 private homes for ASP high profile figures
Z: What was significant about the type of work requested of the GDR by Zanzibar?
Z asked GDR to also do religious buildings - even though GDR wasn’t known for being religious
Showed Z was interested in new ideas
Z: What was China doing in 1960s
Process of constructing new sports stadium from 1966
Z: What did the Revolutionary Gov want to to do with GDR assistance?
Wanted to built large scale solutions to replace old structures
i.e remove institutionalised racial discrimination
Z: When was the Zanzibar Town Planning Scheme established?
By whom?
1968: Zanzibar Town Planning Scheme
Scholz
Z: What did the Rev Gov do without the permission or consultation of the GDR
Rev Gov began work on 10 storey apartments and new road network - destroying 600 homes in the process
Z: Differences in the GDR’s vision;
Rev Gov: wants radical move
GDR: wants step by step modernisation
Z: Evaluate the Town Planning Scheme;
- not revolutionary
- more of a compromise ; i.e proposed 4/5 storey buildings in select locations
Z: What was the intention of the Town Planning Scheme in terms of number of constructions
How can this be critiqued
Who brings this in to question
7,000 flats in over 200 buildings
Questionable whether this was realistic considering the resources / capacity /
Wimmelbuecker
Z: project of flats built following the Town Planning Scheme
How many flats built
What was significant about the construction
MICHENZANI FLATS
1,000 built 1970-73
Used dispossessed as construction workers
Z: Significance of the Broadcasting Department of Zanzibar
Official view of construction projects: GDR had no contribution; work being done by citizens w/ no assistance
Z: Why did support for the GDR decrease in zanzibar?
- interest in attaining diplomatic recognition wained
- FDR was moving away from confrontation by late 1960s
- ideological differences; difficulty bringing conditions in Zanzibar in line w/ socialist aspirations
Z: Timeline of GDR’s declining influence in Zanzibar
1969 onwards; GDR plays diminishing role
1970: Chinese had displaced GDR in field of medical aid
1971: last x2 architects leave Z
Z: Criticism of Michenzani flats
- little protection from sunlight (faced N-S)
- small : so changed societal structure
Z: What can be concluded about the Zanzibar - GDR relationship?
interests of the two temporarily converged
GDR eagerly searched for international recognition and influence
differences in what the future of Zanzibar would look like were not fully overcome
