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URBAN PLANNING > Post WWII Germany > Flashcards

Post WWII Germany Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of criticism between West - East Germany;

A
  • Billboards; part of information offensive; Postdammer Platz
  • Criticisms; Neue Zeitung - ‘failed copy of a socialist skyscraper’ - Webewiese
  • Housing; both trying to prove that they can provide for their citizens
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2
Q

Name of the ‘rental barrack’

Describe them;

A

Mietskasernen

Multistory apartment blocks
Laid out in a grid formation
Profits > Planning

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3
Q

West and East had similar goals; X3

A
  • destruction as opportunity
  • get rid of the Mietskasernen legacy
  • build a city which breaks form third reich traditions
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4
Q

Berlin is a good case study to consider due to;

A

it being the location where socialist and capitalist metropolises converge

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5
Q

Post WWII what proportion of dwellings in Berlin were beyond repair?

A

1/3 of dwellings beyond repair post WWII

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6
Q

Population of Berlin in 1871;

A

930,000

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7
Q

Population of Berlin in 1919;

A

3.8million

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8
Q

When did Mietskasernen develop in berlin?

A

Late C19

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9
Q

Who planned Berlin in the 1920s?

A

Wagner

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10
Q

Who planned Berlin in the 1930-40s

A

Hitler / Speer

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11
Q

What was Rathenau’s criticism of Germany?

A

Explosive growth in the late C19 made tradition vanish

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12
Q

Who criticised Germany’s growth in the late C19

A

Rathenau

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13
Q

Land mass of Germany;
1871
1919

A

1871; 22.8 miles^2

1919; 340miles^2

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14
Q

Timeline of construction / housing in Germany & Berlin;

1924

1929

A

1924; RENT TAX: subsidise housing construction

1929: 80% of houses had some form of public finance

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15
Q

Timeline of construction / housing in Germany & Berlin;

1931 :

1948

A

1931: Private firms which had dominated post war had lost half of their share

1948; City MUNICIPALITY SPLITS (+ as does planning commission)

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16
Q

When did the East German Gov close the border on West Berlin?

A

August 13th 1961

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17
Q

What is significant about orthodox cold war discourse?

A

Much suggests that there is a narrative discourse;

but actually - Berlin Wall / Nuclear Threat etc - are very real

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18
Q

How can modernism be considered in terms of discourse?

A

As a response and a challenge to earlier styles

Ongoing and Evolving; modernism is not a result of discourse but is itself a form of discourse

Divisive discourse; i.e source of conflict in the Cold War

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19
Q

What was a result of the WWII Siege of Berlin?

A

draws to close;
architects must divide between Cold War

Physically and aesthetically divide

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20
Q

What happened at the Yalta Conference?

A

Yalta Conference 1945 -
Division of Berlin amongst the occupying powers -
No consensus over the decentralisation process

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21
Q

What type of style did the West adopt in terms of modernising?

A

Neues Bauen

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22
Q

When was CIAM set up, by whom?

A

Le Corbusier

1928

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23
Q

What does CIAM stand for?

A

congres international d’Architecture Moderne

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24
Q

What did CIAM establish in 1930s?

A

Charter of Athens 1933

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25
Q

CIAM Guidelines include on the topics of;

A
  • zoning; single use
  • motorways; fresflowing
  • modern resources

Limited discussion of socio-political consequences

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26
Q

What did Pugh suggest about East and West

A

were reliant on one another to DEFINE THEMSELVES.

Discourse on national identity > policy change

Should not be considered autonomously

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27
Q

What did the Berlin Wall necessitate for identity?

A

Encouraged more concrete notions of identity
= more defined positions

Changed from an occupation zone to two separate cities

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28
Q

The identity of West and East Germany constituted more of a…

A

Discourse on national identity rather than a policy change

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29
Q

What is place identity?

A

The way people people are influenced by a place in terms of the consolidation of their own sense of identity

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30
Q

What is socially conscious architecture?

A

Idea that architecture could fit neatly into political categories - i.e what was / wasn’t Nazi

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31
Q

West (FDR) :

Party

A

Federal Republic of Germany

Christian Democratic Union

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32
Q

Name for the East German State

Party

A

German Democratic Republic (GDR)

Socialist Union Party

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33
Q

What was the situation with East Germany and the adoption of a neoclassical approach?

A

Hitler was an admirer of neoclassical approach

= GDR required much convincing that this was their best approach

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34
Q

What did GDR think of the modern, internationalist approach?

A

Repudiated in 1949

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35
Q

What was socialist realism?

A

Use of history to legitimise the present - i.e new Germany growing out of the old

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36
Q

Who was the supreme leader of East Germany?

Until When?

Who took over?

A

Ulbricht

Until 1971

Honecker took over

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37
Q

How was socialist realism enshrined into East German Law?

A

16 Principles of Urbanism became law in September 1950

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38
Q

How did the 16 Principles of Urbanism come about?

A

X6 GDR ministers travelled to Moscow to learn from the socialist capital and STATE STALINISM

Came back and later in 1950 the 16 Principles of Urbanism became law (Sept)

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39
Q

Names for Ulbricht

Names for Stalin

A

‘Master builder of socialism’ - Ulbricht

‘Master builder of the world’ - Stalin

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40
Q

What principles did socialist realism reject?

X2

A
  • rejection of green city

- rejection of zoning; mixed use favoured

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41
Q

What did socialist realism think of modernism?

A

Considered it to be too formalist

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42
Q

What party is the SED?

What side of Germany?

A

Socialist Union Party

GDR (East)

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43
Q

What program did the SED launch in 1951?

A

SED launched ‘The Battle for a New German Architecture’ in 1951

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44
Q

What was significant about TBFANGA campaign?

A
  • high profile nature; discourage dissent

- used for Western propaganda in the cold war; east seemed to be unwilling recipients of the program

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45
Q

What did the first point of the 16UP suggest?

A

That cities were of the upmost importance to urban / national identity

Socialism started in the cities; C19 factories / industrialisation

As such city architecture = synonymous with national consciousness

46
Q

Problems for rebuilding in the East; x5

A
  1. voluntary labour / cash
  2. falling behind W.G in housing
  3. Morale
  4. Strikes
  5. Labour power
47
Q

Evidence as to low morale in East Germany for workers;

A

15,000 - 20,000 each month travelling to West

48
Q

Evidence for strikes as disruptive of urban planning in East;

A

1953 Strikes;

  • Weberwiese workers march to SED HQ
  • Next day: 30,000 join in - 15% of workforce
49
Q

What is important to note about the past of East & West Germany?

A

Both share the same history and cultural heritage

50
Q

How can architecture be considered as a weapon?

A
  • provides political legitimacy
  • radical break or connection to past
  • retention or provisions for population
51
Q

Why was the idea of the Heimat inconsistent?

A
  • refers and ties itself to the ‘past’ but is in itself a timeless concept
  • expresses both homogenous unity + diversity
52
Q

What did the SED try and do with the Heimat?

How did this work?

A

SED tries to tie the Heimat to Anti-Fascism

Heimat was important to Nazi propaganda - so appeals counter intuitive

53
Q

What was significant about the capitals?

A

Bonn - FDR

Berlin - GDR
‘Berlin, capital of the GDR’

54
Q

Discuss the identity of the FDR? in terms of their urban topography

A

New / technological / industrial / economic advancement

55
Q

What was the relationship like with West / East and their respective occupying powers?

A

WEST: Positive relationship w/ Western occupying forces

EAST: fairly imposing influence, not as harmonious a relationship as in West

56
Q

Which Government was the 1st to start construction?

What did this aid?

A

SED (EAST) : First Gov to start rebuilding

Used this for propaganda purposes - accused West of being more concerned with building up the military

57
Q

What term means ‘building up’? Who used this? What did it mean?

A

‘AUFBAU’

SED / EAST:

‘Building up the Socialist German Nation’

An attempt to convey widespread public support

58
Q

Describe some of the housing problems (w/ evidence) in East Germany;

A

1970s Housing Problem
:
60%: of homes no bathroom or heating

13% of homes belong to 30% of people

59
Q

FDR and GDR are both aesthetic and ideological antipodes; yet, have some similarities, these include;

A
  • both being public relations efforts; attempts to establish public perceptions of their Berlin / identity
  • increasingly less about the Berlin Question - more about long term identity stability
60
Q

What does conventional history usually make of the 1960s-80s period?

A

Period of stasis

Instead provides an idea of how national identities are shaped

61
Q

Term for ‘Zero Hour’ in West Germany

A

STUNDE NULL

62
Q

Term for ‘ECONOMIC MIRACLE’ which was thought to have occurred in West Germany

Evidence of this occurring

A

Wirtschaftswunder

GNP X3 (1950-60s)

Unemployment shrunk to 10% of its value in 1950 (by 1960)

Strong currency

Advancement of technology

Symbolism; i.e Volkswagen Beetle

63
Q

What was the goal of stunde null

A

goal of US occupation; re-education

although used less aggressive touches that experienced in East

64
Q

Many West Germans aligned socially + culturally with USA ; what was this phenomenon called

A

Coca-colonisation

65
Q

Did the Wirtschaftswunder really happen?

A

+ Aided coca- colonisation

+ Up to speed on housing construction by 1970

+ Juxtaposed to war so many have seemed less impressive

66
Q

What has been the role of European Governments in planning?

A

Always played a large, involved role in urban planning

67
Q

What was happening in Germany in the 1940s?

A

Rubble clearance
1st signs of normalcy
Each side fitting to retain residents

68
Q

What were the 4 sections of Germany?

A

US, UK, French and Soviet

69
Q

1950s:

CS:

A

Representational housing;
Although East and West still similar

CS West:
REUTER
HANSA / Interbau

CS EAST:
National Construction program
WEBERWIESE
Stalinallee

70
Q

1960s;

CS:

A

relative economic prosperity
allowed leaders to embark on more grandiose plans

CS WEST:
First Urban Renewala Program
WEDDING-BRUNNENSTRASSE

CS EAST:
Leninplatz

71
Q

1970s:

CS:

A

turbulent years
prioritisation of new construction

CS WEST:
Cautious Urban Renewal Programme

CS EAST:
Honecker 5 year Plan
Housing Construction Program

72
Q

Describe the National Construction Program

A

Program in the East (1950)

Intended as expression of official, SED endorsed GDR identity

Served as a rejection of Western Allies;

73
Q

Who introduced the National Construction program in East Germany ?

When?

A

ULBRICHT

Supreme leader in GDR until 1971

74
Q

National Constriction Program, 1950 - what did it intend to do with the past?

A

Use of the past as a tool of political legitimisation and exculpation ‘
SED’s willingness to engage w/ history as a tool to construct national identity

75
Q

Who designed the Weberwiese?

Where is it located?

What was significant about Henselmann?

A

Henselmann

Heneselmann was typically modernist - but renounced this in order to

East Germany

76
Q

What is the Weberwiese house modelled on?

A

Feilner House - 1820s

77
Q

Describe the aesthetic of the Weberwiese:

When was it built

A

1951 (year post 16UP in law)

  • 9 storeys
  • L shaped building
    ‘Reneters palace’ that replied Mietskasernen ‘Renters Barracks’

Embodied socialist realism

  • classical realism
  • modern ornamentation
  • blend of German tradition w/ Moscow
78
Q

Full name of Weberwiese;

A

Houchhaus an der Weberwiese

79
Q

What building was built in West Germany as a response to the Weberwiese?

When was it built?

Who was the architect?

A

Ernst Reuter-Siedlung

1954

Hinssen

80
Q

Describe the Ernst Reuter Siedlung building

A
  • BAUHAUS
  • 14 storeys
  • no ornamentation
  • response to the East
  • uniform white
  • no mixed uses
  • use of green space
81
Q

Why were the West using Bauhaus as a way to break from the Fascist past?

A

Hitler hated Bauhaus - too internationalist)

A way for FDR to court Western ideals (many Western cities were using)

82
Q

Differences between East (Weberwiese) and West (Reuter) in 1950s;

A
  • masses could use weberwiese
  • east; land could be razed and reconstructed quickly
  • reuter had green space
  • reuter had legal hurdles to prevent evictions; favoured legal rights > socialist needs
83
Q

Commonalities between East (Weberwiese) and West (Reuter):

A
  • almost identical appearance
  • contrast to Mietkasernen
  • dominating high-rise
  • setting amongst greenery (despite East denouncing Garden Cities)
84
Q

Planners;
Houchhaus an der Weberwiese

Ernst Reuter-Siedlung

A

Henselmann - Weberwiese

Hinssen - Reuter

85
Q

Describe the Hansa District/Interbau :

A

Way of re-alignign Western Berlin + USA
Used to suggest Western superiority over East / USSR - method of propaganda

Use of modern buildings / scientifically and culturally advanced

Modern style

  • Green Space
  • Central Roadway
  • Avoided previous layout
86
Q

Who designed the Hansa district?

A

Le Corbusier & Aalto

87
Q

When was the Interbau?

What did this stand for?

What did this celebrate?

A

Interbau 1956-57

International Building Exhibition

Celebrated the Hansa district
= proving the capacity of the West to reconstruct and reunify

Commitment to peace and prosperity

88
Q

Describe the purpose of hosting exhibitions;

A

Exhibitions are explicitly political acts - they are forms of propaganda

Way of projecting a global image as an urban centre

89
Q

When did the West introduce their First Urban Renewal Program?

A

1963

90
Q

What was significant about the first urban renewal program?

What was the program a response too?

A

Program was the largest in Germany - intended to have modern communities on periphery

Response to;

  • wall construction in 1961
  • ageing & shrinking population
91
Q

What project came out of the First Urban Renewal Program?

A

Wedding-Brunnenstrasse District;
X35 block area

Not as reliant on prefab as the East was - still able to show architectural style

92
Q

When was the Leninplatz constructed?

A

1967

93
Q

What was the slogan for the East in the 1960s?

A

‘Better. Cheaper. Faster construction’

94
Q

Describe the Leninplatz’

A
  • turned to prefabrication as a cost saving measure
  • 3 tier high-rise with variety of shaped buildings
  • 250,000m^2
  • Plaza dedicated to Lenin’s 100th Birthday
  • one of strongest attractions to E. Germany
95
Q

Main difference between constructions in East and West Germany in 1960s;

A

Legal;

West: timely and costly acquisition process. Strong eviction laws.

East: comparatively easy legal process, settled quickly.

96
Q

Main similarities between constructions n East and West Germany in 1960s;

A

Treated the city as identical;
+ want rid of mietskasernen
+ rebuilding from scratch
+ neither state wanted mixed land use

97
Q

1970s; Conditions in West Germany

A

Gov had caught up with housing demand

Tenant Revolt
Illegal Squatters
Beginnings of grassroots movement - campus groups

Attempting to force planners to abandon Raze and Rebuild

98
Q

Was Berlin willing to shift away from its raze and rebuild approach?

A

No - resistant and unwilling

Although Cautious Urban Renewal Programme (1979) was a milestone in favouring renewing> construction

99
Q

What did West Berlin realise about raze and rebuild?

A

Modernist construction was more $$$ than expected - far more cost effective to favour existing stock

100
Q

In the East what did housing units peak at?

When did they peak?

A

1961 Eastern housing peaks

Peaked at 92,000 units

101
Q

When did Honecker introduce his 5 year Plan?

What did this seek to do?

A

1971-75

Prioritised new construction until 1980, before moving on to existing stock

102
Q

How many units were refurbed under Honecker’s plan by 1990?

What change is this most apparent in?

A

3million proposed to be refurbed

Change where Mietkasernen are now being embraced
= opposite to Leninplatz

103
Q

What does the 1950s-80s period tell us about German nation building?

A
  • just because different ideologies does not mean completely different urban planning
  • life span of certain paradigms is as long as socio-political and economic conditions allow
104
Q

When was Stalinallee constructed?

What did it represent?

A

Stalinallee constructed 1952

Stalinstadt represents 1st socialist city in GDR

105
Q

Which side had more buildings which were modelled on history?

Give examples

A

East

i. e Weberwiese - Feilner’s house
i. e Stalinallee

106
Q

How did the Stalinallee act as effective publicity?

A

Acted as a symbol to citizens of the importance of German history

Using historical influence meant mitigating against the threat of influence of American values

107
Q

What did the West use Stalinallee to characterise the East as?

A

OPPRESSIVE, DICTATORIAL REGIME

108
Q

Why was the Stalinallee critiqued?

A

Critiqued for its monumentality being akin to Fascism

Critiqued by the West as being the product of an oppressive, dictatorial regime

109
Q

In 1953 how many went on strike in East Berlin?

What were they striking over?

What was the consequence

A

300 marched to SED HQ

Striking over food and commodity shortages

Next day 30,000 march

50 dead by Soviet troops

110
Q

When was the Housing Construction Program introduced?

West or East?

Who introduced it? What was this a change from?

A

1973

East Germany (GDR)

Honecker (replaced Ulbricht and his prefabrication solutions)

111
Q

What did the Housing Construction Program do?

A

Placed housing’s importance in parallel with the priority of housing within the economy

Included refurbishment of pre war houses from 1980

Promised 3million dwellings to be refurbished by 1990

112
Q

In 1971 what was the state of housing in East Germany?

A

1/5 of buildings were without damage

60% without heating or bathrooms

13% of housing belongs to 30% of population

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