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URBAN PLANNING > High Modernism > Flashcards

High Modernism Flashcards

1
Q

Why did high modernism develop?

A
  • incapacitated civil society
  • unrestrained use of power
  • capacity of the state
  • Great depression

As a means of;

    • ordering of nature
  • standardising process
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2
Q

What is required for high modernism to occur?

A
  • fear
  • resources
  • unrestrained use of power
  • weak opposition
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3
Q

What is the link between regimes and high modernism?

A

Established regimes less likely to resort to utopian ideas

New regimes require legitimisation of their authority - so look to utopian ideas

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4
Q

Why do revolutionary regimes often use high modernism?

A
  • have defeated an ancien regime so weak opposition

- need to legitimise their power

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5
Q

Describe some of the inherent characteristics (not aesthetics) of HM:

A
  • utopian
  • taylorism + technicality
  • temporal dimension
  • Darwinistic
  • post-enlightenment
  • adoption of science and technology
  • monumental in scale
  • rejection of decay
  • vanishes politics
  • mass social engineering
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6
Q

Describe some of the style aesthetics of HM:

A
  • functional segregation (zoning)
  • prefab
  • use of geometry
  • efficient use of space
  • green space
  • modern technologies
  • acceptance of the car
  • materials; i.e concrete / glass
  • CIAM guidelines
  • radical break with tradition
  • single purpose
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7
Q

Barriers to adoption of HM:

A
  • liberal democracies

- institutions (capacity to provide opposition)

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8
Q

X2 figures which inspired high modernism;

A

RATHENAU: War office of Materials in Germany during WWI
- mass mobilisation of materials on unparalleled scale

LE CORBUSIER

  • Buenos Aires development; single rational plan
  • helped establish CIAM
  • ‘The Radiant City’
  • Big is beautiful
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9
Q

Discuss the temporal nature of high modernism.

A
  • rejection of the past / decay

- temporal emphasis on the future

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10
Q

What was the name of Jane Jacobs book?

Written when?

What did it do?

What action had she taken that was successful?

A

The Death and Life of Great American Cities

Written 1961

Condemned current planning principles and proposed alternatives

JJ and action groups had campaigned and stopped Robert Moses highway construction

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11
Q

What did JJ think about automobiles?

A

Not the reason for decline of cities

But a symptom of poor city design itself

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12
Q

Germany took note of Jacob’s teachings;

How was this seen?

A

X2 exhibitions

1963: Creating a Society of Mixed Density
1964: The Kind of City in Which we Want to Live

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13
Q

Which German architect was a major proponent of Jane Jacobs?

A

Hillebrecht

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14
Q

Why was Germany not really understanding JJ?

A

Little understanding of American context;

- cars and wages half of US

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15
Q

Why did High Modernism decline:

A
  • $$$ more than anticipated
  • Cold War & Authoritarian regimes (mainly)
  • Opposition
  • Legal
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16
Q

Discuss the $$ of the cold war and reason for HM decline

A

$$$ (utopian visions of monumentality )

Economic justification described by JJ as a ‘hoax’

17
Q

Discuss how opposition developed to HM

A

Rise of historical consciousness

1975: European Year of Architectural Heritage
(A Future for our past)

Rise of squatters, protestors, new left activism

18
Q

Discuss how legal reasons impacted high modernism:

A

In democracies in the West in particular, strict legal rules against eviction / razing meant few high modernism projects had a basis

19
Q

Discuss how the Cold War & reforms influenced the decline of HM;

A

1981-83: Poland and Hungary reforms
i.e Polish Union movement ‘Solidarity’ gaining ground

Nov 1989: collapse of Berlin Wall

X6 countries heavily indebted to West

Soviet Union collapsed 1991

20
Q

Why did the Soviet Union fall?

What did this result in?

A

Soviet Union fell in 1991

  • Gorbachev did not want to use force to keep it together
  • Iran curtain doesn’t stop airwaves
  • Economic openness

Redrawing of the maps

21
Q

S: Mayor of Madrid

A

Galván

22
Q

S: What type of arrangement did Spain have with the dictatorship of the past

A

Pact of Forgettin

23
Q

S: Timeline

A

1975: Fall of Franco (death)
1985: General Plan for new civil identity

24
Q

S:What did the General Plan seek to do in terms of ideals;

A
  • equal, democratic citizens
  • remove itself from its authoritarian past
  • create new civil identity
  • not be involved in partisan politics
25
Q

S:What actions came about as a result of the General Plan;

A

greater cultural mobilisation

greater popular participation

restoration of monuments / parks / libraries / concerts / theatres
i.e festivals which had been banned under Franco

26
Q

S:What X2 case studies to note

A

CONDE DUQUE
transformed from centre of policing to culture
= desire to save memory and history

MUSEO MUNICIPAL
closed under Franco - wanted state to determine and control identity

celebration of Madrileño culture

Reopened to allow for celebration and education of Spanish history and culture

27
Q

S: What happened with libraries?

A

Only X4 at time of Franco’s death - disrepair, limited engagement and only socialist / leftist books

New municipal gov; X4 new libraries, X15 rental kiosks (1979-83)
- greater diversity of books

28
Q

S: General Plan Aims;

A
  • affordable housing
  • re-equilibriate the city
  • inexpensive public transport
  • revitalisation of capital’s culture
29
Q

S: Successes of General Plan

A

X27 large scale restoration projects; i.e Puerto Del Sol / Conde Duque

Libraries - cultural engagement
150% increase in check outs

X127 new Parks 1979-83

First mosque - greater tolerance

30
Q

Difference between Spain and Germany and dealing with high modernist past;

A

Spain: Not politicised

Germany: Used past to shape new political national identity

31
Q

Where was the Neue Wache located?

When was it constructed?

When was it damaged?

A

East Germany

Constructed in C19

Damaged due to WWII

32
Q

What East German structure was rebuilt following WWII as a memorial?

What was it a memorial to?

What is this representative of?

A

Neue Wache

Memorial to victims of fascism and militarism

Germany made victimhood a touchstone of its identity

33
Q

In 1964 what were there rumours in the press of West Germany doing?

What was done by 1965

A

Demolishing 56,000 apartments

By 1965: almost 10,000 gone

34
Q

S: Which building related to Franco was left?

A

Mosoleum

35
Q

S: Transformation of Spain can be summed up as not just a physical transformation - but a change from…

A

an authoritarian ‘fortress’ to a democratic ‘plaza’

Mayor Galvan believed this would translate into a democratic future with civic engagement

URBAN PLANNING (7 decks)

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