Second Semester Finals Flashcards
0
Q
Who was Martin Luther?
A
German monk who wrote the 95 theses, listing church abuses (selling indulgences)
-Founder of Lutheranism
1
Q
What did Copernicus come up with?
A
The heliocentric theory- the sun is the center of the universe (Earth revolves around the sun)
2
Q
Who invented the printing press?
A
Johannes Gutenberg
3
Q
Reasons printing press is important to the Renaissance (4)
A
- helped spread the Renaissance throughout Europe
- spread new ideas and news of arts and architecture
- ideas could be recorded easier
- increased literacy
4
Q
Reasons the Renaissance started in Italy (4)
A
- Visible reminders of Ancient Rome (statues, architecture, etc.)
- Florence, Milan, and Venice grew into prosperous areas of trade and manufacturing
- funding from the Medicis
- recover from Dark Ages
5
Q
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
A
Italian artist and inventor
-works: the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper
6
Q
Who was Lorenzo de’ Medici?
A
Major patron of the arts
-represented the Renaissance ideal, clever politician, and arts
7
Q
Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?
A
Author of the Prince
-said leaders should do whatever it takes to gain power
8
Q
Heliocentric
A
Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe
9
Q
Annul
A
Cancel or invalidate
10
Q
Theocracy
A
Government run by religious people
11
Q
Patron
A
Person who provides financial support for the arts
12
Q
Indulgence
A
Pardon for sins committed during a persons lifetime
13
Q
Recant
A
Give up ones views
14
Q
Humanism
A
Intellectual movement that focused on worldly issues rather than religious issues
15
Q
What were the reasons for exploration? (4)
A
The three Gs
- gold
- glory
- God
-European rulers wanted to find new trade routes
16
Q
Mercantilism
A
Policy in which a country exports more good than it imports
17
Q
What did Europeans trade for in Africa?
A
Enslaved Africans to work the plantations
18
Q
Where and when did Dias explore? Where is he from?
A
- east coast of Africa (1487-1488)
- Portugal
19
Q
Where and when did Da Gama explore? Where was he from?
A
- the Cape of Good Hope, tip of Africa (1492-1499)
- Portugal
20
Q
Where and when did Columbus explore? Where was he from?
A
- The Americas, specifically Central America (1492-1493)
- Spain
21
Q
Where and when did Balboa explore? Where was he from?
A
-Central America, 1st to see and name Pacific Ocean (1510-1513)
22
Q
Where and when did Magellan explore? Where was he from?
A
- first to circumnavigate the world (1519-1522)
- Spain
23
Q
Where and when did Cabot explore? Where was he from?
A
- Newfoundland (1497)
- England
24
Where and when did Cartier explore? Where was he from?
- St. Lawrence River (1534-1535)
| - France
25
Where and when did Hudson explore? Where was he from?
- Hudson Bay and River (1609)
| - the Netherlands
26
How did Columbus effect trade? (3)
- inspired sailors to sail to the Americas
- encourages explorers to look for the Northwest Passage
- triangular trade began (slave trade)
27
Spanish explorers effects on Native Americans (4)
- Disease
- Slavery
- Loss of land
- Sever population decline
28
King Louis XIV (5)
- built the palace of Versailles
- economic advisor- Jean Baptiste Colbert
- ruled for 72 years
- years of warfare, luxuries, and heavy taxes drained Frances treasury
- patron of the arts
29
Peter the Great (7)
- Russia ruler
- policy of westernization (adoption of western ideas)
- gained warm water ports on Baltic Sea
- expanded Russia to the west and south
- built St. Petersburg
- built up military
- ended Russia's isolation from rest of Europe
30
Effects of the Thirty Years War (4)
- sever population loss
- Germany is separated into 360 states
- peace if Westphalia
- France gains territory in Spain and Germany
31
Absolute monarch
Ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of people he or she governs
32
Catherine the Great (5)
- Russian ruler
- took over Poland
- ruthless
- started education for kids
- wasn't focused on imperialism
33
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of the Roundheads (pro-parliament) during English Civil War
34
Phillip II (4)
- Spanish ruler
- believed in divine right
- wanted to expand Catholic religion
- his invincible armada was defeated by Elizabeth I
35
Elizabeth I (3)
- English ruler
- Protestant
- defeated the invincible Spanish armada
36
Frederick the Great (3)
- Prussian ruler
- put harsh military childhood to good use
- took Silesia, starting the was of Austrian Succession
37
Montesquieu (2)
- three branches of government
| - checks and balances
38
John Locke (3)
- natural rights- life, liberty, property
- People are naturally reasonable and moral
- government's job is to protect the peoples rights; if it doesn't, the people have a right to a revolution
39
What's the Age of Reason?
Another name for the Enlightenment
40
Voltaire
-freedom of speech
41
Balance of powers
Keeps one part of the government from gaining too much power
42
Natural rights
Rights that belong to the people (life, liberty, property)
43
Natural laws
laws that govern human nature
44
Limited monarchy
Royal power limited by governing body/constitution
45
Habeus Corpus
A person cannot be imprisoned without being accused of a crime
46
Constitutional government
Government limited by a set of laws
47
Divine right
Belief that God gave a ruler the right to rule
48
Bourgeoisie
The French middle class
49
Blockade
Shutting off of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out
50
Deficit spending
Situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in
51
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in ones country
52
Suffrage
Right to vote
53
Constitution of 1791(3)
- limited monarchy w/ new legislative assembly
- protected property and free trade
- abolished guilds and slavery
54
What happened during the Reign of Terror?
- 40,000 killed by the guillotine, countless more imprisoned
| - supporters were slaughtered alongside the opposers
55
Who was the Reign of Terror headed by?
Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety
56
Who was Robespierre? (3)
- lawyer and politican
- leader of the Committee of Public Safety
- chief architecture of the Reign of Terror
57
What was Frances social structure before the revolution?
Three estates
1st estate- nobles
2nd estate- clergy
3rd estate- everyone else (bourgeoisie)
58
What was the goal of the Congress of Vienna? (3)
- to restore Europe after years of wR and revolution
- establish a balance of powers
- restore the monarchs
59
What problems did the Congress of Vienna cause?
Redrew boundaries in Europe
| -eventually be a cause of WWI (plus nationalism)
60
What did the Declaration of the Rights of a Man say? (3)
- all men were born and remain and equal in rights
- natural rights-liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression
- free religion and fair taxes
61
What did the Napoleonic Code state?
- equality of all citizens
- religious toleration
- advancements based on merit
62
Reasons the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain? (4)
- Had an abundance of resources (coal and steel)
- stable government and strong navy
- high demand for workers
- upper class didn't look down upon lower class as much
63
What allowed farmers to increase food production?
New farming technology
64
Who invented the steam engine?
James Watt
65
Why was the steam engine important to the Industrial Revolution?
Powered the new inventions
66
Why were working class women preferred over men in factories? (2)
-easier to manage
-could be payed less
(Negative effect on family life)
67
Who was Karl Marx?
Author of Communist Manifesto
| -supporter of communism
68
Factories formed as a result of...
New machines in the textile business that were too large and expensive to use at home
69
Working conditions (3)
- 12-16 hour shifts
- workers lost limbs/lives
- dirty, unsafe
70
Who was Adam Smith?
Economic philosopher that supported laissez faire and free market
- supporter of Capitalism
- wrote the Wealth of Nations
71
Socialism
System in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all business
72
Communism
Form of socialism- classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned the community as a whole and split equally
73
Labor union
Workers organization
74
Enclosure
The process of taking over and fencing off public lands
75
Urbanization
Movement of people from rural area to cities
76
Utilitarianism
Idea that the goal of society should be to bring the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
77
Proletariat
Working class
78
MAIN causes of WWI
Militarism
Allies
Imperialism
Nationalism
79
Stalemate
No ground is gained on either side
80
New weapons of WWI (5)
- airplanes
- tanks
- mustard gas
- trenches
- machine guns
81
What weapon made WWI the deadliest war ever seen?
Machine guns
82
What's was trench warfare?
Soldiers dig and his in trenches to avoid machine guns.
| -ground inbetween opposing trenches is called no Mans Land- covered in barbed wire
83
Mobilize
To prepare troops for battle
84
Reparations
Compensation for damage caused in a war
85
Ultimatum
Final, uncompromising demand or proposal
86
Reasons for US involvement in WWI (5)
- German sub sinking passenger ships
- Zimmermans telegram
- cultural ties
- Russian revolution
- Britain controlled the transatlantic telegram, so they controlled what information the US got about the war
87
Effects the US had on WWI (2)
More troops and funding
| War ended in 1918- 6 months after US involvement
88
Allied powers (4)
- Great Britain
- France
- Russia
- US
89
Central Powers (2)
- Germany
| - Austria-Hungary
90
Immediate effects of WWI (5)
- enormous cost of lives and money
- Russian revolution
- new nations created
- Germany loses colonies and goes into extreme depression
- League of Nations is formed
91
Long term effects of WWI (4)
- Europes economy suffers
- US and Japan emerge as important world powers
- rise of Adolf Hitler and fascism
- Middle East conflicts
