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World History > Second Semester Finals > Flashcards

Second Semester Finals Flashcards

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0
Q

Who was Martin Luther?

A

German monk who wrote the 95 theses, listing church abuses (selling indulgences)
-Founder of Lutheranism

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1
Q

What did Copernicus come up with?

A

The heliocentric theory- the sun is the center of the universe (Earth revolves around the sun)

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2
Q

Who invented the printing press?

A

Johannes Gutenberg

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3
Q

Reasons printing press is important to the Renaissance (4)

A
  • helped spread the Renaissance throughout Europe
  • spread new ideas and news of arts and architecture
  • ideas could be recorded easier
  • increased literacy
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4
Q

Reasons the Renaissance started in Italy (4)

A
  • Visible reminders of Ancient Rome (statues, architecture, etc.)
  • Florence, Milan, and Venice grew into prosperous areas of trade and manufacturing
  • funding from the Medicis
  • recover from Dark Ages
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5
Q

Who was Leonardo da Vinci?

A

Italian artist and inventor

-works: the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper

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6
Q

Who was Lorenzo de’ Medici?

A

Major patron of the arts

-represented the Renaissance ideal, clever politician, and arts

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7
Q

Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?

A

Author of the Prince

-said leaders should do whatever it takes to gain power

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8
Q

Heliocentric

A

Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

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9
Q

Annul

A

Cancel or invalidate

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10
Q

Theocracy

A

Government run by religious people

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11
Q

Patron

A

Person who provides financial support for the arts

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12
Q

Indulgence

A

Pardon for sins committed during a persons lifetime

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13
Q

Recant

A

Give up ones views

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14
Q

Humanism

A

Intellectual movement that focused on worldly issues rather than religious issues

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15
Q

What were the reasons for exploration? (4)

A

The three Gs

  • gold
  • glory
  • God

-European rulers wanted to find new trade routes

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16
Q

Mercantilism

A

Policy in which a country exports more good than it imports

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17
Q

What did Europeans trade for in Africa?

A

Enslaved Africans to work the plantations

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18
Q

Where and when did Dias explore? Where is he from?

A
  • east coast of Africa (1487-1488)

- Portugal

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19
Q

Where and when did Da Gama explore? Where was he from?

A
  • the Cape of Good Hope, tip of Africa (1492-1499)

- Portugal

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20
Q

Where and when did Columbus explore? Where was he from?

A
  • The Americas, specifically Central America (1492-1493)

- Spain

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21
Q

Where and when did Balboa explore? Where was he from?

A

-Central America, 1st to see and name Pacific Ocean (1510-1513)

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22
Q

Where and when did Magellan explore? Where was he from?

A
  • first to circumnavigate the world (1519-1522)

- Spain

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23
Q

Where and when did Cabot explore? Where was he from?

A
  • Newfoundland (1497)

- England

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24
Q

Where and when did Cartier explore? Where was he from?

A
  • St. Lawrence River (1534-1535)

- France

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25
Q

Where and when did Hudson explore? Where was he from?

A
  • Hudson Bay and River (1609)

- the Netherlands

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26
Q

How did Columbus effect trade? (3)

A
  • inspired sailors to sail to the Americas
  • encourages explorers to look for the Northwest Passage
  • triangular trade began (slave trade)
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27
Q

Spanish explorers effects on Native Americans (4)

A
  • Disease
  • Slavery
  • Loss of land
  • Sever population decline
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28
Q

King Louis XIV (5)

A
  • built the palace of Versailles
  • economic advisor- Jean Baptiste Colbert
  • ruled for 72 years
  • years of warfare, luxuries, and heavy taxes drained Frances treasury
  • patron of the arts
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29
Q

Peter the Great (7)

A
  • Russia ruler
  • policy of westernization (adoption of western ideas)
  • gained warm water ports on Baltic Sea
  • expanded Russia to the west and south
  • built St. Petersburg
  • built up military
  • ended Russia’s isolation from rest of Europe
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30
Q

Effects of the Thirty Years War (4)

A
  • sever population loss
  • Germany is separated into 360 states
  • peace if Westphalia
  • France gains territory in Spain and Germany
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31
Q

Absolute monarch

A

Ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of people he or she governs

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32
Q

Catherine the Great (5)

A
  • Russian ruler
  • took over Poland
  • ruthless
  • started education for kids
  • wasn’t focused on imperialism
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33
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

Leader of the Roundheads (pro-parliament) during English Civil War

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34
Q

Phillip II (4)

A
  • Spanish ruler
  • believed in divine right
  • wanted to expand Catholic religion
  • his invincible armada was defeated by Elizabeth I
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35
Q

Elizabeth I (3)

A
  • English ruler
  • Protestant
  • defeated the invincible Spanish armada
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36
Q

Frederick the Great (3)

A
  • Prussian ruler
  • put harsh military childhood to good use
  • took Silesia, starting the was of Austrian Succession
37
Q

Montesquieu (2)

A
  • three branches of government

- checks and balances

38
Q

John Locke (3)

A
  • natural rights- life, liberty, property
  • People are naturally reasonable and moral
  • government’s job is to protect the peoples rights; if it doesn’t, the people have a right to a revolution
39
Q

What’s the Age of Reason?

A

Another name for the Enlightenment

40
Q

Voltaire

A

-freedom of speech

41
Q

Balance of powers

A

Keeps one part of the government from gaining too much power

42
Q

Natural rights

A

Rights that belong to the people (life, liberty, property)

43
Q

Natural laws

A

laws that govern human nature

44
Q

Limited monarchy

A

Royal power limited by governing body/constitution

45
Q

Habeus Corpus

A

A person cannot be imprisoned without being accused of a crime

46
Q

Constitutional government

A

Government limited by a set of laws

47
Q

Divine right

A

Belief that God gave a ruler the right to rule

48
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

The French middle class

49
Q

Blockade

A

Shutting off of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out

50
Q

Deficit spending

A

Situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in

51
Q

Nationalism

A

A strong feeling of pride in ones country

52
Q

Suffrage

A

Right to vote

53
Q

Constitution of 1791(3)

A
  • limited monarchy w/ new legislative assembly
  • protected property and free trade
  • abolished guilds and slavery
54
Q

What happened during the Reign of Terror?

A
  • 40,000 killed by the guillotine, countless more imprisoned

- supporters were slaughtered alongside the opposers

55
Q

Who was the Reign of Terror headed by?

A

Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety

56
Q

Who was Robespierre? (3)

A
  • lawyer and politican
  • leader of the Committee of Public Safety
  • chief architecture of the Reign of Terror
57
Q

What was Frances social structure before the revolution?

A

Three estates
1st estate- nobles
2nd estate- clergy
3rd estate- everyone else (bourgeoisie)

58
Q

What was the goal of the Congress of Vienna? (3)

A
  • to restore Europe after years of wR and revolution
  • establish a balance of powers
  • restore the monarchs
59
Q

What problems did the Congress of Vienna cause?

A

Redrew boundaries in Europe

-eventually be a cause of WWI (plus nationalism)

60
Q

What did the Declaration of the Rights of a Man say? (3)

A
  • all men were born and remain and equal in rights
  • natural rights-liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression
  • free religion and fair taxes
61
Q

What did the Napoleonic Code state?

A
  • equality of all citizens
  • religious toleration
  • advancements based on merit
62
Q

Reasons the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain? (4)

A
  • Had an abundance of resources (coal and steel)
  • stable government and strong navy
  • high demand for workers
  • upper class didn’t look down upon lower class as much
63
Q

What allowed farmers to increase food production?

A

New farming technology

64
Q

Who invented the steam engine?

A

James Watt

65
Q

Why was the steam engine important to the Industrial Revolution?

A

Powered the new inventions

66
Q

Why were working class women preferred over men in factories? (2)

A

-easier to manage
-could be payed less
(Negative effect on family life)

67
Q

Who was Karl Marx?

A

Author of Communist Manifesto

-supporter of communism

68
Q

Factories formed as a result of…

A

New machines in the textile business that were too large and expensive to use at home

69
Q

Working conditions (3)

A
  • 12-16 hour shifts
  • workers lost limbs/lives
  • dirty, unsafe
70
Q

Who was Adam Smith?

A

Economic philosopher that supported laissez faire and free market

  • supporter of Capitalism
  • wrote the Wealth of Nations
71
Q

Socialism

A

System in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all business

72
Q

Communism

A

Form of socialism- classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned the community as a whole and split equally

73
Q

Labor union

A

Workers organization

74
Q

Enclosure

A

The process of taking over and fencing off public lands

75
Q

Urbanization

A

Movement of people from rural area to cities

76
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Idea that the goal of society should be to bring the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

77
Q

Proletariat

A

Working class

78
Q

MAIN causes of WWI

A

Militarism
Allies
Imperialism
Nationalism

79
Q

Stalemate

A

No ground is gained on either side

80
Q

New weapons of WWI (5)

A
  • airplanes
  • tanks
  • mustard gas
  • trenches
  • machine guns
81
Q

What weapon made WWI the deadliest war ever seen?

A

Machine guns

82
Q

What’s was trench warfare?

A

Soldiers dig and his in trenches to avoid machine guns.

-ground inbetween opposing trenches is called no Mans Land- covered in barbed wire

83
Q

Mobilize

A

To prepare troops for battle

84
Q

Reparations

A

Compensation for damage caused in a war

85
Q

Ultimatum

A

Final, uncompromising demand or proposal

86
Q

Reasons for US involvement in WWI (5)

A
  • German sub sinking passenger ships
  • Zimmermans telegram
  • cultural ties
  • Russian revolution
  • Britain controlled the transatlantic telegram, so they controlled what information the US got about the war
87
Q

Effects the US had on WWI (2)

A

More troops and funding

War ended in 1918- 6 months after US involvement

88
Q

Allied powers (4)

A
  • Great Britain
  • France
  • Russia
  • US
89
Q

Central Powers (2)

A
  • Germany

- Austria-Hungary

90
Q

Immediate effects of WWI (5)

A
  • enormous cost of lives and money
  • Russian revolution
  • new nations created
  • Germany loses colonies and goes into extreme depression
  • League of Nations is formed
91
Q

Long term effects of WWI (4)

A
  • Europes economy suffers
  • US and Japan emerge as important world powers
  • rise of Adolf Hitler and fascism
  • Middle East conflicts

World History (11 decks)

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