Finals First Semester Flashcards
0
Q
Characteristics of the Old Stone Age?
6
A
- hunters and gathers
- weapons made of wood, stone, or bone
- clothing
- created a spoken language
- nomadic
- learned to build fires
1
Q
What’s a historian?
A
A person who studies how people lived in the past using documents and artifacts
2
Q
What was the Old Stone Age called?
A
Paleolithic Age
3
Q
What was the Neolithic Revolution?
A
People converted from hungering and gathering and being nomadic to settling in permanent villages and learned to farm.
4
Q
8 features of civilization?
A
- cities -public works
- organized government
- arts and architecture
- complex religion
- job specialization
- social classes
- writing
5
Q
Reasons for change of civilizations
4
A
Trading, foreign invaders, new ideas, changed of powers
6
Q
What was the New Stone Age called?
A
Neolithic Age
7
Q
Characteristics of the New Stone Age
5
A
- switched to farming
- permanent villages
- produced own food
- domesticated animals
- settled by rivers
8
Q
What’s cultural diffusion?
A
Spread of culture and technology to different places in the world
9
Q
Characteristics of the Old Kingdom of Egypt
4
A
- built pyramids
- strong, central state taxes
- farming and irrigation
- pyramids were used as tombs for pharoahs (showed wealth and power)
10
Q
The Old Kingdom of Egypt was also known as the….
A
Pyramid Age
11
Q
What caused the fall of the Old Kingdom?
3
A
- power struggles
- crop failures
- cost of pyramids
12
Q
What were hieroglyphics,
A
For of picture writing developed by the Ancient Egyptians
Developed after the need to keep records of business deals
13
Q
Advantages of the Nile River
4
A
- Transportation
- Food and water source
- provided fertile plains for farming
- location advantage (middle of a desert)
14
Q
Ancient Sumer was made up of…
A
Small, independent city-states
15
Q
What was Hammurabi’s Code?
A
First set of laws for an ancient civilization
16
Q
The Phoenicians
4
A
- sailors, traders, and manufacturers
- created an alphabet (used to record business deals)
- spread middle eastern civilization around the Mediterranean
- based in trade
17
Q
Geography of Greece
3
A
- peninsula divided by mountains
- fertile farmland
- isolated valleys (led to the formation of city-states)
18
Q
Strategies in the Peloponnesian war
A
Athens- naval
Sparta- land
19
Q
What’s an aristocracy?
A
Government headed by a privileged minority or upperclass
20
Q
What’s a democracy?
A
Government in which citizens vote on day to day affairs
21
Q
What’s a monarchy?
A
Government in which a King or queen exercised central power
22
Q
The Persian wars were between who?
A
Persia vs Athens and Sparta
23
Q
Results of the Persian War
3
A
- Greeks won
- golden Age for Athens
- Delian League was created
24
The Peloponnesian War was between whom?
Athens vs Sparta and Persia
25
What was the cause of the Peloponnesian war?
Misuse of funds won in the Persian war to build Athens
26
Why is geography important to history?
Physical characteristics of the land and time period affect the events and civilizations
27
Alexander the Great's achievements
| 2
- spread of Greek culture throughout Europe and Asia
| - Alexandria, Egypt (lighthouse, library)
28
Characteristics of Spartan society
| 6
- focused on war and protection
- boys began military training at age 7
- helots did all non military work
- looked down upon trade and travel
- isolated from other city states
- government made up of two kings and a council of elders
29
Characteristics of Athenian society?
| 5
- focused on learning
- boys could take any profession
- Solon= wise, trusted leader. Created mor government positions
- evolved from a monarchy to an aristocracy to a direct democracy
- many slaves
30
Roman law
| 3
- civil laws and law of nations
- presumed innocent into proven guilty
- accused could present a defense in front of the judge and the accuser
31
Who was Pericles?
Leader of Athens during the golden age
| Spoke the funeral oration, pointing out the power rested in the hands of the people, not the minority
32
What was the Golden Age of Athens?
Period of prosperity and economical growth for Athens after the Persian war
33
What are aqueducts?
Bridge like stone structures that carried water from the hills to the cities of Rome
34
What are plebeians?
Members of the lower class in Ancient Rome, including merchants, farmers, artisans, and traders
35
What are tribunes?
Officials in Ancient Rome who was elected by the plebeians to protect their interests
36
What did Charlemagne do?
| 4
- revived Latin learning
- created an empire
- proclaimed Emperor of Rome after quelling a rebellion against the church
- created an organized, efficient government
37
Results of the Peloponnesian war
| 3
- lasted 27 years
- Sparta and Persians won
- brought an end to Athenian dominance
38
What was Pax Romana?
Period of peace in Rome
| Means "roman peace"
39
What did Diocletian do?
Divided the empire into two to make it easier to govern
40
What emperor did Pax Romana end with?
Marcus Aurelius
41
Effects of winning an empire
| 4
- policy of Imperialism
- control of trade brought riches to Rome
- slave use hurt farmers
- corruption and greed became a problem
42
What did Constantine do?
Moved the capital to the east in hopes of reuniting the empire
43
Reasons for the fall of Rome
| 4
Military- needed more soldiers, hired mercenaries. They drained war funds and weren't loyal to Rome
Economic- heavy taxes and population decline
Social- selfish upperclass and loss of values
Political- corruption and lost support of people
44
Who were the Franks?
| 2
Strongest of the Germanic Tribes
| -Frankish King Clovis wins favor of the pope after converting to Christianity
45
The manor economy was based in
Farming and self sufficiency
46
What did Monks and nuns do in the Middle Ages?
| 3
- preserved ancient writing
- missionaries
- provided basic civil services (school, housing, care for the sick)
47
The agricultural revolution
| 6
- iron plows
- used horses
- bigger fields
- 3 field system
- led to population growth
- windmills ground flour
48
Who was Charlemagne?
Son of Charles Martel, leader of the Franks
49
Characteristics of the Church
| 2
- men and women were seen as equal before god, but women were seen and inferior because they were easily led to sin
- nobles sold church positions and exploited it for their own interests
50
What were the Cluniac reforms?
Reforms made by Pope Gregory to control corruption
- marriage fir priests was outlawed
- prohibited the selling of church positions
Christian faith was soon restored
51
What was the Magna Carta?
Document signed by King John, saying that the monarch was not above the law.
52
What did Henry II do?
Created royal judicial system, juries, and power of the purse
53
What was the goal of the Crusades?
To win back/ free the holy land
54
What were the results of the Crusades
| 2
- Church power declines
| - religious hatred grows
55
What was the Reconquista?
Campaign to drive the the Italians out of Spain during the Black Plague
56
The Concordant of Worms
| 2
Signed by William the Conqueror
| - resolved conflict between pope and emperor over appointing bishops in the church
57
Groups in the feudal system
Lords
Vassals
Serfs
Knights
58
Schism
Permanent division in a church
59
What is common law?
System of law that is the same for all people, based on court decisions that have become accepted legal principles
60
William the conqueror
- Concordant of Worms
- Domesday book- complete census of England
- first to use a census for tax collection
61
Crusade
Holy war
62
Effects of the Black Plague
-Church power declines
Crimes and violence escalate
- dramatic population decline
- feudal system collapses
63
What does vernacular mean?
Everyday language of ordinary people
64
What's scholasticism???
Using reason to support Christian beliefs
65
Joan of Arc
| 5
- French General
- 17 yr olds
- boosted morales of French troops during the 100 years war and led France to many victories
- captured and burned at the stake by the English
- named a saint
