Second Semester final WH Flashcards
1
Q
Jihad
A
To struggle. Applies to all aspects of life, Quran only supports armed struggles in case of self defense
2
Q
What year did the Muslim calendar start?
A
622
3
Q
Pope Gregory VII
A
Had a feud with Henry IV over who should lay investors
4
Q
Who was Babur
A
(Mongol) Claimed descendant from Genghis Khan, was the leader of the Turkish and Mongol armies invading india. Was a military leader and genius, poet, and an author of a detailed book of memoirs
5
Q
Who died that made Russia feel full of unrest???
A
Ivan the terrible
6
Q
Crusades
A
Holy warsThere were 4 of them(LOOK THEM UP IN CLASS NOTES❕❕❕❕❕❕❕)
7
Q
Charles Martel
A
The man who rallied Frankish warriors against the Muslims when after they crossed into France.
8
Q
Domesday book
A
William of Normandy authorized it, it said how much each man owned and how much it was worth
9
Q
Umayyad caliphate
A
A dynasty of Sunni caliphs that ruled the Muslim empire until 750. Their capital was Damascus (Syria). They Concorde Spain, France, and places in north Africa. Battle of Tours ended their expansion
10
Q
What was the Estates General in France?
A
It was the term for the Social hierarchy there. It was ordered clergy, nobility, and everyone else
11
Q
Who was Petrarch
A
A Florentine who was a humanist, poet, and scholar. He assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts in monasteries and churches
12
Q
Papal authority
A
Power of pope
13
Q
Shinto
A
(means the way of the Kami)It’s the traditional religion of Japan. Involves worshipping the forces of nature and your spiritual ancestors
14
Q
The Magyars were raiders from the Asian steppes and they settled in…
A
Hungary
15
Q
Reconquista
A
Reconquest
16
Q
Geoffrey Chaucer
A
Wrote Canterbury tales
17
Q
In 1398, where did the Mongols that invaded india come from?What did they do?
A
Asia, they destroyed Delhi but never actually settled on their newly destroyed lands
18
Q
Magyars
A
Nomadic people who tried to invade a few times
19
Q
Patron
A
Financial supporter of art
20
Q
Ming dynasty
A
(means brilliant) a peasant farmer named Zhu Yuanzhang forged a rebel army to fight the Mongols and pushed them back beyond the great wall. The Ming dynasty was well known for its sea exploration, but after great Admiral Zheng He died the emperor banned ship building
21
Q
Ivan the 3rd sometimes refers to himself as…
A
tsar, or caesar
22
Q
Mongols
A
Nomadic headers that liked to conquer people
23
Q
Kiev
A
A City in the center of the first Russian state. It’s where main trade was
24
Q
Abu bakr
A
Muhammed father in law, became leader of Shi’ites Muslims
25
Apprentice
Trainee to a Guild master
26
Suleiman the magnificent
Brought Ottoman Empire to its greatest power in the 16th century Conquered modern Hungary and Greece (was stopped at Vienna) Killed oldest son, exiled 2nd oldest, made dumb 3rd one heir
27
Geoffrey Chaucer
Wrote Canterbury tales, story's about pilgrimages, one of which goes to st. Thomas Beckets tomb
28
What city was the center of a vital trade network???
Kiev
29
Pipe innocent the third
Claimed Supremacy over all worldly rulers, launched a Crusade against the Albigensian's in southern France. They were regarded as heretics
30
Battle of Hastings
William the Conquerer defeats Harold
31
What was an important contribution of the Byzantine empire?
It's blending of christianity and greek culture
32
Absolute monarchy
The ultimate authority who ran the state (the king)
33
What tradition did Ivan the terrible introduce that shaped history into the 20th century?
Extreme absolute power
34
The Mongols who invaded Russian were known as the...
Golden Hoard
35
🌟Leonardo da Vinci
Made the Mona Lisa, the last supper, was considered a genius for his creativity
36
Papal Supremacy
Power over all secular (worldly) leaders
37
HRE Henry IV
Was the King of Germany, was a holy roman emperor, feuded with Pope Gregory VII over who should lay investiture, Gregory excommunicated him, but when Henry asked for forgiveness as a sinner Gregory had to free him of excommunication, and Henry lead an army to Rome Forcing Gregory into hiding
38
Starting at 7, many nobles trained to be...
Knights (mounted warrior)
39
Selective borrowing
Taking some Chinese ways of life by not all of it.
40
Hagia Sopia
It was once the centralized church building if the eastern orthodox church, but now it's a museum Hagia sophia means "Holy wisdom", and that was a title for Jesus
41
Mecca
Town where Muhammad was born, is the starting place for HIS journey called Hijra to Yathrib
42
Shari'a
Islamic law, both religious and political in the past. Teaches you how to actually practice Islam
43
Bushido
(means way of the warrior) Code for samurai to be honorable, brave, and 100% loyal to your lord
44
Battle of Stamford bridge
Battle where Harold defeated Tostig, his brother
45
Fief
An estate Vassals would receive
46
Eleanor of Aquitaine 1122-1204
Mother to Richard the Lion Hearted, she often ruled when her husband or son was away. She even wore armor and rode a horse alongside brave men during the second crusade
47
Samurai
(means those who serve)Warriors
48
The 4 classes of society
Top- Men of the sword (defense)Men of the pen (educated people ((judges, poets, lawyers, scientists, etc...)))Men of negotiations (merchants)Men of husbandry (farmers and herders)
49
Jewish refugees fled western Europe because...
Of persecution and expulsion
50
Charlemagne (Charles the great)
Charles Martel's grandson, became king of Franks in 768. Built an Empire that reached into France, Germany, and Italy. Pope Leo the third makes him the Emperor of Romans.
51
William the Conqueror
Was in the battle of Hastings, beat Harold and became king on Christmas day in 1066
52
Tower of London
Built as a prison almost a Melanie's ago, so the newly crowned king William of Normandy could keep his new subjects in line. Could also be used to keep track of trade and keep an eye out for invaders
53
What are the five pillars???
Declaration of faith-"There is no God but Allah, and Muhammed is his prophet/messenger"Prayer (5 times a day)Alms (support poor, 2.5% of annual savings)Fasting (during holy month of Ramadan, no eating from sunrise till sunset) Pilgrimage, (to Mecca, at least once in a persons life if physically and financially able)
54
55
There were three regions in Russia, one is the steppe. What are the other two like???
The northern forests supplied them with wood and game,The southern part was good farm land. This is where the population grew
56
Feudalism
The system where lords rule their own lands
57
Muhammed al-Razi
Head physician at Baghdad's chief hospital, that theorized you need to treat the mind as well as the body, studied and wrote books on measles and smallpox
58
Edward the confessor
Second to last Anglo saxon king, was very religious, before he died pronounced Harold his successor even though his Cousin William of Normandy said he already promised it to him
59
Vassals
Lesser lords who pledged loyalty to the high lord
60
Inquisition
Assigned by the church, they inquisition would torture people into confessing heretics, then burn them
61
Cannon Law
Church LawsGoverned Wills, Marriage, and Morals
62
Czar or Tsar
Titles of rulers of Russia, means Caesar
63
🌟Perspective
The technique of showing a distant object on a flat surface
64
Grand canal
Completed during the Sui dynasty, it linked the Huang river to the Chang river
65
The Nika Revolt
It took place in January in 532 in Constantinople, against Justinian during a chariot race. Everyone was cheering on their own team, shouting concur, or "Nika". Suddenly the were all yelling it at him.
66
🌟Florence
Located in Italy, it had the richest merchants and bankers I'm Europe. Where the Medici family lived, they were Patrons
67
Friars
Monks who did not lead isolated lives in monastery's , but instead traveled and preached to the poor
68
What is the difference between the Sunni's and the Shi'ites??????????
Sunni's believe any good Muslim can lead, Shiite's believe that it has to be a direct descendant from Muhammed
69
Partnerships
Groups of merchants pooling funds for a large scale venture that would have been to expensive for any one person
70
Who brought Constantinople to its highest peak, and restored the Hagia Sophia after it had been destroyed during riots???
Justinian
71
Great schism
Byzantine emperor Leo bans icons, causing the eastern and western church to split in 2 in 1054
72
Troubadours
Wandering musicians who sang story's about knights
73
Gentry
Wealthy landowning class
74
Why was Constantinople's location so safe???
It was a harbored city on a trade route guarded by water
75
Due process of law
Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizens entitlement
76
How did Mongol rule effect Russia's relation ship with western Europe?
It isolated Russia from Europe and it's advances in science and art?
77
What does Ottoman mean???
Follower of Osman
78
Pope Urban II
Alexius, the king of the Byzantine empire asked him to send reinforcements to help him fight the Muslims. Popes and Byzantine emperors we're long time rivals, but he agreed. And that's how the first Crusade started
79
🌟Thomas More
English Humanist ago pressed for social Reform, wrote a book called Utopia that showed where men and women live in peace and harmony
80
Harold
Last Anglo Saxon king of England, died at the battle of Hastings trying to get the throne
81
The Serbian state reached its height in power under...
Stefan Dusan
82
Saladin
Ruler of Egypt, launched a few crusades and made a treaty with king Richard to let them keep Jerusalem
83
Moors
Spanish Muslim kingdoms
84
Mehmet the 2nd
1452 conquest against Constantinople (had 30 ft long commons, 1,200 lb boulders) The guy who remained it Istanbul
85
Al-khwarizmi
One of the greatest Muslim mathematics, he pioneered the study of algebra, and in the 800's he wrote a book that was translated into Latin, that became one of the most used in Europe
86
Lay investure
Appointing of clergy 😝
87
Feudal contract
The exchange of pledges in Fuedalism
88
Kaaba
Temple that Muhammed rededicated to Allah
89
The Golden Hoard
A Mongol army, know as this for the color of their tents
90
Scholasticism
Using reason to support Christine beliefs
91
St. Francis of Assisi
Giving up a comfortable life, he devoted his time to preaching the gospels and teaching by his own example of good works. He and his newfound group the Franciscans preached about poverty, humility, and the love of God
92
Hangul
King Sejong of Korea wanted the koreas to have their own alphabet, so he had experts create it
93
Louis IX
Led two crusades against muslims, was a king of England, persecuted heretics (people who believed in the church) and Jews, was declared a st. 30 years after his death
94
Tournaments
Knights engaged in mock battles
95
Muhammad
Was born in the town of Mecca, when he was 40 years old heard the angle Gabriel called him to be the messenger of god. Was a merchant. Was the last and greatest prophet.
96
Asburg
The location where the princes supported Luther
97
Middle class
By the year 1000 merchants, traders and artisans formed their own class, in-between nobles and peasants
98
Schism
A split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief
99
Celadon
Porcelain with unusual blue-green glaze
100
Holy Land
Jerusalem and other places in Palestine.
101
Sills Dynasty
Koreans prosper and art flourishes. Buddhism became am important religion to the Korean's
102
Iconoclasm
The action of attacking or assertively rejecting cherished beliefs and institutions or established values and practices
103
Abbasids
Abu al-Abbas was a resend any from Muhammad's family, and he captured Damascus in 750, then managed to kill almost all off the Umayyad family except for one member, bringing in the Abbasid dynasty that lasted till 1258
104
Seljuk Turks
They Migrated from the North Iranian provinces in Ventral Asia into mainland Iran formerly known as persia
105
Serfs
Peasants
106
Jainizaries- the elite force
Ottomans would make christens pay a tax by having their younger sons for government service. They would bd converted to Islam and would go off to training school
107
Delhi
City where Muslims set up their capital in 1200, lasted 200 years, they built 30 colleges 100 hospitals and 200 towns
108
Justinian's code of laws
Roman laws he changed for his needs and then established
109
🌟HRE Charles V
Had tricked Luther into coming to the city of Worms for the diet (assembly of princes), making him think he would be allowed to argue his work but instead tried to make him confess it was all wrong
110
Marco pollo
Italian merchant, traveled all over Asia
111
Where is Constantinople located on a map???
By the black sea
112
How would Russian princes keep mongols at bay??
Paying them a fee to bit invade and let them rule their own territory
113
Interdict
An order of exclusion involving an entire towns sacraments being stripped
114
Pope Clement V
Instead of being appointed by Cardinals, he was appointed by king Phillip IV. The same king also appointed a lot of Grench cardinals so the pope would almost always be French. He forced him to declare pope Boniface VIII's "Clericis Laicos" invalid. That made it so clergy couldn't pay subsidies to lay authority's.
115
King John
Son of king henry the 2nd, he was an Enemy of King Phillip the 2nd of France, Pope innocent the 3rd, and his own English Nobles. Fought Philip and lost parts of France, fought pope over who should choose the arch bishop, and got excommunicated. In order to save his crown, he accepted England as a fief of papacy and payed a yearly fee to Rome from then on
116
King Richard
Negotiated with Saladin for Christians right to visit Jerusalem
117
Anglo Saxon chronicles
An Early history of England, mostly written by different members of the clergy, was about events on warfare and important of the time
118
🌟Erasmus
Priest, made a Greek edition of the bible, wanted the bible translated into Vernacular.
119
Autocrat
A sole ruler with complete authority over the people
120
Holy Roman Empire
A multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the middle ages and continued until its end in 1806 😝
121
Ottomans
Turkish speaking NOMADIC people
122
The Russian language is written in
The Cyrillic alphabet
123
Missi Dominici
Charlemagne's officials who administered law and to see justice through.
124
Magna Carta
A great charted (document) that said nobles had certain rights (over time those rights went on to the English citizens), and Monarchs had to obey the law
125
Merchant Guilds
Made up of merchants they dominated town life, passing laws and levying taxes . They also decided where town funds should go, like to paving the streets
126
🌟Albrecht Durer
(guy with curly hair that sort of looks like Jesus in his paintings)Was a pioneer in spreading renaissance ideas through northern europe, did engraving in his artwork.
127
Ecumenical patriarch
Universal patriarch
128
🌟Indulgences
Buying your way into heaven
129
Jury
Group of men sworn to speak the truth in court. Decide which cases to use for the court.
130
Parliament
At first, it had been nothing more than a gathering of men who summoned the king to him talk about matters of law or the state. After many years, parliament had to give its consent for new taxes
131
Ibn Sina
At 16 was a doctor for Persian nobles, and wrote a book on what Greeks arabs and himself learned about diagnosing and treating disease
132
Calligraphy
The art of beautiful hand writing
133
🌟95 theses
The story Luther posted on the church doors complaining about indulgences and other things
134
Choson dynasty
The last and longest of koreas three dynasty's. Korea makes its own alphabet, and more people learned how to read and write.
135
Steppe
An open, treeless grassland that Nomads traveling through the region used for there cows and horses. It's one of the three regions of Russia.
136
What was the one difference between the roman and Byzantine churches before the great schism?
Byzantines Christians rejected the popes power over them all
137
Hajj
OUR Pilgrimage to Mecca
138
Literacy rate
How many people can read and write
139
Corpus Juris Civilis(Body of Civil Law)
Justinian's code
140
Ivan the great
He married the last Byzantines emperors niece, and freed Russia from mongols, believed in absolute power.
141
Excommunication
When church would not give sacraments to a certain town
142
Genius Khan
Mongol chieftain (name literally means universal ruler) made a vast empire of eastern Europe. He never completed his conquest of china
143
Where is Rome located on a map?
Italy
144
Tributary states
States that remained self governing but acknowledged China as their supreme ruler and had to send regular tribute to the Tang emperor
145
Wu Zhao
A very sneaky and cruel empress, that climbed the stairway of Pierre through deception and cruel deeds. Was the very first women Chinese emperor
146
Ghazi Turks
Muslim warriors dedicated to Jihad. Osman carved out a Ghazi state in the anatoliaHad gunpowder, muskets, and cannons
147
The south Slav country of Serbia was concord by...
The ottoman Turks in the 1300's
148
Benedictine Rule
Rule of thumb used by Monastery's, made by a Monk named Benedict in 530Monks and nuns would take 3 vows. 1. Obedience 2. Poverty 3. Chastity/purity
149
Clovis
King of Franks, who one a battle in the name of Christianity. He converts to Christianity
150
Zheng He
Commanded 7 expeditions, had 62 huge ships, 200 small ones, and the largest ship was 400 feet long. Went to southeast asia and India
151
Gentry
Wealthy landowning class
152
What body of water separates the two sections of Constantinople?
The north sea.
153
Bayeux tapestry
Depicts Norman conquest from beginning to end, ends at the battle of Hastings
154
What occurred during the Mongol rule of Russia
The princes of Moscow gained power and influence
155
Dante Alighieri
An Italian poet, wrote a poem about an imaginary journey to hell and purgatory. There, souls await forgiveness. At the end its about heaven. "Abandon all hope ye that enter here" maker
156
Zen Buddhism
Used Daoist terms (chinese=Ch'an) values peace, stories are passed down from teacher to student, find inner peace, be open
157
Jihad
Struggle in Gods service
158
Minarets
Towers that 5 times a day people called for others to pray each day
159
Frederic Barbarossa
Otherwise know as red beard, wanted to build an Empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic. He tried to take wealthy Italian cites, but they got help from the pope and they stopped him
160
Steppe
Vast treeless plains
161
Gothic
It's most important example, was the flying buttress, or rather stone supports that stood outside the church. Theses supports allowed builders to make higher and thinner walls, in order to make incredibly high ceilings and leave room for stain glass windows. Another example is Romans had smaller windows
162
Vernacular
Everyday language of ordinary people
163
Constantinople
Capital of Roman empire, lasted 1,500 years before it was captured by the Ottomans, was the city with the great defenses
164
What is the difference between sultan's and a Caliph
Sultan-head of EmpireCaliph-head of Muslims
165
The ottoman empire survived till...
1918
166
Ivan the terrible
Ruled for 51 years, had a secret police, was always unstable but really went off his noodle when his wife died. Thought everyone was out to kill him so he killed them first.
167
Vikings
Traders, invaders, explorers, sailors, and farners
168
Qur'an
Island holy book that contains the message revealed to Muhammed by Allah. It helps the Muslims with social and Moral codes, tells them god is merciful, and that people are responsible for their own actions
169
Henry VIII
He originally supported the pope and hated Luther, but he broke away from the church to make his own religion. He made himself the head of it, and the entire reason he did it was so he could divorce his wife. Had 6 wives, and translated the bible to English
170
Manor
Lords estate
171
Craft Guilds
Artists came to resent the Merchants and their power, so they organized there own guild. Each one represented an occupation such as weaving, baking, or goldsmiths.
172
Kana
The Japanese revised the Chinese writing system by adding phonetic symbols representing syllables (or Kana)
173
Utopian
The idea of the ideal society
174
What did the russians copy from the Byzantines?
The domes of their churches for their own.
175
Ferdinand and Isabella
They made the final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granada. It fell in 1492, and the reconquista
176
Mosques
House of prayer
177
Land reform
Emperors would brake up large agricultural holdings and redistribute the land to peasants
178
Icon
Sacred image that's treated as holy itself
179
Seeks (or could be Sieks, Seiks?)
Hinduism+Islam, they believed in reincarnation, but their Monotheists
180
Cyril
One of the Lord's that had been sent to Kiev to convert the Slavs to Christianity.
181
🌟Niccolo' Machiavelli
Wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power called the Prince
182
🌟Michelangelo
Had been a Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet. Has been called a Melancholy genius. Made the statutes Pieta (Mary holding dying Jesus) and David (Shepard killing Goliath)
183
Baghdad
Site of 2nd caliph Al-Mansur's capital
184
Thomas Becket
Arch bishop who did not want king Henry to try clergy in royal courts. One day 4 knights heard him shouting who will rid me if him, and they killed him
185
What was the language of the Byzantine church???
Greek
186
Russia's rivers linked early russians to...
The Byzantine empire
187
Akbar
Babur's grandson, was the chief builder of the Mughal empire during his rein from 1556-1605. he also created a strong central gov., which earned him the title Akbar the great. Ended the taxes on non Muslims.
188
Secular
Worldly
189
Damascus
CAPITAL of Syria
190
Yuan dynasty
A Mongol dynasty, white and Blue Porclelain is introduced.
191
Nur Jahan
Wife to Akbar's son Jahangir, she was in control of most of the details of the Gov., and was the most powerful woman in Indian history till the 20th century
192
Philip the fourth of France
King if France who secured royal power by creating wars against other neighbors
193
Thomas Aquinas
A Scholastic, concluded faith and reason exist in harmony. So he basically brought together Greek philosophy and Christian faith
194
Yathrib
City that Muhammed journeyed to, was later renamed Medina, or " city of the prophet"
195
Koryo Dynasty
(word Korea was deprived from it.)Capital is Songak. Koreans used woodblock printing from china to produce Buddhist texts.
196
Community of Muslims
Umma
197
Parliament
The highest legislator (a person who makes laws),consisting of sovereign, the house of lords, and the house of commons
198
Theodora
Justinian's wife and queen, was an actress and was therefor seen unfit to rule. Would not flee during the Nika revolts, and died if cancer
199
The great Mosque
Built during Muslim rule in Spain on a sight that had once been a christen church. It's architecture is very unique, and it's prayer hall has 500 Collins
200
Ibn Rushd
Philosopher who put all the knowledge except for the Quran to the test of reason
201
🌟Humanism
Humanists studied the classical culture of Greece and Rome, but used that study to increase their understanding of their own times
202
Cyrillic
The alphabet used to translate the bible into Slavic
203
Caliph
Successor to Muhammed
204
Charter
A written document about the rights and privileges of a town
205
Vernacular
Everyday languages of the people, such as French, German, and Italian.
206
What was Constantinople re-named?
Istanbul
207
Archipelago
The chain of islands Japan's located on.
208
Which side of Constantinople is Asia minor on???
East
209
Muezzin
Person ego calls the faithful to the prayer at Mosques
210
Common law
A legal system based on court rulings. It applied to all of England
211
The Mughal dynasty
Lasted from 1256-1857, it was set up by Babur, after he got rid of the last of the Delhi Sultanate (Mughal is the Persian word for Mongol)
212
Chivalry
Knights code of honor
213
Who appointed church officials in Byzantine?
The king
214
Greek fire
Atomic bomb of the time, made by the Byzantines
215
Justinian
He ruled for 38 years, was considered Byzantines most ambitious ruler. Wanted to recreate the roman empire and made a code of laws similar to the roman code of laws.
216
Song dynasty
A scholarly general named Zhao Kuangyin reunited a lot of China and founded the dynasty. It ruled for 319 years. It controlled less land than the tang dynasty, but they were under a lot more threat. They improved a lot of farming methods and built canals. They were eventually fell at the feet of the Mongols. They made paintings of nature mostly
217
What's the body of water that separates Europe and Asia
Eps porous strait
218
Taj Mahal
Mumtaz's resting place, created by her husband Shah Jahan
219
Habeas corpus
The principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
220
Tehran
The capital of the Qajars, after they won control of Iran. They ruled till 1925
221
What did clergy in the Byzantine empire get to keep doing???
Marry
222
Who owned castles in the 1100's?
Monarchs and Nobles
223
Byzantine!
Empire, Constantinople was capital
224
Ibn Khaldun
Set standards for the scientific study of history, urged historians to trust resources only after investigation
225
Kublai Khan
Genghis Khans grandson, took out the last Song emperor in 1279. He ruled from his capital Khanbaliq (present day Beijing) over all of china, Korea, and Tibet. His Dynasty was the Yuan dynasty
226
Delhi
Capital that Sultan Ghur chose
227
Where is Jerusalem located on a map?
By the red sea
228
Mshah Abbas
Revived the glory of ancient Persia, made new CAPITAL Isfahan which became the center of international silk trade. It brought thousands of Armenians to it. The empire slowly collapsed after his death
229
The black death
Plague that struck most of Europe. Took out one out of every three people. Worst death, even worse than any war in history
230
Sikhism
A religion created by a man called Nanak in northern India
231
Journeyman
JourneymenGuild members, salaried workers
232
🌟John Gutenberg
Was the first man to have made a complete an edition of a bible using a printing press.
233
Tang Dynasty
When the Sui dynasty began to fall, general Li Yuan's 16 year old son Li Shimin urged him to revolt. Together they crushed all their rivals and established the Tang dynasty. Made land reform.
234
Capital
Money for investment
235
Sufis
Mystics who seek communication with god through meditation, fasting, and many other different rituals
236
How many Pillars of Faith are there?
5
237
The Treaty of Verdun
Charlemagne's grandsons split the region into three parts
238
Sacraments
Sacred rites of the church, they got you into heaven
239
Patriarch
Highest church official in Constantinople.
240
🌟Raphael
Is known for his blending of Christian and classical styles. He created the school of Athens painting, which portrayed many brilliant minds including Leonardo and Michelangelo
241
Pagoda
Multistoried temple dedicated to Buddhism
242
Battle of Tours
732, it was a battle of Christians against Muslims. The Christians one, stopping the Muslims in their tracks
243
Safavid dynasty
Began in the 1500's, it united an empire in Persia. They were sandwiched between Mughal India and the ottoman empire.
244
Tenant farmers
People who paid rent for their land or hired farm laborers
