Second part of the Bio Lecture :)

Question 1

What is the difference between intros and exons?

Answer 1

• introns: non-coding sequences (other functions)
• exons: coding segments of a gene, is trasnlated into a protein

Question 2

What are trasncription factors?

Answer 2

• stimulate the process, can switch genes on and off

Question 3

What is the RNA polymerase?

Answer 3

• an enzyme that transcribes a seqeunce of DNA into mRNA

Question 4

Functions of proteins: proteins can be

Answer 4

• enzymes
• receptors
• ion channels
• trasnsport of substances
• muscle and organ tissue

Question 5

What are polypeptides?

Answer 5

long chains of amino acids

Question 6

Structure/folding of protein

Answer 6

1. Protein structure - sequence of amino acids
2. Protein structure - Localized folding/conformation
3. Protein structure - complete folding pattern
4. Protein structure - interaction of subunits forming a larger protein

Question 7

What is a globular protein?

Answer 7

highly folded and compact structure

Question 8

What is a fibrous protein?

Answer 8

long and stringy structure

Question 9

Nucleic acids (def.)

Answer 9

chains of neucleotides

Question 10

Nucleoside (def.)

Answer 10

1. Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
2. Base
   - two components

Question 11

Nucleotide (def.)

Answer 11

1. Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
2. Base
3. Phosphate
   - three components

Question 12

What are monosaccarides?

Answer 12

simple sugar

Question 13

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 13

nucleotide provides energy to the cellular process

Question 14

cyclic adenosine monophate (cAMP)

Answer 14

nucleotide that serves as a second messenger

Question 15

What is a histone?

Answer 15

the DNA wrapped around proteins

Question 16

What is a nucleosome?

Answer 16

• consists of a DNA segment
• wrapped about 2 times around 8 histone proteins
• similar to a threat wrapped around a coil

Question 17

What is a chromonome?

Answer 17

• long chain of nucletoides
• folded and coiled togteher with proteins including histones

Question 18

Chromatin (def.)

Answer 18

all genetic material inside the nucleus.

Question 19

A nucleotide consists of which three parts?

Answer 19

1. A base
2. A sugar
3. One (or more) phisphate groups

Question 20

Which are purin bases?

Answer 20

Adenin and Guanin

Question 21

Which are pyrimidin bases?

Answer 21

Thymin and Cytosin

Question 22

What is the difference of RNA to DNA?

Answer 22

• ribose makes the sugar components of the nucleotides of RNA (not deoxyribose like in the DNA)
• contains the base uracil
• is made of 1 strand instead of a double strand (DNA)

Question 23

What is a single nucleotide polymorphism?

Answer 23

• variation of a single nucleotide

Question 24

What can a single nucleotide polymorphism do?

Answer 24

• alters a codon/triplet

Question 25

What is a triples/codon?

Answer 25

- the smallest functional unit of DNA and RNA - refers to a region of three consecutive nucleotides of DNA or RNA

Question 26

What do genes do?

Answer 26

- they carry out their function for the organism by determining whivh types of proteins a cell produces - at the same time providing the blueprint for their construction

Question 27

What is a protein?

Answer 27

- an extraordinarily large complex molecule - is composed of several hundred smaller molecular building blocks, the amino acids.

Question 28

The oxytocin receptor is a polypeptide consisting of HOW MANY amindo acids?

Answer 28

389 amino acids.

Question 29

Lower heart rate variability is found in patients suffering from ...

Answer 29

- depression - anxiety disorder - panic disorder - post traumatic stress disorder - cardiac-vascular disease - diabetes

Question 30

Heart rate variability is lower when ...

Answer 30

- poeple that smoke, drink alcohol on a very regular basis - obese people - if the tempertaure is high or if it is freezing

Question 31

Increase in herat rate variability when ...

Answer 31

- poeple engage in moderately intense sports - people in your younger age - during the night

Question 32

Oxytocin polymorphism, which have shown that the A allele of rs53576 is associated with ...

Answer 32

- deficits in socioemotional domains - reduced empathic accuracy - lower positive affect - heightenes physiological stress reactivity - reduced social support seeking during times of distress when it is culturally normative - reduced efficacy of social support

Question 33

What is the nucleus paraventricularis?

Answer 33

- nucleus of the hypothalamus - whose neurons produce various hormones - including oxytocin

Question 34

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 34

- controls many motivational aspects - controls vegetative aspects such as hunger, thirst and sexual behavior

Question 35

The pituitary gland consists of which two parts?

Answer 35

1. anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) 2. posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

Question 36

Oxytocin and vasopressin are the most important hormones of the ...

Answer 36

- neurophypophysis (posterior hypothalamus)