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Biological psychology > Chapter 2 - Fundamental genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Fundamental genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Dichotomous traits

A

occur in one form or the other, never in combination (brown or white seeds)

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2
Q

True-breeding lines

A

breeding lines in which interbred memebers always produce offspring with the same trait, generation after generation

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3
Q

Dominant trait

A

appeared in all of the first-generation offspring

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4
Q

Recessive trait

A

appeared in one quarter of the second generation offspring.

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

an organism’s observable traits

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6
Q

Genotype

A

the trait that it can pass on to its offspring through its genetic material

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7
Q

Four imporant ideas of Mendal (his theory)

A
  1. There are two kinds of inherited factors for each dichotomous trait (brown vs. white)
  2. Each organism possesses two genes for each of its dichotomous traits (AB for example)
  3. One of the two kinds of genes for each dichotomous traits dominates the other in heterozygous organisms (A stronger than B)
  4. For each dichotomous trait, each organism randomly inherits one of its father’s two factors and one from its mother’s to factors.
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8
Q

What is a gene?

A

An inherited factor

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9
Q

Allele

A

Two genes that control for the same trait (could be AA or AB or BB)

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10
Q

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

A

Homozygous: two identical genes for a trait (AA) and heterozygous: two different genes for a trait (A and B)

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11
Q

Chromosomes

A

-thredlike strctures in the nucleus of the cell
- occur in pairs
- humans have 23

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12
Q

Meiosis

A

the process of cell division that produces games (egg cells and sperm cells)

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13
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg - when a sperm cell and egg cell combine during fertilization

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14
Q

Stages of the Meiosis (regarding the book)

A
  1. The chromosomes line up in pairs
  2. Genetic recombination
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15
Q

Genetic recombination

A

the members of each pair cross over one another at random points, break apart at the point of contact, and exchange sections.

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16
Q

two ways that contribute to genetic diversity while the process of meiosis

A
  1. The random division of pairs of chromosomes into two gametes
  2. Genetic recombination.
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17
Q

Mitosis

A
  • all other cell divisions in the body
  • prior to mitotic division, the number of chromosomes double - so when the cell divides, both daughter cells end up with the full complement of chromosomes
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18
Q

What are the four nucleotide bases?

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Thymine
  3. Guanin
  4. Cytosine
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19
Q

What are mutations?

A

Errors in duplication

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20
Q

How does the replication work?

A
  • the two DNA strands start to unwind
  • the exposed nucleotide bases on each of the two strands attract their complementary bases
  • when the unwinding is complete, two double-stranded DNA molecules have been created
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21
Q

Autosomal chromoses

A

-the typical chromoses
- come in matched pairs.

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22
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

the pair of chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex (XX or XY)

23
Q

Sex-linked traits: Are controlled by genes on what chromosome?

A

traits influenced by genes on the sex chromosome, are controlled by the genes on the X chrosomosome

24
Q

Proteins

A

long chains of amino acids

25
Q

Enhancers

A

stretches of DNA whose function is to determine whether particular structural genes initiate the synthesis of proteins and at what rate

26
Q

Transcription factors

A

Proteins that bind to DNA and influence the extent to which genes are expressed.

27
Q

RNA

A
  • contains the nucleotide uracil instad of thymine
  • has phosphate and ribose backbone
28
Q

How does gene expression work?

A
  • the small section of the chromosome that contains the gene unravels
  • the unraveled sections of one the DNA strands serves as a template for the transcription of a short strand of robonucleic acid (RNA)
  • the messenger RNA attaches itself to one of the many ribosomes in the cell’s cytoplasm
  • the ribosome them moves along the strand of the messenger RNA, translating the genetic code
  • Each codon (three bases) isntructs the ribosome to add 1 of the 20 different kinds of amino acids to the protein (that is being contructed)
29
Q

Codon

A

Each group of three consecutive nucleotide bases along the messenger RNA strand

30
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Each kind of amino acid is carried to the ribomsome by molecules of transfer RNA

31
Q

The process of gene expression involved two phases

A
  1. Transcription of the DNA base-sequence code to an RNA base-sequence code
  2. Translation of the RNA base-sequence code into a sequence of amino acids.
32
Q

Three major contributions of the Human Genome Project

A
  1. Many new techniques for studying DNA were developed
  2. The discovery that we humans have relatively few genes
  3. Many variations in the human genome related to particular diseases have been identified.
33
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than the genetic code and its expressions

34
Q

DNA methylation

A

reaction, occurs when a methyl group attaches to a DNA molecule (is an epigenetic mechanism)

35
Q

Histone remodeling

A

reaction, occurs when histones (proteins around which DNA is coiled) change their shape

36
Q

RNA editing

A

Some epigenetic effects regulate gene expressions by acting on RNA messenger rather than genes (called RNA editing)

37
Q

Trasngenerational epigenetics

A

examines the transmission of experiences via epigenetic mechanisms across generations.

38
Q

Ontogeny

A

the development of individuals over their life span.

39
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary development of species throught the ages.

40
Q

What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A
  • neurological disorder
  • high levels of phenylpyruvic acid in urine samples
  • intellectually disabled children
41
Q

Sensory phase (development of birdsong)

A

several days after hatching - young birds do not sing, but form memories of the adult songs they hear

42
Q

Sensorimotor phase (development of birdsong)

A

juvenile males begin to twitter subsongs (several months old)

43
Q

What two songbird species are there?

A
  1. Age-limited learners
  2. Open-ended learners
44
Q

Two major components of the neural circuit that controls birdsong in the canary

A
  1. Descending motor pathway (mediates song production)
  2. Anterior forebrain pathway (mediates song learning)
45
Q

Development of individuals (1) vs. developement of differences among individuals (2)

A
  1. effects of genes and eypereince are inseperable
  2. effects of genes and experience are seperable.
46
Q

Heritability estimate

A
  • nurmerical estimate of the proportion of variability that occured in a particular trait in a particular study
  • as a result of the genetic variation in that study.
47
Q

Monozygotic twins
(and what can be documented assessing their DNA?)

A
  • genetically identical
  • assessing their DNA can document the development and survival of the many epigenetic differences that developed between them
48
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does the human have?

A

23 pairs!

49
Q

Each DNA strand is a sequenc of … and attached to …

A
  1. nucleotide basis (thymin, adenin, cytosine and guanin)
  2. a chain of phosphate and deoxyribose.
50
Q

How are the two DNA strands bonded together?

A

throught the attraction of adenin for thymin and guanin for cytosin (hence, two strands attracted)

51
Q

Streches of the DNA that lack structural genes include …

A

include portions of enhancers.

52
Q

Which epigenetic mechanisms have been discored by which gene expression can be regulated?

A
  • DNA mythalation
  • Histone remodeling
  • RNA editing
53
Q

Bird song behavior develops in which two phases?

A
  1. Sensory phase
  2. Sensorimotor phase

Biological psychology (11 decks)

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