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Biological psychology > Chapter 14 - Sleep, Dreaming and circadian Rhytms > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Sleep, Dreaming and circadian Rhytms Flashcards

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1
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM)

A
  • associated with stage 1 EEG
  • loss of core-muscle tone
  • low amplitude, high-freqeuncy
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2
Q

What are three standard psychophysiological bases for defining the stages of sleep?

A
  1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  2. Electrooculogram (EOG)
  3. Electromyogram (EMG)
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2
Q

Just before sleep

A
  • alpha waves : waxing and waning bursts of 8-12 Hz EEG waves (low-voltage, high-frequency)
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2
Q

First-night phenomenon

A

when in a sleeping lab, you must be there for several nights before starting with the analysis, because you might sleep different in the first night.

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2
Q

Stage 1 sleep EEG

A
  • low-voltage, high-frequency
  • similar but a but slower than alert wakefulness
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3
Q

Stage 2 sleep EEG

A
  • higher amplitude and lower freqeuncy
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4
Q

Which two characteristic wave forms appear in stage 2 Sleep EEG?

A
  1. K complex: single large neagtive wave (upward deflection) followed by a single large posiitve wave (downward deflection)
  2. Sleep spindle: 0.5 to3 sec waxing and waning burtsts of 9 - 15 Hz waves.
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5
Q

Stage 3 sleep EEG

A
  • predominance of delta waves (largest and slowest EEg waves)
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6
Q

Initial stage 1 EGG (1) vs. Emergent stage 1 EGG (2)

A
  1. first period of stage 1 EEG during a night’s sleep
  2. subseqeunt stage of stage 1 sleep EEG, accompanied by REMs and by a loss of tone in muscles of the body core.
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7
Q

NREM sleep

A
  • all other stages together
  • inital stage 1, stage 2, stage 3
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8
Q

What are 5 beliefs about dreaming? And are they correct?

A
  1. External stimuli can be incorporated into dreams (TRUE)
  2. Dreams only last an instant -, dreams run in real time
  3. Some poeple claim they they don’t dream - BUT thse peopel have as much REM sleep as normal dreamers.
  4. Penile erections - indicative of dreams with sexual behavior? -NO, even babies have them.
  5. Poeple belief that sleep talking and sleepwalking occur in REM sleep - NO true.
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9
Q

Interpretation of dreams - Sigmund Freud

A
  • dreams represent unacceptable wishes
  • key to understand people - interpret the manifest dreams (dreams we experience)
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10
Q

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

A
  • based on observation that, during REM sleep, many brain-stem circuits become active and bombard the cerebral cortext with neural signals
  • info is random and that the resulting dream in the cortex is effort to make sense out of these random signals.
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11
Q

Why do we sleep, and why do we sleep when we do - two kind of theories …

A
  1. Recuperation theories of sleep
  2. Adaptation theories of sleep
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12
Q

Recuperation theories of sleep

A

being awake disrupts the homeostasis (internal physiological stability) of the body and sleep is required to restore it.

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13
Q

Two most common theories of the recuperation theory …

A
  1. Restore energy levels (that decline during wakefulness)
  2. Clear toxins (that accumulate during wakefulness)
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14
Q

Adaptation theories of sleep

A

sleep is not a reaction to the disruptive effects of being awake but the result of an internal 24-hour timing mechanims.

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15
Q

Comparative analysis of sleep - Investigation of sleep has led to several important conclusions:

A
  1. Sleep serves important physiological function
  2. The primary function of sleep is not special, higher-order human function
  3. Sleep is not necessarily needed in large quantities.
  4. No strong relation between a species sleep time and its level of activity, body size or temperature
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16
Q

Predictions of recuperation theories about sleep deprivation

A
  1. Long periods of wakefulness will produce physiological and behavioral disturbances
  2. These disturbances will grow worse as the sleep deprivation continues.
  3. After a period of deprivation has ended, much of the misses sleep will be regained.
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17
Q

Moderate amounts of sleep deprivation have been foud to have three consistent effects:

A
  1. Sleep-deprived individuals display an increase in sleepiness
  2. Sleep-deprived individuals display negative affect on various written tests of mood.
  3. They perform poorly on test of sustained attention.
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18
Q

Microsleeps

A

breif periods of sleep, typically 2 - 3 seconds long

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19
Q

Carousal appartaus

A

used to deprive an experimental rat of sleep while a yoked rat is exposed to the same number and pattern of disk rotation

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20
Q

REM sleep deprivation has shown two major effects:

A
  1. REM rebound
  2. Participants have to be awakened more often - greater tendency for participants to initiate REM sequences (with each sucessive night of deprivation)
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21
Q

Default theory of REM sleep

A

it is difficult to stay continously in NREM sleep, so the brain periodically swithces to one of the two other states (REM sleep and wakefulness)

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22
Q

6 major pieces of evidence that sleep deprivation increases the efficiency of sleep

A
  1. People regain most of their slow-wave sleep
  2. After sleep deprovation: slow-wave sleep is characterized by an even higher proportion of slow-waves
  3. People sleep 6 hours or less per night get as much slow-wave sleep (as people sleeping 8 hours)
  4. Taking a nap after waking up . naptime EEG shows fewer slow waves
  5. Reducing sleep time leas to less NREM 1 &2 (but same amount of NREM 3)
  6. Waking people during NREM 3 - major effects on the sleepiness.
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23
Q

Zeitgebers

A

environemntal cues (light-dark cycle) that can entrain the circadian rhythms

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24
Q

Free-running rhytms

A

circadian rhytms in constant environemnts with no zeitgebers

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25
Q

Internal biological clock

A

habitually runs a little slow unless it is entrained by time-related cues in the environment.

26
Q

Internal desynchronization

A

sleep-wake and body temperature cycles soemtimes break down from one another

27
Q

Jet lags

A

zeitgebers that control the phases of various circadian rhytms are accelerated during east-bound flight (phase advances) /decelerated during west-bound flights (phase deplays)

28
Q

Shift work

A

zeitgeber stay the same, but wokers are forced to adjust their natural sleep-wake cycle to meet the demands of changing work schedules.

29
Q

Circadian clock

A

physiological systems that regulate sleep are controlled by an internal timing mechanism.

30
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

A

specific lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the medial hypothalamus were shown to disrupt various circadian cycles, including sleep-wake cycles.

31
Q

Tau

A

first mamalian circadian gene to be identified.

32
Q

Clock

A

a mammalian circadian gene discovered in mice, first circadian gene to have its structured characterized

33
Q

The ideentification of circadian genes has led to three important discoveries.

A
  1. The same or similar circadian genes have been found in many species of different evolutioary age
  2. The key mechnaim seems to be gene expression.
  3. Although most cells contain potential circadian timing mechansims, these cellular clocks are normally regulated by neural and hormonal signals from the CSN.
34
Q

Which two areas of the hypothalamus are involved in sleep?

A
  1. Posterior hypothalamus - in wakefulness
  2. Anterior hypothalamus - in sleep
35
Q

Cerveau isolé preparation

A

isolted forebrain (disconnected from sensory input)
-produces slow-wave sleep

36
Q

Encéphale isolé preparation

A

transection of brain stems - disconnected the nervous system from the rest of the nervous system.
- did not disrupt the normal cycle of sleep EEF and wakefulness EEG

37
Q

Four pieces of evidence that the reticular formation is involved in sleep

A
  1. The effects in cortical EEG of the cerveau isolé preparation (slow-wave sleep)
  2. The effects on cortical EEG of the encéphale isolé preparation (displayed a normal sleep-wake cycle)
  3. The effects of reticular formation
    lesions
  4. The effects on sleep of stimulation of the reticular formation (awakened cats and produced a EEG desynchronization)
38
Q

Caudal reticular formation

A
  • involved in sleep and control REM sleep
  • REM sleep occurs only when a network of independent structures becomes active together.
39
Q

Benzodiazepines

A
  • GABAA agonists
  • were developed and tested for the treatment of anxiety
  • effective in treatment of sleep difficulties, BUT chronic sleep difficulties is ill advised.
40
Q

What are five complications with the chronic use of benzodiazepines?

A
  1. Tolerance develops
  2. Cessation of benodiazepine after chornic use causes insmonia
  3. Disorts the normal pattern of sleep
  4. Leads to next day drowsiness
  5. Substantially reduces life expectancy
41
Q

Imidazopyridines

A
  • new class of GABAA agonists
  • marketed for the treatment of insomnia
  • has NOT been found safer
42
Q

Antihypnotic drugs

A
  • seem to pormote wakefullness by boosting activty of catecholamines
43
Q

Melatonin

A

hormone synthesized from the neurotransmitter serotonin int he pineal gland

44
Q

Pineal Gland

A

located on the midline of the brain just ventral to the rear portion of the corpus callosus
- timing properties and regulated circadian rhthms

45
Q

Exogenous melatonin - Is it sleep promoting?

A
  • melatonin can shift the timing of mammalian circadian cycles.
  • statistically significant, soporific (sleep-promoting) effect
46
Q

5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

A
  • hypnotic drug
  • readily passes through the blood-brain barrier
47
Q

Which drugs belong to hypnotic

A
  1. Benzodiazepines
  2. Imidazopyridines
    3.5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)
48
Q

Which drungs belong to antihypnotic

A
  1. cocaine-derived stimulants
  2. amphetamine-derived stimulants
  3. tricyclic antidepressants
49
Q

Which drugs belong to chronobiotic?

A

melatonin :)

50
Q

Insomnia

A
  • includes all disorders of initiating and mainting sleep
51
Q

latrogenic

A
  • many cases of insomnia are iatrogenic (physician-created) - because piels are a major cause of insomnia
52
Q

Sleep latency

A

time to fall asleep

53
Q

Sleep apnea

A
  • insomnia associated (sleep-distrubing problems)
54
Q

Sleep apnea disorders are two types:

A
  1. Obstructive sleep apnea: results from obstruction of the respiratory passages by muscle spams or atonia
  2. Central sleep apnea: results from failure of the central nervous system to stimulate respiration
55
Q

Two specific causes of insomnia are related to the legs:

A
  1. Periodic lim movement disorder
  2. Restless leg syndrome
56
Q

Periodic limb movement disorder

A

characterizes by period, involuntary movements of the limbs, often involving twitches of the legs during sleep

57
Q

Restless legs syndrome

A

are all too aware of their problem, complain of hard-to-describe tension or uneasines in their legs that keeps them from fallin asleep.

58
Q

Hypersomnia

A

included disorder of excessive sleep or sleepiness

59
Q

Narcolepsy

A

most widely studied disorder of hypersomnia
- experience severe daytime sleepiness and repeated, brief daytime sleep episodes

60
Q

Cataplexy

A

characterized by recurring losses of msucle tone during wakefullness, often triggered by an emotional experience (Hypersomnia)

61
Q

People with narcelepsy often experience two other symptoms

A
  1. Sleep paralyses
  2. Hypnagogic hallucinations
62
Q

What causes narcolepsy?

A

Orexin: neuropeptide
- reduces levels of orexin in the cerebrospinal fluid of individuals with narcolepsy

63
Q

REM-sleep behavior disorder

A
  • patients have little or no REAM sleep
  • OR REM sleep without core-muscle atonia (Parkinsons’t disease)
64
Q

Polyphasic sleep cycles

A

people sleep regularly more than one per day

65
Q

Monophasic sleep cycles

A

poeple sleep once per day

66
Q

Sleep inertia

A

when napping too long, leaves poeple unrefreshed and groggy.

Biological psychology (11 decks)

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