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Lehr Lecture :) Flashcards

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1
Q

How can cortisol be measured?

A

Through a hair sample

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2
Q

Definition of health (Constitution of the world health organizaion)

A
  • health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
  • not merely the absence of a disease
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3
Q

What is the difference between rumination and worrying?

A
  • both are forms of perseverative negative thinking
  • worries are future-oriented
  • rumination is past-oriented
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3
Q

What is perseverative thinking?

A

the repeated or chronic activation of the cognitive representation of one or more psychological stressors

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3
Q

What is PICO interventional research?

A

P = Patient
I = Intervention/prognostic factors
C = Comparison intervention
O = Outcome of interest

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4
Q

What are the questions you have to ask yourself when you find and effect?

A
  1. Is is practically meaningful?
  2. Is it a realistic effect?
  3. Do a trade-off between meaningful and realestic effect components
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5
Q

Increased concentration in Ocytocin is related to …

A
  1. Increased trust and trustworthiness
  2. Positive physical contact with the partner
  3. Reduced release of stress hormones
  4. Fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression
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6
Q

What is individual health?

A

focuses on bio-psycho-social determinants of health, see WHO definition of health

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7
Q

What is public health?

A

focuses on health in a certain nation -> more than the individual (health is not equally distributed among the population)

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8
Q

What is global health?

A

focuses on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide -> more than a certain population

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9
Q

What is “One health”

A

focuses on the health of people, animals and the environment -> more than humans ( i.e. air pollution, usage of antibiotics, hearth warming etc. )

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10
Q

What is planetary health?

A

“Is the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends”.

“The concept of planetary health is based on the understanding that human health and human civilisation depend on flourishing natural systems and the wise stewardship of those natural systems.”

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11
Q

What do you usually take to compare the intervention to (what comparator)?

A
  • the current gold standard intervention
  • when no gold standard, use PLACEBO
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12
Q

What are questions you have to ask yourself when you find an effect?

A
  • is the intervention practically meaniingul?
  • is the effect realistic?
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13
Q

What are the different steps in G-power?

A
  1. What is a meaningful and realistic different between groups in your outcome?
  2. Assumption about the SD (based on prior studies)
  3. Calculate the effect size (trasnfer to main window)
  4. Choose (almost) always two-sided tests
  5. Alpha is (almost) always 0.05
  6. What is the certainity you want to have in finding differeces if they really exist (Power)
  7. Given the input - the sample size is given!!
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14
Q

What do you do after you run a G*Power analysis?

A
  1. apply to an ethical board
  2. Then register your study.
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15
Q

What is the Expressway?

A
  • any cues from your incoming senses that are associated with a treat in the amygdala are immediately processed to trigger the fear response.
  • happens before you consciously feel the fear.
  • The hypothalamus and pituitary gland cause the adrenal glands to pump out high levels of the stress hormone cortisol.
  • the body’s sympathetic nervous system shifts into overdrive causing the heart to beat fater, blood pressure to rise and lungs to hyperventilate.
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16
Q

What is the thoughtful route?

A
  • kicks in after the fear response had been activated
  • some sensory information takes a thoughtful route form the thalamus to the cortex
  • the cortex decides whther the sensory ifnormation warrants a fear reponse
  • if fear is a genuine threat, the cortex signals the amygdala to continue being alert.
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17
Q

What happens to visual and auditory stimuli (perspective on worry and anxiety?)

A
  • sight and sound are first processed by the thalamus filtering incoming cues and sends them directly to the amygdala or the cortex
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18
Q

What happens to olfactory stimuli (perspective on worry and anxiety)?

A
  • smell goes directly to the amygdala bypassing the thalamus
  • reason why smell often evokes string memeoires and feelings
19
Q

What is the Thalamus (perspective on worry and anxiety)?

A
  • the central hub for sights and sounds
  • breaks down incomning visual and auditory cues
  • then signals the cortex
20
Q

What is the amygdala (perspective on worry and anxiety)?

A
  • emotional core of the brain
  • primary role is to trigger the fear response
  • information is associated with emotional signifance
21
Q

What is the cerebral cortex (perspective on worry and anxiety) ?

A
  • gives raw sounds and sights a meaning
22
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do (perspective on worry and anxiety) ?

A
  • vital in turning off the anxiety response once the threat has passed
23
Q

What does the hippocampus do (perspective on worry and anxiety) ?

A
  • is the memory center storing raw information from the senses
24
Q

What does the bed nucleus of striatum do (perspective on worry and anxiety) ?

A
  • the amygdala sets off an immedite burst of fear
  • while the bed nucleus perpetuates the fear response causing longer term of unease typical of anxiety
25
Q

What does the Locus coeruleus do (perspective on worry and anxiety) ?

A
  • receives signals from the amygdala and initiates the classic anxiety response
  • rapid heartbeat, increases blood etc.
26
Q

what are 3 + 1 ways humans react to stress and anxiety?

A
  1. Fight
  2. Flight
  3. Freeze
  4. Fawn
27
Q

The fear network, important structures: Thalamus

A
  • the key relay station for sensory information flowing into the brain
  • filter out information of particular importance from the mass of signals entering the brain
28
Q

The fear network, important structures: Hypothalamus

A
  • composed of many nuclei with various functions
  • including regulating the acitvities of internal organs, monitoring information from the autonomic nervous system, controlling the pituitary gland, and regulating sleep and appetite.
29
Q

The fear network, important structures: Pituitary gland

A
  • an endocrine organ closely linked with the hypothalamus
  • composed of two lobes
  • secretes several different hormones that regulate the activity of other endocrine organs throughout the body
30
Q

The fear network, important structures: Hippocampus

A
  • seahorse-shaped structure
  • important part of the limbic system
  • involved in learning, memory and emotion
31
Q

The fear network, important structures: Prefrontal cortex

A
  • region at the frontal lobe
  • involved in the brain’s higher-level functions such as planning, decision making, and inhibitory control
32
Q

The fear network, important structures: Motor Cortex

A
  • a specialized region in frontal lobe
  • part of the neocortex
  • involved in planning and execution of movement
33
Q

Reduced concentration of oxytocin is found in patient with …

A
  1. Schizophrenia
  2. Depression
  3. Autism spectrum disorders
33
Q

What can the Orbifrontal cortex do? (Cortico-Striatal-thalamic loop)

A

Can inhibit excitatory inout from the thalamaus and sensory cortices to the amygdala

34
Q

What is the Striatum (Cortico-Striatal-thalamic loop) ?

A
  • a cluster of neurons deep within the brain divided into ventral and dorsal regions
  • ventral striatum: nucleus acumbens and olfactory tubercle
  • dorsal striatum: caudate and putamen
35
Q

What are the hypotheses of the study - oxytocin is associated with human trustworthiness (Zak et al.) - the investment game

A
  1. When people receive a monetary transfer that is volutary and intentional (connoting trust) peripheral oxytocin will be higher than when people receive a monetary transfer absent of an intention of trust.
  2. Increase in peripheral oxytocin will be associated with trustworthiness behavior (reciprocating trust)
36
Q

Which conditions did the investment game (Zak et al.) have?

A
  1. Intention condition: instruction of the standard game
  2. Random draw condition: What player 1 gives depends on the public lottery (interpersonal trust is eliminated)
37
Q

What were the main results fo the investment game - Oxytocin (Trust and trustworthiness)

A
  1. Only if the money received as an act of trust (intention condition) is there a relationship between the amount Player 1 gives and the amoun Player 2 gives
  2. Oxytocin levels were higher when there was an intention of trust.
38
Q

Oxytocin improves mind-reading in humans - What was the study-desing?

A
  • Two conditions: Mind reading placebo vs. mind reading oxytocin
  • participants underwent both conditions (within a week interval)
  • WITHIN subject desing
39
Q

Oxytocin improves mind-reading in humans - What were the results?

A
  • Oxytocin improved performance on the RMET(compared to Placebo)
  • significant mean increase (performance increased in 20 out of 30 participants)
40
Q

Oxytocin improves mind-reading in humans - What can be said about the sub results?

A
  • Total score item: significant effect
  • Subscore easy items: there was no significant effect (hence, no difference between oxytocin and the placebo group)
  • Subscore difficult items: significant effect!
41
Q

What is the general procedure of the TSST?

A
  • 45 minutes waiting period and 5 minutes pre-stress period
  • Actual TSST: AS, S, M
  • AS: anticipatory psychological stress - 10 min period preparing the speech.
  • S: Speech in front of audience for why they are a good candidate for their dream job - 5 min
  • M: difficult arithmetic task in front of the same audience - 5min
  • Recovery 1: min 70-90
  • Recovery 2: min 90 - 110
  • Debriefing
42
Q

What different groups were created in the TSST study (Heinrichs et al., 2003)

A
  1. No social support and placebo
  2. Social support and placebo
  3. No social support and oxytocin
  4. Social support and oxytocin
43
Q

What were the main results of the TSST study (Heinrichs et al., 2003)?

A

Amount of cortisol:
- Highest amount of cortisol in no support and placebo
- Lowest amount of cortisol in social support and oxytocin group

Level of calmness:
- No social support and placebo exhibited a decrease in calmness during stress
- Social support, oxytocin or borth showed increasing calmness during stress procedure.

44
Q

what are further common responses to stress?

A
  1. Tending to offspring
  2. Affiliating with others
45
Q

How does the tend and befriend model for (the simple version of it)?

A
  • social stressors trigger the need for affiliation
  • which motives for oxytocin promt affiliating behavior
  • hence, tend and befriend behavior
  • suportive relationshhips?
  • if yes the stress respone decrease
  • if no, the stress response increases
46
Q
A

Biological psychology (11 decks)

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