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Biological psychology > Chapter 3 - Anatomy of the nervous system > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Anatomy of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

the vertebrate nervous system is composed of two divisions

A
  1. the central nervous system
  2. the peripheral nervous system
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2
Q

the central nervous system (CNS) is composed of two divisions

A
  1. the brain
  2. the spinal cord
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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of two divisions

A
  1. Somatic nervous system
  2. Autonomic nervous system
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4
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS) has two kinds of nerves ..

A
  1. Affarent nerves
  2. Efferent nerves
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5
Q

Affarent nerves (SNS)

A

carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears etc. to the CNS

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6
Q

Efferent nerves (SNS)

A

carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletical muscles.

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7
Q

Affarent nerves (ANS)

A

carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS

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8
Q

Efferent nerves (ANS)

A

carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs.

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9
Q

What two kinds of efferent nerves are there (ANS)?

A
  1. Sympathetic nerves
  2. Parasympathetic nerves
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10
Q

What does the Somatic nervous system (SNS) do?

A

interacts with the external environment (part of the PNS)

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11
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

regulates the body’s internal environment (part of the PNS)

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12
Q

Sympathetic neurons (two-neural stage paths)

A

porject from the CNS synapse on second-stage neurons at a substantial distance from their target organ.

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13
Q

Parasympathetic neurons (two-neural stage paths)

A

project from the CNS synapse near their target organs on very short second-stage neurons.

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14
Q

Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nerves (difference in their funtion)

A
  1. Parasympathetic nerves - stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in thretening situations (physiological arousal)
  2. Sympathetic nerves - act to conserve energy (psychological relaxation)
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15
Q

The CNS has three protective membranes

A
  1. Dura mater (outer membrane)
  2. Arachnoid mebrane (inside the dura mater, spider-web-like)
  3. Pia mater (innermost meninx)
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16
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

a space beneath the arachnoid membrane, contain many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid.

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17
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

protects the CNS

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18
Q

the cerebrospinal fluid fills the … (three aspects)

A
  1. subarachnoid space
  2. central canal (of the spinal cord)
  3. cerebral ventricles (of the brain)
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19
Q

What is the traditional view of the cerebrospinal fluid production?

A

Cerebroppinal fluid is produces by the choroid plexus (network of cappilares)
- then obsorbed from the subarachnoid space into a major sinus.

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20
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

a mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain

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21
Q

Most of the cells of the NS are two fundamentally different types

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Glial cells
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22
Q

Neurons

A

cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals

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23
Q

Cell body (external anatomy)

A

the metabolic center of the neuron (also calles the soma)

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24
Q

Cell membrane (external anatomy)

A

The semipermeable mebrane that encloses the neuron

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25
Dendrites (external anatomy)
The short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synpatic contact from other neurons
26
Axon hillock (external anatomy)
the cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body
27
Axon (external anatomy)
the long, narrow, process that project from the cell body
28
Myelin (external anatomy)
the fatty isulation around many axons
29
Nodes of Ranvier (external anatomy)
the gaps between sections of myelin
30
Buttons (external anatomy)
the buttonline endings of the axon branches, which release chemical into the synapses
31
Synapses (external anatomy)
the gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted
32
Mitochondria (internal anatomy)
sites of earobic (oxygen-consuming) energy release
33
Nucleus (internal anatomy)
the spherical DNA-containing structure of the cell body
34
Endoplasmic reticulum (internal anatomy)
a system of folded membrane in the cell body
35
What kind of two structures does the entoplasmic reticulum contain?
1. Rough portions (with ribosomes) 2. Smooth portions (without ribosomes)
36
Cytoplasm (internal anatomy)
The clear internal fluid in the cell
37
Ribosomes (internal anatomy)
internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized, they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum
38
Golgi complex (internal anatomy)
A connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles
39
Microtubules (internal anatomy)
tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons
40
Synaptic vesicles (internal anatomy)
spherical membrane packages that store neurotrasnmitter molecules ready for release near the synapses
41
Neurotransmitter (internal anatomy)
Molecules released from active neurons, incluence the acitvity of the cell
42
What proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer?
1. Channel proteins 2. Signal proteins
43
Channel proteins
certain molecules can pass through
44
Signal proteins
trasnfer a signal to the inside of the neurons when particular molecules bind to them on the outside of the membrane
45
Multipolar neurons
a neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body
46
Unipolar neuron
a neuron with one process extending from its cell body.
47
bipolar neuron
a neuron with two processes extending from its cell body.
48
Interneurons
neurons with a short axon or no axon at all.
49
Nuclei
cluster of cell bodies in the CNS
50
Ganglia
cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
51
Tracts
bundles of axons in the CNS
52
nerves
bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system.
53
Difference betwenn Oligodendrocytes (1) and Schwann cells (2)
1. provides several myelin segments, cannot guide axonal regenration (regrowth) after damage 2. each cell constitutes one myelin segment, can guide axonal regeneration (regrowth) after damage
54
Microglia
smaller than other glial cells, respond to disease by multiplying
55
Astrocytes
- the largest glial cell (star-shaped)
56
Four different kinds of glial cells
1. Oligodendrocytes 2. Schwann cells 3. Microglia 4. Astrocytes
57
What is the Golgi Stain?
- a neuroanatomical technique - makes it possible to see individual neurons (only silhouette, no indication of number of neurons)
58
What is the Nissl stain?
- a neuroanatomical technique - estimate the number of cell bodies in an area by counting the number of nissle-stained dots.
59
What is an Electron miscroscopy?
- neuroanatomical technique - provides info about the details of neuronal structure (TOO detailed?)
60
what kinds of neuroanatomical tracing techniques are there?
1. Anterograde (forward) tracing methods 2. Retrograde (backward) tracing methods
61
Anterograde (tracing methods)
used when an investigator want to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in particular areas.
62
Retrograde (backward) tracing methods
used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area.
63
What directions are there in the vertebrate nervous system?
1. Anterior-posterior 2. Dorsal-ventral 3. Medial-lateral
64
Anterior
Toward the nose end (the anterior end) - referred to as rostral too
65
Posterior
Toward the tal end (the posterior end) - referred to as caudal too
66
Dorsal
toward the surface of the back or the top of the head (the dorsal surface)
67
Ventral
Toward the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head (the ventral surface)
68
Medial
toward the midline of the body
69
Lateral
Away from the midline toward the body's lateral surface.
70
The brain can be cut in one of three different planes
1. Horizontal sections 2. Frontal sections (coronal section) 3. Sagittal section
71
Midsagittal section
a section cut down the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres
72
Cross sectional
A section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure, ex. spinal cord.
73
The spinal cord compromises two different areas (apparent in cross-section)
1. An inner H-shaped core of grey matter 2. A surrounding area of white matter
74
White matter
composed largely of myelinated axons
75
Dorsal root axons
are sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outisde the cord to form the dorsal root ganglia.
76
The development of the brain
- The tissue that eventually develops into the CNS is recognizable as the fluid-filled tube (in the embryo) - three swelling occur at the anterior end of this tube (first indication of developing) - the three swellings develop into the adult FOREBRAIN, MIDBRAIN, and HINDBRAIN - before birth, the inital three swellings become five (in the neural tube)
77
Neurons of the central root
are motor (efferent) multipolar neurons with their cell bodies in the ventral horns.
78
From anterior to posterior - the five swellings that compose the developing brain at birth
1. Telencephalon 2. Diencephalon 3. Mesencephalon 4. Metencephalon 5. Myelencephalon
79
Which brain part undergoes the greates growth during development?
The telencephalon
80
Brain stem
- diencephalon - mesencephalon - metencephalon - myelencephalon
81
Myelencephalon
- the most poterior division of the brain - composed largely of tracts carrying singals between the rest if the brain and the body
82
The reticular formation
- complex network of about 100 tini nuclei - occupies the central core of the brain stem from the posterior boundary of the myelencephalon to anterior boundary of the midbrain.
83
Metencephalon
- houses many ascending and descending tasks as part of the reticular formation - pons, cerebellum and reticular formation.
84
Pons
one major division of the metencephalon
85
What are two major divisions of the metencephalon?
- the pons - the cerebellum
86
Cerebellum
- large, convoluted structure on the brain stem's dorsal surface. - an important sensorimotor structure
87
What two divisiosn does the mesencephalon have?
1. The tectum 2. The tegmentum
88
The tectum - was it is and what is it composed of (two structures)?
- the dorsal surface of the midbrain 1. Inferior colliculi (auditory function) 2. Superior colliculi (visual-motor function)
89
The tegmentum - what structures does it contain in addition to the reticular formation and tracts of passage?
- reticular formation - Periaqueductal gray (the gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct) - cerebral aqueduct - substantia negra (the black matter) - red nucleus (important component of the sensorimotor system)
90
The Diencephalon is composed of which two structures?
- thalamus - hypothalamus
91
The thalamus
- the large, two-lobed structed that constitutes the top of the brain stem
92
The two lobes of the thalamus are joined by which structure?
The mass intermedia: which runs through the ventricles.
93
What is visible on the surface of the thalamus?
- the white lamina (are composed of myelinated axons)
94
Sensory relay nuclei
- most well-understood thalamic nuclei - receive signals from sensory receptors, process them, and then trasnmit them to appropriate areas of sensory cortex.
95
The Hypothalamus
- located just below the anterior thalamus - plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors (eating, sleep and sexual behavior)
96
These structures appear on the interior surface of the hypothalamus
1. The pituitary gland 2. Optic chiasm 3. Mammillary bodies
97
The pituitary gland
the hypothalamus exerts its effecs in part by regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
98
Optic chiasm
the point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together
99
Mammillary bodies
a pair of spherical neuclei loctaed on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, just behind the pituitray.
100
What is the telencephalon?
- the largest division of the human brain - mediates the brain's most complex functions
101
What functions does the telencephalon mediate?
- initiates voluntary movement - interprets sensory output - mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking and problem solving
102
Cerebral cortex
- the cerebral hemispheres are covered by a layer of tissue called the cerebral cortex - mainly composed of small, unmylinated neuron - gray (often referred to as the gray matter)
103
What furrows are there?
- fissures - sulci
104
Fissures
the large furrows in a convoluted cortex
105
Sulci
the small furrows in a convoluted cortex
106
The longitudinal fissure
the cerebral hemispheres are almost completely sperated by the largest of the fissures (longitudinal fissure)
107
cerebral commisures
the cerebal hemispheres are directly connected by a few tracts spanning the longitudinal fissures (cerebal commisures)
108
The two major landmarks on the lateral surface of each hemisphere:
- central fissure - lateral fissure
109
These fissures partially divided each hemiisphere intwo four lobes
1. The frontal lobe 2. The parietal lobe 3. The temporal lobe 4. The occipital lobe
110
Among the largest gyri are:
- the precentral gyri - the postcentral gyri - the superior temporal gyri
111
Main function of the occipital lobe
- the analysis of visual input to guide behavior
112
What is the lymbic system?
- is a circuit of midline structures that circles the thalamus - involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors
113
Amygdala
the almond-shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe.
114
Cingulate cortex
- the large strip of cortex in the cingulate gyrus on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres - just superior to the corpus callosum, it encircles the dorsal thalamus.
115
The fornix
the major tracts of the limbic system, also encircles the dorsal thalamus.
116
The septum
- a midline nucleus located at the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex - several tracts connext the septum and mammillary bodies with the amygdala and hippocampus
117
The role of the hippocampus (1), the hypothalamus (2) and the amygdala (3)
1. plays a role in certain forms of memory 2. involved in a variety of motivated behavior (eating, sleeping, and sex) 3. involed in emotion (fear)
118
What is all part of the limbic circuit?
- amygdala - cingualte cortex - fornix - septum - hippocampus - hypothalamus
119
What is all part of the basal ganglia?
- amygdala - caudate - putamen - globus pallidus - nucleus accumbens
120
What function does the basal ganglia have?
- plays a role in the performance of voluntary motor response and decisision making.
121
Caudate
- each caudate forms an almost complete circle - in its center si the putamen
122
Striatum
together the caudate and the putamen are knwon are the striatum
123
Globus pallidus
- pale circuit structure - is located medial to the putamen (between the putamen and the thalamus)
124
Nucleus accumbens
plays a role in the rewarding effects of addictive drugs and other reinforcers.

Biological psychology (11 decks)

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