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Biological psychology > Chapter 3 - Anatomy of the nervous system > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Anatomy of the nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

the vertebrate nervous system is composed of two divisions

A
  1. the central nervous system
  2. the peripheral nervous system
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2
Q

the central nervous system (CNS) is composed of two divisions

A
  1. the brain
  2. the spinal cord
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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of two divisions

A
  1. Somatic nervous system
  2. Autonomic nervous system
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4
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS) has two kinds of nerves ..

A
  1. Affarent nerves
  2. Efferent nerves
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5
Q

Affarent nerves (SNS)

A

carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears etc. to the CNS

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6
Q

Efferent nerves (SNS)

A

carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletical muscles.

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7
Q

Affarent nerves (ANS)

A

carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS

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8
Q

Efferent nerves (ANS)

A

carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs.

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9
Q

What two kinds of efferent nerves are there (ANS)?

A
  1. Sympathetic nerves
  2. Parasympathetic nerves
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10
Q

What does the Somatic nervous system (SNS) do?

A

interacts with the external environment (part of the PNS)

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11
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

regulates the body’s internal environment (part of the PNS)

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12
Q

Sympathetic neurons (two-neural stage paths)

A

porject from the CNS synapse on second-stage neurons at a substantial distance from their target organ.

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13
Q

Parasympathetic neurons (two-neural stage paths)

A

project from the CNS synapse near their target organs on very short second-stage neurons.

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14
Q

Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nerves (difference in their funtion)

A
  1. Parasympathetic nerves - stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in thretening situations (physiological arousal)
  2. Sympathetic nerves - act to conserve energy (psychological relaxation)
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15
Q

The CNS has three protective membranes

A
  1. Dura mater (outer membrane)
  2. Arachnoid mebrane (inside the dura mater, spider-web-like)
  3. Pia mater (innermost meninx)
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16
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

a space beneath the arachnoid membrane, contain many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid.

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17
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

protects the CNS

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18
Q

the cerebrospinal fluid fills the … (three aspects)

A
  1. subarachnoid space
  2. central canal (of the spinal cord)
  3. cerebral ventricles (of the brain)
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19
Q

What is the traditional view of the cerebrospinal fluid production?

A

Cerebroppinal fluid is produces by the choroid plexus (network of cappilares)
- then obsorbed from the subarachnoid space into a major sinus.

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20
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

a mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain

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21
Q

Most of the cells of the NS are two fundamentally different types

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Glial cells
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22
Q

Neurons

A

cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals

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23
Q

Cell body (external anatomy)

A

the metabolic center of the neuron (also calles the soma)

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24
Q

Cell membrane (external anatomy)

A

The semipermeable mebrane that encloses the neuron

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25
Q

Dendrites (external anatomy)

A

The short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synpatic contact from other neurons

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26
Q

Axon hillock (external anatomy)

A

the cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

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27
Q

Axon (external anatomy)

A

the long, narrow, process that project from the cell body

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28
Q

Myelin (external anatomy)

A

the fatty isulation around many axons

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29
Q

Nodes of Ranvier (external anatomy)

A

the gaps between sections of myelin

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30
Q

Buttons (external anatomy)

A

the buttonline endings of the axon branches, which release chemical into the synapses

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31
Q

Synapses (external anatomy)

A

the gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

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32
Q

Mitochondria (internal anatomy)

A

sites of earobic (oxygen-consuming) energy release

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33
Q

Nucleus (internal anatomy)

A

the spherical DNA-containing structure of the cell body

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34
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (internal anatomy)

A

a system of folded membrane in the cell body

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35
Q

What kind of two structures does the entoplasmic reticulum contain?

A
  1. Rough portions (with ribosomes)
  2. Smooth portions (without ribosomes)
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36
Q

Cytoplasm (internal anatomy)

A

The clear internal fluid in the cell

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37
Q

Ribosomes (internal anatomy)

A

internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized, they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

Golgi complex (internal anatomy)

A

A connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles

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39
Q

Microtubules (internal anatomy)

A

tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons

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40
Q

Synaptic vesicles (internal anatomy)

A

spherical membrane packages that store neurotrasnmitter molecules ready for release near the synapses

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41
Q

Neurotransmitter (internal anatomy)

A

Molecules released from active neurons, incluence the acitvity of the cell

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42
Q

What proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer?

A
  1. Channel proteins
  2. Signal proteins
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43
Q

Channel proteins

A

certain molecules can pass through

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44
Q

Signal proteins

A

trasnfer a signal to the inside of the neurons when particular molecules bind to them on the outside of the membrane

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45
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

a neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body

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46
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

a neuron with one process extending from its cell body.

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47
Q

bipolar neuron

A

a neuron with two processes extending from its cell body.

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48
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons with a short axon or no axon at all.

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49
Q

Nuclei

A

cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

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50
Q

Ganglia

A

cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

51
Q

Tracts

A

bundles of axons in the CNS

52
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system.

53
Q

Difference betwenn Oligodendrocytes (1) and Schwann cells (2)

A
  1. provides several myelin segments, cannot guide axonal regenration (regrowth) after damage
  2. each cell constitutes one myelin segment, can guide axonal regeneration (regrowth) after damage
54
Q

Microglia

A

smaller than other glial cells, respond to disease by multiplying

55
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • the largest glial cell (star-shaped)
56
Q

Four different kinds of glial cells

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Schwann cells
  3. Microglia
  4. Astrocytes
57
Q

What is the Golgi Stain?

A
  • a neuroanatomical technique
  • makes it possible to see individual neurons (only silhouette, no indication of number of neurons)
58
Q

What is the Nissl stain?

A
  • a neuroanatomical technique
  • estimate the number of cell bodies in an area by counting the number of nissle-stained dots.
59
Q

What is an Electron miscroscopy?

A
  • neuroanatomical technique
  • provides info about the details of neuronal structure (TOO detailed?)
60
Q

what kinds of neuroanatomical tracing techniques are there?

A
  1. Anterograde (forward) tracing methods
  2. Retrograde (backward) tracing methods
61
Q

Anterograde (tracing methods)

A

used when an investigator want to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in particular areas.

62
Q

Retrograde (backward) tracing methods

A

used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area.

63
Q

What directions are there in the vertebrate nervous system?

A
  1. Anterior-posterior
  2. Dorsal-ventral
  3. Medial-lateral
64
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the nose end (the anterior end)
- referred to as rostral too

65
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the tal end (the posterior end)
- referred to as caudal too

66
Q

Dorsal

A

toward the surface of the back or the top of the head (the dorsal surface)

67
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head (the ventral surface)

68
Q

Medial

A

toward the midline of the body

69
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline toward the body’s lateral surface.

70
Q

The brain can be cut in one of three different planes

A
  1. Horizontal sections
  2. Frontal sections (coronal section)
  3. Sagittal section
71
Q

Midsagittal section

A

a section cut down the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres

72
Q

Cross sectional

A

A section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure, ex. spinal cord.

73
Q

The spinal cord compromises two different areas (apparent in cross-section)

A
  1. An inner H-shaped core of grey matter
  2. A surrounding area of white matter
74
Q

White matter

A

composed largely of myelinated axons

75
Q

Dorsal root axons

A

are sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outisde the cord to form the dorsal root ganglia.

76
Q

The development of the brain

A
  • The tissue that eventually develops into the CNS is recognizable as the fluid-filled tube (in the embryo)
  • three swelling occur at the anterior end of this tube (first indication of developing)
  • the three swellings develop into the adult FOREBRAIN, MIDBRAIN, and HINDBRAIN
  • before birth, the inital three swellings become five (in the neural tube)
77
Q

Neurons of the central root

A

are motor (efferent) multipolar neurons with their cell bodies in the ventral horns.

78
Q

From anterior to posterior - the five swellings that compose the developing brain at birth

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
79
Q

Which brain part undergoes the greates growth during development?

A

The telencephalon

80
Q

Brain stem

A
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
81
Q

Myelencephalon

A
  • the most poterior division of the brain
  • composed largely of tracts carrying singals between the rest if the brain and the body
82
Q

The reticular formation

A
  • complex network of about 100 tini nuclei
  • occupies the central core of the brain stem from the posterior boundary of the myelencephalon to anterior boundary of the midbrain.
83
Q

Metencephalon

A
  • houses many ascending and descending tasks as part of the reticular formation
  • pons, cerebellum and reticular formation.
84
Q

Pons

A

one major division of the metencephalon

85
Q

What are two major divisions of the metencephalon?

A
  • the pons
  • the cerebellum
86
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • large, convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface.
  • an important sensorimotor structure
87
Q

What two divisiosn does the mesencephalon have?

A
  1. The tectum
  2. The tegmentum
88
Q

The tectum - was it is and what is it composed of (two structures)?

A
  • the dorsal surface of the midbrain
    1. Inferior colliculi (auditory function)
    2. Superior colliculi (visual-motor function)
89
Q

The tegmentum - what structures does it contain in addition to the reticular formation and tracts of passage?

A
  • reticular formation
  • Periaqueductal gray (the gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct)
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • substantia negra (the black matter)
  • red nucleus (important component of the sensorimotor system)
90
Q

The Diencephalon is composed of which two structures?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
91
Q

The thalamus

A
  • the large, two-lobed structed that constitutes the top of the brain stem
92
Q

The two lobes of the thalamus are joined by which structure?

A

The mass intermedia: which runs through the ventricles.

93
Q

What is visible on the surface of the thalamus?

A
  • the white lamina (are composed of myelinated axons)
94
Q

Sensory relay nuclei

A
  • most well-understood thalamic nuclei
  • receive signals from sensory receptors, process them, and then trasnmit them to appropriate areas of sensory cortex.
95
Q

The Hypothalamus

A
  • located just below the anterior thalamus
  • plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors (eating, sleep and sexual behavior)
96
Q

These structures appear on the interior surface of the hypothalamus

A
  1. The pituitary gland
  2. Optic chiasm
  3. Mammillary bodies
97
Q

The pituitary gland

A

the hypothalamus exerts its effecs in part by regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

98
Q

Optic chiasm

A

the point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together

99
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

a pair of spherical neuclei loctaed on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, just behind the pituitray.

100
Q

What is the telencephalon?

A
  • the largest division of the human brain
  • mediates the brain’s most complex functions
101
Q

What functions does the telencephalon mediate?

A
  • initiates voluntary movement
  • interprets sensory output
  • mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking and problem solving
102
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • the cerebral hemispheres are covered by a layer of tissue called the cerebral cortex
  • mainly composed of small, unmylinated neuron
  • gray (often referred to as the gray matter)
103
Q

What furrows are there?

A
  • fissures
  • sulci
104
Q

Fissures

A

the large furrows in a convoluted cortex

105
Q

Sulci

A

the small furrows in a convoluted cortex

106
Q

The longitudinal fissure

A

the cerebral hemispheres are almost completely sperated by the largest of the fissures (longitudinal fissure)

107
Q

cerebral commisures

A

the cerebal hemispheres are directly connected by a few tracts spanning the longitudinal fissures (cerebal commisures)

108
Q

The two major landmarks on the lateral surface of each hemisphere:

A
  • central fissure
  • lateral fissure
109
Q

These fissures partially divided each hemiisphere intwo four lobes

A
  1. The frontal lobe
  2. The parietal lobe
  3. The temporal lobe
  4. The occipital lobe
110
Q

Among the largest gyri are:

A
  • the precentral gyri
  • the postcentral gyri
  • the superior temporal gyri
111
Q

Main function of the occipital lobe

A
  • the analysis of visual input to guide behavior
112
Q

What is the lymbic system?

A
  • is a circuit of midline structures that circles the thalamus
  • involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors
113
Q

Amygdala

A

the almond-shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe.

114
Q

Cingulate cortex

A
  • the large strip of cortex in the cingulate gyrus on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres
  • just superior to the corpus callosum, it encircles the dorsal thalamus.
115
Q

The fornix

A

the major tracts of the limbic system, also encircles the dorsal thalamus.

116
Q

The septum

A
  • a midline nucleus located at the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex
  • several tracts connext the septum and mammillary bodies with the amygdala and hippocampus
117
Q

The role of the hippocampus (1), the hypothalamus (2) and the amygdala (3)

A
  1. plays a role in certain forms of memory
  2. involved in a variety of motivated behavior (eating, sleeping, and sex)
  3. involed in emotion (fear)
118
Q

What is all part of the limbic circuit?

A
  • amygdala
  • cingualte cortex
  • fornix
  • septum
  • hippocampus
  • hypothalamus
119
Q

What is all part of the basal ganglia?

A
  • amygdala
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • nucleus accumbens
120
Q

What function does the basal ganglia have?

A
  • plays a role in the performance of voluntary motor response and decisision making.
121
Q

Caudate

A
  • each caudate forms an almost complete circle
  • in its center si the putamen
122
Q

Striatum

A

together the caudate and the putamen are knwon are the striatum

123
Q

Globus pallidus

A
  • pale circuit structure
  • is located medial to the putamen (between the putamen and the thalamus)
124
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

plays a role in the rewarding effects of addictive drugs and other reinforcers.

Biological psychology (11 decks)

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