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Biological psychology > Chapter 9: Development of the nervous system > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Development of the nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Three things other than cell multiplication must occur …

A
  1. Cells must differentiate
  2. Cells must make their way to appropriate sites and align themselves with the the cell around them to form structures
  3. Cells must establish appropriate functional relations with other cells
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1
Q

Zygote

A

a single cell formed by the amalgamation of an ovum and a sperm

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2
Q

Developing neurons accomplish three things in which 5 phases?

A
  1. Induction of the neural plate
  2. Neural proliferation
  3. Migration and aggregation
  4. Axon growth and synapse formation
  5. Neuron death and synapse rearrangement
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3
Q

Totipotent

A

cells have the ability to develop into any class of cells in the body

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4
Q

Pluripotent

A

cells that have the ability to develop into many, but not all, classes of body cells

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5
Q

Multiponent

A

New cells can develop into different cells of only one class

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6
Q

Unipotent

A

Cells can develop into only one type of cells.

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7
Q

Ectoderm layer

A

the outermost of the three layers embryonic cell (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm)

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8
Q

The development of the neural plate

A
  • the first stage of neurodevelopment
  • the neural plate folds to form the neural groove
  • the lips of the neural groove fuse to form the neural tube
  • the inside of the neural tube becomes the cerebral ventricles and the spinal canal
  • these swellings develop into the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
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9
Q

Stem cells (cell of the neural plate) have to meet two criteria:

A
  1. unlimited capacity for self-renewal
  2. have the ability to develop into many different kind of cells.
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10
Q

Why do stem cells have an almost unlimited capacity of self-renawal?

A
  • when stem cell divide, two different daughter cells are created.
  • one develop into some type of body cell
  • the other devlops into another stem cell
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11
Q

What is the neural plate?

A
  • The tissue designed to develop into the human nervous system
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12
Q

Mesoderm layer

A
  • referred to as organizer
  • send out signals which induce the development of the neural plate
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13
Q

What does the inside of the neural tube eventully becomes?

A
  • the cerebral ventricles and the spinal cord
  • swellings develop into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
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14
Q

Neural Proliferation

A
  • second stage of the neurodevelopment
  • the cells increase greatly in number.
  • happens once the neural tube has been created
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15
Q

Ventricular zone

A
  • region adjacent to the ventricle
  • most cell division occur here
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16
Q

The complex patterns of profileration is part controlled by chemical signals from which two organizer areas in the neural tube?

A
  1. The floor plate
  2. The roof plate
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17
Q

Migration

A
  • third steps of neurodevelopment
  • cells migrate to the appropriate target location (are still inmature)
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18
Q

What two major factors govern migration in the developing neural tube?

A
  • time
  • location
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19
Q

Cell migration can be of two types (in the neural tube)

A
  • radial migration
  • tangential migration
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20
Q

Radial migration

A

proceeds from the ventricular zone in a straight line outward toward the outer wall of the tube

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21
Q

Tangential migration

A

-occurs at right angle to radial migration
- parallel to tube walls

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22
Q

What are two methods by which developing cells migrate …

A
  1. Somal translocation
  2. Glia-mediated migration
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23
Q

Somal translocation

A
  • an extension growths from the developing cell in the direction of the migration
  • the extension seems to explore the immediate environment for attractive and repulsive cues as it grows
  • the cell body itself moves into and along the extending process
24
Q

Glial-mediated migration

A
  • a network of (radial) glial cells appears during the process of neural proliferation
  • many cells engaging in radial migration do so by moving along the radial glial network
  • many radial glial cells develop into neurons
25
Q

What is the inside-out pattern?

A
  • each wave of cortical cells migrates through the already formed lower layers of cortex
  • before reaching its destination.
26
Q

Aggregation

A
  • once developing neurons have migrated
  • they must align themselves with other developing neurons that have migrated to the same area to form the structures of the nervous system (still 3. step)
27
Q

Cell-adhesion molecules (CAM)

A
  • mediate migration and aggregation (both)
  • have the ability to recognize molecules on other cells and adhere to them
28
Q

Axon growth

A
  • Axons and dendrites begin to grow on neurons once they have migrated to their positions
  • aggregate into neural structures
29
Q

Growth cone

A
  • amoebalike structure at each growing tip of an axon or a dendrite
30
Q

Chemoaffinity hypothesis of axonal development

A
  • growing axons are attracted to the correct targets by different chemical released by targte sites
31
Q

Pioneer growth cones

A

the first growth cone to travel along a particular route in a developing nervous system

32
Q

Fasciculation

A

the tendency of developing axons to grow along paths established by preceding axons.

33
Q

Topographic gradient hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that axonal growth is guided by the relative position of the cell bodies on interesting gradients

34
Q

Synapse formation

A
  • once axons have reached their intended sites (migration), they must establish an appropriate pattern of synapses
35
Q

Synaptogensis

A

Formation of new synapses (depends on the presence of glial cells)

36
Q

Neuron death

A
  • last phase of the neurodevelopment
  • genetic programs inside neurons are triggered and cause them to complete suicide
37
Q

Necrosis

A
  • passive cell death
  • necrotic cells break apart and spill their contents into extrecellular fluid
38
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • active cell death
  • safer than necrosis
  • DNA and other internal structures are cleaved apart and packaged into memebraned before the cell breaks apart
39
Q

Two kinds of triggers for apoptosis

A
  • some developing neurons appear to be genetically programmed for an early death (served their function)
  • some developing neurons seems to die because they fail to obtain the life-preserving chemicals
40
Q

Neurotrophins

A
  • promote the growth and survival of neurons
  • NGF first neutrophic to be isolated
41
Q

Synapse rearrangement

A
  • during the period of cell death, neurons that established incorrect connections are likely to die
  • the space is filled by sprouting axons
  • results in rearrangement of the synaptic connections.
42
Q

The postnatal growth of the human brain results from 3 other kinds of growth

A
  1. Synaptogenesis
  2. Myelination
  3. Braching of dendrites
43
Q

Development of the prefrontal cortex

A
  • the prefrontal cortex displays the most prolonged period of development of any brain region.
  • development is believed to be largely responsible for the course of human cognitive development.
44
Q

What are 4 types of cognitive functions that have pften been linked to the prefrontal cortex areas of the study?

A
  1. Working memory
  2. Planning and carrying out sequences of actions
  3. Inhibiting responses
  4. Following rules for social behavior
45
Q

Perseveration

A

tendency to continue making a formerly correct response when it is currently incorrect

46
Q

Permissive experiences

A

permit information in genetic programs of brain development to be expressed and maintained

47
Q

Instructive experiences

A

contribute to the information in genetic programs & influence the course of development

48
Q

Difference between critical (1) and sensitive periods (2)

A
  1. absolutely essential for an experience to occur within a particular interval to influence development
  2. an experience has great effects on development when it occurs during a particular interval but can still have weak effects outside the interval.
49
Q

A topographic map

A

the ordered projection of a sensory surface

50
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

the growth of neurons

51
Q

What is one popular theory - regarding neurogenesis in adult mammals?

A

that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is important for pattern seperation.

52
Q

What is the autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • neurodevelopmental disorder
  • almost always apparent before the age of 3
  • does not increas ein severity after that age
53
Q

What are two core symptoms of ASD?

A
  • reduced capacity for social interactions and communication
  • restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interest or activities.
53
Q

What is “special” about ADS?

A
  • it is a heterogenous disoder
  • some persons are savant
  • genetic factors influence the development of ASD
  • heterogeneity of ASD
54
Q

Savant

A

persons with developmental disabilities who nevertheless display amazing cogitive or artistic abilites.

55
Q

What is the Williams Syndrome?

A
  • a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intellectual disability
56
Q

What are symptoms of the Williams Syndrome?

A
  • delay in language developent
  • language deficits in adulthood
  • serious cognitive deficits
  • variety of health problems

Biological psychology (11 decks)

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