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CMSD5050 Fundamentals of Speech Science > Second Part: Finals questions lV > Flashcards

Second Part: Finals questions lV Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the maximum frequency range?

A

usually 2.5-3 oct

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2
Q

What is the maximum phonation time?

A
  • 100-200 ml/s
  • sustained phonation for 15-25 s
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3
Q

What is the minimum-maximum amplitude of voice production?

A

At least 20-30 dB

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4
Q

What is jitter? (2)

A
  • between cycle variation in frequency
  • differences of more than 1% sound rough/hoarse
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5
Q

What is shimmer?

A

Between cycle variation in amplitude

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6
Q

What is dysphonia?

A

Deviant in quality, pitch and/or loudness

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7
Q

What is breathy voice production?

A
  • poor approximation of vocal folds generates noise
  • low subglottal pressure > low intensity
  • example of hypoadduction
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8
Q

What occurs from the vocal folds in rough/hoarse vocal production?

A

excessive medial compression and tension

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9
Q

What is presbyphonia? (4)

A
  • age-related changes in voice quality
  • muscle atrophy
  • breathiness, hoarseness
  • increase in freq for men, decrease for women
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10
Q

What are the three common issues that arise when investigating the larynx? (3)

A
  1. location
  2. illumination
  3. rapidity of vibration
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11
Q

What is endoscopy?

A

Using scopes to take high resolution images of the trachea, bronchi, or esophagus.

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12
Q

What is direct laryngoscopy?

A

laryngoscope inserted through nose and guided into trachea

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13
Q

What are modern techniques for viewing the larynx? (4)

A
  • Stroboscopy
  • High-speed digital imaging
  • Transillumination/photoduction (direct beam of light onto neck
  • Videokymography
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14
Q

What is the open quotient? closed quotient?

A

OQ: proportion of time glottis is open during a single cycle
CQ: time glottis is closed

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15
Q

What is speed quotient?

A

Ratio of abduction to adduction

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16
Q

What is electroglottography?

A
  • It measures changes to conductance to current across the thyroid
  • produces a waveform
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17
Q

What is electromyography? (2)

A
  • Hooked-wire electrodes implanted directly into muscle
  • only indicates whether muscle is active
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18
Q

What is glottal/laryngeal tone? (2)

A
  • Short-duration vibrations generated within supraglottal air column
    -complex quasi-periodic sound consisting of harmonics
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19
Q

What are formants? (3)

A
  • resonances of the vocal tract
  • shapes glottal tone
  • determined by shape & length of vocal tract which changes dynamically with movements of the articulators
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20
Q

What is the most rapid articulator?

A

The tip of the tongue

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21
Q

The oral cavity is bounded by: (4)

A
  • Lips and cheek (front and sides)
  • Hard & soft palates (top)
  • Pharyngeal cavity (back)
  • Muscular floor, including tongue (bottom)
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22
Q

What is another name for the soft palate?

A

Velum

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23
Q

What is the maxilla?

A

Forms the upper jaw, roof of mouth, floor & lateral walls of the nasal cavity, floor of orbital cavity

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24
Q

What are the muscles of the face and mouth? (4)

A
  • Superior labial frenulum (lips-alveolar region)
  • Inferior labial frenulum (lips-mandible)
  • Orbicularis oris (closes mouth & puckers lips)
  • Buccinator (retracts corners of mouth)
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25
Q

Where is the buccinator located?

A
26
Q

Where is the orbicularis oris located?

A

around the mouth

27
Q

True/False. Mandible closes after every speech sound.

A

False. Mandible is never completely closed during speech

28
Q

What is malocclusion?

A

misalignment of teeth

29
Q

What are the articulatory functions of the mandible? (3)

A
  • Houses lower teeth
  • points of attachment for tongue & suprahyoid muscle
  • movement of mandible & tongue changes size & acoustic properties of oral cavity
30
Q

What is TMJ syndrome? (3)

A
  • unilateral chronic pain with chewing or jaw clenching
  • reduced mandibular movement
  • clicking, popping, grating during movement
31
Q

What are the names of the permanent teeth?

A

first mandibular molar is 1/2 tooth ahead of first maxillar molar

32
Q

What is Class 2 (distoclusion)?

A

“overbite”, mandibular molar is behind maxillar

33
Q

What is Class 3 (mesioclusion)?

A

“underbite”, mandibular molars are a full tooth ahead

34
Q

What is the soft palate (velum)? (4)

A
  • Opens/closes off the nasopharynx from the rest of the vocal tract
  • point of contact for velar speech sounds
  • lowered for m, n, ng & normal breathing
  • closed for all other speech sounds
35
Q

What are the 4 palatal tensors?

A
  1. Tensor palati (tenses velum)
  2. Levator palati (bulk of velum)
  3. Palatoglossus
  4. Palatopharygeus
36
Q

What are the palatal relaxors? (2)

A
  • Palatoglossus
  • Palatopharygeus
37
Q

What are the palatal elevators? (2)

A

-palatopharygeus
- musculus uvulae (shortens and lifts velum)

38
Q

What is the velopharyngeal mechanism? (3)

A

-valve that couples and decouples oral and nasal cavities
- velar is high with high tongue position
- velar is lower for vowels preceding nasal consonants

39
Q

What is hyponasality? hypernasality?

A

Hypo: inadequate coupling of nasal passages to oral & pharyngeal cavities (enlarged adenoids)
Hyper: excessive coupling (cleft palate)

40
Q

What are the 3 biological functions of the tongue?

A
  1. Taste
  2. Mastication (chewing)
  3. Deglutition (swallowing)
41
Q

The tongue is divided into two halves by the:

A

median sulcus

42
Q

What are the 4 regions of the tongue?

A
  1. Tip
  2. Blade (below alveolar ridge)
  3. Dorsum (below hard palate
  4. Root (anterior wall of pharyngeal cavity)
43
Q

True/False. The root and dorsum of the tongue are at a 90 degree angle from each other in most animals.

A

False, they are at a 90 degree angle only in upright animals

43
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? (4)

A
  • Superior longitudinal (shortens tongue, turns tip upward)
  • Inferior longitudinal (shortens tongue, turns tip down)
  • Transverse (narrows & elongates
  • Vertical (flattens tongue)
44
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? (4)

A
  • Genioglossus (bulk of tongue, protrudes & retracts tongue)
  • Styloglossus (draws tongue up & back)
  • Palatoglossus (lowers soft palate)
  • Hyoglossus (retracts & depresses tongue)
45
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

A
  1. Naso pharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
46
Q

What are the functions of the nose? (2)

A
  1. Respiration (controls; temp, humidity, particles)
  2. speech (nonbiological)
47
Q

What is the Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production? (4)

A
  • Output energy = source energy + resonance characteristics
  • Vocal tract resonates like a tube closed at one end
  • Vocal tract shapes input signal from vibrating vocal folds
  • Explains relationships between articulation and acoustics
48
Q

What is the vibrating source of the vocal tract?

A

The larynx

49
Q

The average (adult male) size of the vocal tract:

A

~17.5 cm

50
Q

What is the Extending Tube Resonance Model? (3)

A
  • Formants are not affected by whether the tube is straight or curved
  • Formants for different vowels vary about average frequencies for uniform tube
  • on average, resonance frequencies are distributed 1/1000Hz for men
51
Q

True/False. Energy source and resonator are independent from each other.

A

True

52
Q

Does the production of vowels depend on vocal pitch?

A

No, different vowels can be produced at the same pitch and you won’t lose phonetic distinctiveness

53
Q

What is glottal area function?

A
  • complex periodic
  • repeats at fundamental frequency
  • period typically 5s for women - 8 ms for men
53
Q

What is glottal area function?

A
  • complex periodic
  • repeats at fundamental frequency
  • period typically 5s for women - 8 ms for men
54
Q

What is laryngeal source spectrum? (3)

A
  • Can increase frequency at will
  • energy declines at f increases
  • most energy at lower freq
54
Q

What is laryngeal source spectrum? (3)

A
  • Can increase frequency at will
  • energy declines at f increases
  • most energy at lower freq
55
Q

What is transfer function?

A

it’s the difference between the vocal tract input and output

56
Q

What is radiation characteristic?

A

Filtering effect when sound leaves mouth

57
Q

What is the perturbation theory of formants?

A

Local constriction
- formant-frequency changes can be predicted based on position of perturbations
- can predict vowel formants from tongue position

CMSD5050 Fundamentals of Speech Science (11 decks)

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