Second Part: Finals questions lV Flashcards
What is the maximum frequency range?
usually 2.5-3 oct
What is the maximum phonation time?
- 100-200 ml/s
- sustained phonation for 15-25 s
What is the minimum-maximum amplitude of voice production?
At least 20-30 dB
What is jitter? (2)
- between cycle variation in frequency
- differences of more than 1% sound rough/hoarse
What is shimmer?
Between cycle variation in amplitude
What is dysphonia?
Deviant in quality, pitch and/or loudness
What is breathy voice production?
- poor approximation of vocal folds generates noise
- low subglottal pressure > low intensity
- example of hypoadduction
What occurs from the vocal folds in rough/hoarse vocal production?
excessive medial compression and tension
What is presbyphonia? (4)
- age-related changes in voice quality
- muscle atrophy
- breathiness, hoarseness
- increase in freq for men, decrease for women
What are the three common issues that arise when investigating the larynx? (3)
- location
- illumination
- rapidity of vibration
What is endoscopy?
Using scopes to take high resolution images of the trachea, bronchi, or esophagus.
What is direct laryngoscopy?
laryngoscope inserted through nose and guided into trachea
What are modern techniques for viewing the larynx? (4)
- Stroboscopy
- High-speed digital imaging
- Transillumination/photoduction (direct beam of light onto neck
- Videokymography
What is the open quotient? closed quotient?
OQ: proportion of time glottis is open during a single cycle
CQ: time glottis is closed
What is speed quotient?
Ratio of abduction to adduction
What is electroglottography?
- It measures changes to conductance to current across the thyroid
- produces a waveform
What is electromyography? (2)
- Hooked-wire electrodes implanted directly into muscle
- only indicates whether muscle is active
What is glottal/laryngeal tone? (2)
- Short-duration vibrations generated within supraglottal air column
-complex quasi-periodic sound consisting of harmonics
What are formants? (3)
- resonances of the vocal tract
- shapes glottal tone
- determined by shape & length of vocal tract which changes dynamically with movements of the articulators
What is the most rapid articulator?
The tip of the tongue
The oral cavity is bounded by: (4)
- Lips and cheek (front and sides)
- Hard & soft palates (top)
- Pharyngeal cavity (back)
- Muscular floor, including tongue (bottom)
What is another name for the soft palate?
Velum
What is the maxilla?
Forms the upper jaw, roof of mouth, floor & lateral walls of the nasal cavity, floor of orbital cavity
What are the muscles of the face and mouth? (4)
- Superior labial frenulum (lips-alveolar region)
- Inferior labial frenulum (lips-mandible)
- Orbicularis oris (closes mouth & puckers lips)
- Buccinator (retracts corners of mouth)
Where is the buccinator located?
Where is the orbicularis oris located?
around the mouth
True/False. Mandible closes after every speech sound.
False. Mandible is never completely closed during speech
What is malocclusion?
misalignment of teeth
What are the articulatory functions of the mandible? (3)
- Houses lower teeth
- points of attachment for tongue & suprahyoid muscle
- movement of mandible & tongue changes size & acoustic properties of oral cavity
What is TMJ syndrome? (3)
- unilateral chronic pain with chewing or jaw clenching
- reduced mandibular movement
- clicking, popping, grating during movement
What are the names of the permanent teeth?
first mandibular molar is 1/2 tooth ahead of first maxillar molar
What is Class 2 (distoclusion)?
“overbite”, mandibular molar is behind maxillar
What is Class 3 (mesioclusion)?
“underbite”, mandibular molars are a full tooth ahead
What is the soft palate (velum)? (4)
- Opens/closes off the nasopharynx from the rest of the vocal tract
- point of contact for velar speech sounds
- lowered for m, n, ng & normal breathing
- closed for all other speech sounds
What are the 4 palatal tensors?
- Tensor palati (tenses velum)
- Levator palati (bulk of velum)
- Palatoglossus
- Palatopharygeus
What are the palatal relaxors? (2)
- Palatoglossus
- Palatopharygeus
What are the palatal elevators? (2)
-palatopharygeus
- musculus uvulae (shortens and lifts velum)
What is the velopharyngeal mechanism? (3)
-valve that couples and decouples oral and nasal cavities
- velar is high with high tongue position
- velar is lower for vowels preceding nasal consonants
What is hyponasality? hypernasality?
Hypo: inadequate coupling of nasal passages to oral & pharyngeal cavities (enlarged adenoids)
Hyper: excessive coupling (cleft palate)
What are the 3 biological functions of the tongue?
- Taste
- Mastication (chewing)
- Deglutition (swallowing)
The tongue is divided into two halves by the:
median sulcus
What are the 4 regions of the tongue?
- Tip
- Blade (below alveolar ridge)
- Dorsum (below hard palate
- Root (anterior wall of pharyngeal cavity)
True/False. The root and dorsum of the tongue are at a 90 degree angle from each other in most animals.
False, they are at a 90 degree angle only in upright animals
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? (4)
- Superior longitudinal (shortens tongue, turns tip upward)
- Inferior longitudinal (shortens tongue, turns tip down)
- Transverse (narrows & elongates
- Vertical (flattens tongue)
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? (4)
- Genioglossus (bulk of tongue, protrudes & retracts tongue)
- Styloglossus (draws tongue up & back)
- Palatoglossus (lowers soft palate)
- Hyoglossus (retracts & depresses tongue)
What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?
- Naso pharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
What are the functions of the nose? (2)
- Respiration (controls; temp, humidity, particles)
- speech (nonbiological)
What is the Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production? (4)
- Output energy = source energy + resonance characteristics
- Vocal tract resonates like a tube closed at one end
- Vocal tract shapes input signal from vibrating vocal folds
- Explains relationships between articulation and acoustics
What is the vibrating source of the vocal tract?
The larynx
The average (adult male) size of the vocal tract:
~17.5 cm
What is the Extending Tube Resonance Model? (3)
- Formants are not affected by whether the tube is straight or curved
- Formants for different vowels vary about average frequencies for uniform tube
- on average, resonance frequencies are distributed 1/1000Hz for men
True/False. Energy source and resonator are independent from each other.
True
Does the production of vowels depend on vocal pitch?
No, different vowels can be produced at the same pitch and you won’t lose phonetic distinctiveness
What is glottal area function?
- complex periodic
- repeats at fundamental frequency
- period typically 5s for women - 8 ms for men
What is glottal area function?
- complex periodic
- repeats at fundamental frequency
- period typically 5s for women - 8 ms for men
What is laryngeal source spectrum? (3)
- Can increase frequency at will
- energy declines at f increases
- most energy at lower freq
What is laryngeal source spectrum? (3)
- Can increase frequency at will
- energy declines at f increases
- most energy at lower freq
What is transfer function?
it’s the difference between the vocal tract input and output
What is radiation characteristic?
Filtering effect when sound leaves mouth
What is the perturbation theory of formants?
Local constriction
- formant-frequency changes can be predicted based on position of perturbations
- can predict vowel formants from tongue position
