Second Part: Finals questions ll Flashcards
What is the central tendon of the diaphragm?
a tough sheet of inelastic tissue
Describe the 4 steps of the diaphragm in action:
- Thoracic volume increases.
- Intrapulmonic pressure decreases.
- Abdominal volume decreases.
- Intraabdominal pressure increase
What are intercostal muscles?
Muscles that are in between ribs
What do the internal intercostals do?
They make the ribs go DOWN AND IN during forced exhale. They decrease the total volume in the cavity & increase pressure
What do the external intercostals do during forced inhalation?
They elevate the ribs during forced inhalation and increase the total volume of the thoracic cavity. MAKES THE RIBS GO UP AND OUT.
What does the transversus thoracic muscle do?
Depresses ribs
Where is the transversus thoracic muscle located?
What are costal elevators?
- Rib raisers
- (levatores costarum) vertibrae (C7-T11)
What is the pectoralis major? (3)
- A thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles.
- Connects to humerus, sternum, clavicle and upper costal
- pulls sternum and ribs up when humerus is fixed
What is the pectoralis minor? (2)
- Muscle attached to scapula, and deeper than the pectoralis major
- elevates ribs when scapula is fixed
What is the subclavius?
- Muscle that connects clavicle to the first rib
- Elevates first rib when clavicle is fixed
What is the serratus anterior?
- Muscle that attaches the upper ribs to the scapula (shoulder blades)
- Upper ribs elevate when scapula is fixed
What is the sternocleidomastoid? (2)
- Muscle that attaches sternum & clavicle to the mastoid (temporal bone)
- When head held is fixed, bilateral contraction elevates sternum and clavicle
What are the scalene muscles? (2)
- anterior, middle, posterior
- deep muscles of anterolateral region of the neck
What are the anterolateral abdominal muscles?
- They compress abdominal contents resulting in forced expiration
What are the external obliques?
- Muscle that connects the lower ribs to the abdominal aponeurosis
- Largest, strongest, most superficial
What are the internal obliques?
- Deep muscles that course opposite to external obliques
- same role as external obliques
What are subcostal muscles?
- Inside the back wall of the ribs
- lower ribs
Breathing in is ___________, breathing out is _____________. (active or passive)
Breathing in is active, breathing out is passive.
Describe what occurs during active inhalation. (4)
- Diaphragm and intercostals ?
- lungs ?
- abdominal viscera?
- inspiratory muscles?
- Diaphragm and intercostals contract
- lungs expand with thoracic enlargement
- abdominal viscera is compressed by the diaphragm
- inspiratory muscles cease contraction
Describe the effect of active inhalation. (4) (Thorax, Airflow, Intraabdominal, Force)
- thoracic dimensions increase (vertical, transverse, anteroposterior)
- inward airflow to equalize pressure
- increased intraabdominal pressure
- restoring force begins
Describe what occurs during passive exhalation. (4) (Force, Ribs, Gravity, Lungs)
- Upward force increases against diaphragm
- ribs unwind
- gravity acts on system
- lung elasticity exerts restoring force of thoracic wall
- lung elasticity provides expiratory force
Describe the effect of passive exhalation. (5) (Thorax, Force, Energy, Restoration, Air flow)
- Vertical dimension of thorax decreases
- torque occurs
- potential energy becomes kinetic energy
- restores thorax to resting position
- outward flow of air
What is torque? (2)
- An elastic system, but twisted rather than stretched.
- The force of torque restores your chest cavity to its resting position
What occurs to your breaths per minute as you get older?
BPM gets lower as you get older, largely determined by body size
Why do infants have so many breaths per minute?
Their alveoli and alveolar ducts are still growing in the first years of life
What is a spirometer?
Instrument for measuring respiratory volumes and airflow
What is residual volume? (2)
- Air in lungs after maximal expiration. Cannot be measured on spirometry
- Has to be estimated
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
What is tidal volume?
amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle.
What is vital capacity?
Total amount of exchangeable air (TV + IRV + ERV)
What is Resting Expiratory Level (REL)? (2)
- Equilibrium in the respiratory system
- Roughly 40% of total lung volume
Which pulmonary division is the most important?
Vital capacity, as it tells us how much activity we can do based on our respiratory health (ie. whether we can speak)
What is egressive speech?
Speech produced on outflowing air
What is a breath group?
Number of syllables produced on one expiration
Why does your body position affect breathing capacity?
Due to gravity, and pressure placed on diaphragm.
What body position is just as optimal for breathing as standing up right?
On all fours (likely due to evolution and babies)
True/False: Subglottal pressure during sustained vowel is relatively constant.
True
What is relaxation pressure? (4)
- Pressure generated by entirely passive forces (gravity, muscle relaxation, lung elasticity, torque)
- 0 at Resting expiratory level
- positive following inhalation
- negative following forced exhalation
What is the larynx?
The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.
What are the vocal folds?
Folds of membranous tissue that project inward from the sides of the larynx to form a slit across the glottis in the throat, and whose edges vibrate in the airstream to produce the voice (glottal tone).
What are the vocal folds?
Folds of membranous tissue that project inward from the sides of the larynx to form a slit across the glottis in the throat, and whose edges vibrate in the airstream to produce the voice (glottal tone).
What is the function of the larynx?
- Protects lower respiratory tract
- Valving mechanism
- Part of respiratory system
- Thoracic fixation (closing of the larynx to prevent abdominal contents from coming up)
- Coughing
When is the larynx closed?
Usually only when it is protecting you or during thoracic fixation
What is the shape of the vocal folds?
V shape - more closed in the front
What are the steps of the mucosal wave? (7)
- Vocal folds adducted (closed)
- Subglottal air pressure increases
- Vocal folds blown apart
- Puff of air released
- Subglottal air pressure decreases
- Tissue elasticity and lower air pressure allows vocal folds to snap back
- Process repeats
What is the hyoid bone? (2)
- only bone in the larynx
- supportive structure for tongue root
What other bones are connected to the hyoid?
NONE
- larynx is suspended from the hyoid by the thyrohyoid membrane
What are the cartilages of the larynx? (6)
- thyroid
-cricoid
-epiglottis
-arytenoids
-corniculates
-cuneiform
Explain the Mucosal Wave:
Vocal folds adducted
Subglottal pressure (Psub)
increases
Vocal folds blown apart
Puff of air is released
Subglottal air pressure decreases
Tissue elasticity and lower air pressure allows vocal folds to snap back
