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CMSD5050 Fundamentals of Speech Science > Second Part: Finals questions lll > Flashcards

Second Part: Finals questions lll Flashcards

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1
Q

Which 3 cartilages of the larynx ossify with age?

A

Thyroid, cricoid and arytenoids (as they are all hyaline cartilages)

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2
Q

Which larynx cartilages are “pointless”? (2)

A

Corniculates and cuneiform

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3
Q

What are the cartilages of the thyroid? (6)

A

-Laminae (2 quad plates)
-laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)
-thyroid notch (v-shape above LP)
- Anterior commisure (inner surface below where vocal folds attach)
- Superior horn (attach to hyoid)
- Inferior horns (articulate with cricoid)

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4
Q

What is the difference in the tyroid for men and women?

A

Men have ~90 degree angle of thyroid, whereas women have ~120 degree angle.

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5
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage? (3)

A
  • connects larynx to trachea
  • attached to thyroid by cricothyroid membrane
  • attached to first tracheal ring by cricotracheal membrane
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6
Q

What are the structures important to the arytenoid cartilage?

A
  • muscular process
  • vocal process
  • corniculate cartilages
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7
Q

What are the structures important to the arytenoid cartilage? (3)

A
  • muscular process
  • vocal process
  • corniculate cartilages
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8
Q

What do the arytenoids do? (2)

A
  • They rotate to change the length of the vocal folds.
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9
Q

What are the arytenoids doing during normal breathing?

A

All the way back, and vocal folds are open.

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10
Q

What is the anatomy of the epiglottis? (4)

A
  • Lies behind the hyoid & tongue root
  • Attached to thyroid
  • Aryepiglottic folds (form entrance to larynx, contracts to pull epiglottis back)
  • Vallecule (space between tongue and epiglottis)
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11
Q

When can you see the epiglottis during a regular oral exam?

A

When the patient is a child

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12
Q

What is the functionsof the epiglottis?

A
  • Prevent food from entering larynx
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13
Q

What are the cuneiform cartilages?

A

They are tiny, cone shaped cartilage pieces that are embedded within the aryepiglottic folds

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14
Q

True/False. Some people can be born without cuneiform cartilage.

A

True

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15
Q

What are the two laryngeal joints?

A
  • cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid
  • all vocal fold adjustments are mediated through them
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16
Q

What are the two motions of the cricoarytenoid joint?

A
  • Rocking
  • Gliding (limited)
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17
Q

What is the primary action of the cricothyroid joint? (2)

A
  • Rotating thyroid cartilage closer to the cricoid
  • Places vocal folds under increased tension
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18
Q

What are the extrinstic laryngeal membranes? (3)

A
  • thyrohoid membrane (larynx-hyoid)
  • cricothyroid membrane (thryoid-cricoid anterior)
  • cricotracheal membrane (lower cricoid-upper tracheal ring)
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19
Q

What are the cavities of the larynx? (3)

A
  • Aditus (superior entrance to laryngeal cavity)
  • Supraglottal region (above true vocal folds)
  • Subglottal region (below folds)
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20
Q

What are the vocal folds composed of?

A

A bundle of muscle tissue (thyroarytenoid) and vocal ligament which is continuous with conus elasticus

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21
Q

What is the opening between the vocal folds? And when is it open?

A

Glottis, open during breathing and closed during some speech sounds

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22
Q

The membranous portion is the _______ part of the vocal folds.

A

anterior 3/5s (attached to thyroid)

23
Q

The cartilaginous portion is the _________ part of the vocal folds

A

posterior part (attached to arytenoids)

24
Q

When someone is whispering, are the cartilaginous and membranous portions open or closed?

A

cartilaginous is open, membranous is closed

25
Q

What are the 5 histologic layers of the vocal folds?

A
  1. Epithilium (outer capsule)
  2. Superficial layer of lamina propria (elastic gelatinous mass)
  3. Intermediate layer of lamina propria (like soft rubber bands)
  4. Deep layer of lamina propria (like cotton thread)
  5. Thyroarythenoid muscle (like stiff rubber bands)
26
Q

What is the physiology of the vocal fold layers? (3) CTB

A
  1. Cover (epithelium & superficial layer - highly compliant)
  2. Transition (intermediate & deep layers - stiffer)
  3. Body (thyroarytenoid - stiffest)
27
Q

Which layers of the vocal folds are controlled passively?

A

The outer four layers

28
Q

Is the thryoarytenoid muscle controlled actively or passively?

A

both

29
Q

What are the false vocal (ventricular) folds? (3)

A
  • above true vocal folds
  • attached to thyroid and arytenoids
  • closed during swallowing
29
Q

What are the false vocal (ventricular) folds? (3)

A
  • above true vocal folds
  • attached to thyroid and arytenoids
  • closed during swallowing
30
Q

What are the false vocal (ventricular) folds?

A
  • above true vocal folds
  • attached to thyroid and arytenoids
  • closed during swallowing
31
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

The region between the venticular folds and aditus

32
Q

What is the ventricle?

A
  • the cavity between the ventricular & vocal folds
  • keeps larynx moist
33
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx? (4)

A

Support and position larynx
-Suprahyoid (elevates larynx)
-Infrahyoid (depress larynx)
-Sternothyroid
-Thyrohyoid

34
Q

What are the four categories of intrinsic muscles?

A
  1. Abductor (open glottis)
  2. Adductor (close glottis)
  3. Tensor (elongate & tighten vocal folds)
  4. Relaxer (shorten vocal folds)
35
Q

What are the two main types of laryngeal adjustments?

A
  1. Medial compression (force with which vocal folds are brought together)
  2. Longitudinal tension (degree of stretching)
36
Q

Name the intrinsic muscles of the larynx. (5)

A
  • Thyroarytenoid (tensor)
  • Posterior cricoarytenoid (abductor)
  • Lateral cricoarytenoid (adductor & relaxer)
  • Interarytenoids (tensor: bring arytenoids together)
  • Cricothyroid (glottal tensor)
37
Q

What two things does pitch depend on?

A
  1. Frequency of vocal fold vibration
  2. Mode (pattern) of vocal fold vibration
38
Q

What are the factors that influence the rate of vocal fold vibration? (4)

A
  • longitudinal tension (active)
  • tissue elasticity (passive/active)
  • vocal fold length (passive/active)
  • vocal fold mass (passive)
39
Q

What is Bernoulli’s principle?

A

as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases

40
Q

What are two factors that contribute to vocal fold adduction?

A
  1. Vocal fold elasticity
  2. Bernoulli principle
41
Q

What are the three forces of myoelastic-aerodynamic theory?

A
  1. Elasticity of vocal folds (myoelastic: adducting)
  2. Bernoulli principle (aerodynamic: abducting)
  3. Subglottal pressure (aerodynamic: abducting)
42
Q

What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory? (2)

A
  • VF vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds
  • Most widely accepted theory
43
Q

What is phonation threshold pressure (PTP)? (3)

A
  • minimum amount of pressure to set vocal folds in vibration
  • 3-6 H2O for normal speech
  • up to 50 H2O for yelling
44
Q

What is the average pitch range during conversational speech?

A

~ 2 octaves

45
Q

What is the average fundamental frequency for males? females? children?

A

males: ~120 Hz
females: ~ 220 Hz
children: ~ 330 Hz

46
Q

What occurs as pitch increases? (2)

A
  • length increases
  • cross-sectional area decreases
47
Q

What is the primary muscle used for increased vocal fold tension?

A

cricothyroid

48
Q

Increased vocal fold tension requires ____________ subglottal pressure.

A

Increased

49
Q

What is voice register? (2)

A
  • a series of frequencies that are perceptually similar in quality and are produced in the same physiological manner
  • Chest, falsetto, pulse
50
Q

What is “chest”? (2)

A
  • the midrange of pitches
  • modal register
51
Q

What is falsetto? (3)

A
  • the upper extreme portion of pitch range
  • vocal folds come together only at edges
  • high longitudinal tension
52
Q

What is “pulse”?

A
  • popping, creaky sound produced by phonating quietly at lowest pitch possible
  • glottal fry/vocal fry/creaky
  • often at end of sentences
  • very long closed phase

CMSD5050 Fundamentals of Speech Science (11 decks)

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