Second Part: Finals questions lll Flashcards
Which 3 cartilages of the larynx ossify with age?
Thyroid, cricoid and arytenoids (as they are all hyaline cartilages)
Which larynx cartilages are “pointless”? (2)
Corniculates and cuneiform
What are the cartilages of the thyroid? (6)
-Laminae (2 quad plates)
-laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)
-thyroid notch (v-shape above LP)
- Anterior commisure (inner surface below where vocal folds attach)
- Superior horn (attach to hyoid)
- Inferior horns (articulate with cricoid)
What is the difference in the tyroid for men and women?
Men have ~90 degree angle of thyroid, whereas women have ~120 degree angle.
What is the cricoid cartilage? (3)
- connects larynx to trachea
- attached to thyroid by cricothyroid membrane
- attached to first tracheal ring by cricotracheal membrane
What are the structures important to the arytenoid cartilage?
- muscular process
- vocal process
- corniculate cartilages
What are the structures important to the arytenoid cartilage? (3)
- muscular process
- vocal process
- corniculate cartilages
What do the arytenoids do? (2)
- They rotate to change the length of the vocal folds.
What are the arytenoids doing during normal breathing?
All the way back, and vocal folds are open.
What is the anatomy of the epiglottis? (4)
- Lies behind the hyoid & tongue root
- Attached to thyroid
- Aryepiglottic folds (form entrance to larynx, contracts to pull epiglottis back)
- Vallecule (space between tongue and epiglottis)
When can you see the epiglottis during a regular oral exam?
When the patient is a child
What is the functionsof the epiglottis?
- Prevent food from entering larynx
What are the cuneiform cartilages?
They are tiny, cone shaped cartilage pieces that are embedded within the aryepiglottic folds
True/False. Some people can be born without cuneiform cartilage.
True
What are the two laryngeal joints?
- cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid
- all vocal fold adjustments are mediated through them
What are the two motions of the cricoarytenoid joint?
- Rocking
- Gliding (limited)
What is the primary action of the cricothyroid joint? (2)
- Rotating thyroid cartilage closer to the cricoid
- Places vocal folds under increased tension
What are the extrinstic laryngeal membranes? (3)
- thyrohoid membrane (larynx-hyoid)
- cricothyroid membrane (thryoid-cricoid anterior)
- cricotracheal membrane (lower cricoid-upper tracheal ring)
What are the cavities of the larynx? (3)
- Aditus (superior entrance to laryngeal cavity)
- Supraglottal region (above true vocal folds)
- Subglottal region (below folds)
What are the vocal folds composed of?
A bundle of muscle tissue (thyroarytenoid) and vocal ligament which is continuous with conus elasticus
What is the opening between the vocal folds? And when is it open?
Glottis, open during breathing and closed during some speech sounds
The membranous portion is the _______ part of the vocal folds.
anterior 3/5s (attached to thyroid)
The cartilaginous portion is the _________ part of the vocal folds
posterior part (attached to arytenoids)
When someone is whispering, are the cartilaginous and membranous portions open or closed?
cartilaginous is open, membranous is closed
What are the 5 histologic layers of the vocal folds?
- Epithilium (outer capsule)
- Superficial layer of lamina propria (elastic gelatinous mass)
- Intermediate layer of lamina propria (like soft rubber bands)
- Deep layer of lamina propria (like cotton thread)
- Thyroarythenoid muscle (like stiff rubber bands)
What is the physiology of the vocal fold layers? (3) CTB
- Cover (epithelium & superficial layer - highly compliant)
- Transition (intermediate & deep layers - stiffer)
- Body (thyroarytenoid - stiffest)
Which layers of the vocal folds are controlled passively?
The outer four layers
Is the thryoarytenoid muscle controlled actively or passively?
both
What are the false vocal (ventricular) folds? (3)
- above true vocal folds
- attached to thyroid and arytenoids
- closed during swallowing
What are the false vocal (ventricular) folds? (3)
- above true vocal folds
- attached to thyroid and arytenoids
- closed during swallowing
What are the false vocal (ventricular) folds?
- above true vocal folds
- attached to thyroid and arytenoids
- closed during swallowing
What is the vestibule?
The region between the venticular folds and aditus
What is the ventricle?
- the cavity between the ventricular & vocal folds
- keeps larynx moist
What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx? (4)
Support and position larynx
-Suprahyoid (elevates larynx)
-Infrahyoid (depress larynx)
-Sternothyroid
-Thyrohyoid
What are the four categories of intrinsic muscles?
- Abductor (open glottis)
- Adductor (close glottis)
- Tensor (elongate & tighten vocal folds)
- Relaxer (shorten vocal folds)
What are the two main types of laryngeal adjustments?
- Medial compression (force with which vocal folds are brought together)
- Longitudinal tension (degree of stretching)
Name the intrinsic muscles of the larynx. (5)
- Thyroarytenoid (tensor)
- Posterior cricoarytenoid (abductor)
- Lateral cricoarytenoid (adductor & relaxer)
- Interarytenoids (tensor: bring arytenoids together)
- Cricothyroid (glottal tensor)
What two things does pitch depend on?
- Frequency of vocal fold vibration
- Mode (pattern) of vocal fold vibration
What are the factors that influence the rate of vocal fold vibration? (4)
- longitudinal tension (active)
- tissue elasticity (passive/active)
- vocal fold length (passive/active)
- vocal fold mass (passive)
What is Bernoulli’s principle?
as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases
What are two factors that contribute to vocal fold adduction?
- Vocal fold elasticity
- Bernoulli principle
What are the three forces of myoelastic-aerodynamic theory?
- Elasticity of vocal folds (myoelastic: adducting)
- Bernoulli principle (aerodynamic: abducting)
- Subglottal pressure (aerodynamic: abducting)
What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory? (2)
- VF vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds
- Most widely accepted theory
What is phonation threshold pressure (PTP)? (3)
- minimum amount of pressure to set vocal folds in vibration
- 3-6 H2O for normal speech
- up to 50 H2O for yelling
What is the average pitch range during conversational speech?
~ 2 octaves
What is the average fundamental frequency for males? females? children?
males: ~120 Hz
females: ~ 220 Hz
children: ~ 330 Hz
What occurs as pitch increases? (2)
- length increases
- cross-sectional area decreases
What is the primary muscle used for increased vocal fold tension?
cricothyroid
Increased vocal fold tension requires ____________ subglottal pressure.
Increased
What is voice register? (2)
- a series of frequencies that are perceptually similar in quality and are produced in the same physiological manner
- Chest, falsetto, pulse
What is “chest”? (2)
- the midrange of pitches
- modal register
What is falsetto? (3)
- the upper extreme portion of pitch range
- vocal folds come together only at edges
- high longitudinal tension
What is “pulse”?
- popping, creaky sound produced by phonating quietly at lowest pitch possible
- glottal fry/vocal fry/creaky
- often at end of sentences
- very long closed phase
