Second Part: Finals questions Flashcards
What is the primary purpose of respiration?
ventilation
What is the physical aspect of respiration?
Gas exchange
What is the chemical aspect of respiration?
food + O2 = H2O + CO2 + heat
What are the two mechanical aspects of respiration? (2)
inhalation and exhalation
What are the phases of speech production? (3)
Respiration (power supply)
Phonation (vibration from vocal folds)
Resonance (Filters)
What is the kinetic theory of gases?
Molecules are constantly moving in random collision.
What is Boyle’s Law?
If gas is kept at a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional.
More volume = less pressure, less volume = more pressure
Air flows from ______ pressure to ________ pressure.
Air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure
Describe what occurs during inhalation.
The thoracic cavity increases in volume which leads to negative pressure.
Describe what occurs during exhalation.
The thoracic cavity decreases in volume which leads to positive pressure.
What is the purpose of the vocal tract related to air? (3)
To filter, moistens and warm the air
What are the six components of the vocal tract?
- Nasal cavity
- Oral cavity
- Pharynx (throat)
- Larynx (voicebox)
- Trachea (windpipe)
- Bronchi
What does the larynx do?
protects lower respiratory passages
Alveoli facilitate the rapid exchange of __________________.
Alveoli facilitates the rapid exchange of O2 and CO2.
What are the properties of alveoli? (2)
- Lung elasticity is collapsing force (some due to tissue resistance, most (2/3) due to surface tension)
- balanced by surfactant
What is respiratory distress syndrome caused by?
a lack of surfactant in the lungs
What are the components of a lung? (3
Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and blood vessels
What are the three dimensions that the thoracic cavity increases in? (3)
- Vertical (contraction of diaphragm)
- Transverse (raising of curved ribs)
- Anteroposterior (forward and upward movement of sternum)
Muscles that lower ribs are:
Expiratory
Muscles that raise ribs are:
Inspiratory
What occurs during “bucket handle” rotation of the ribs?
Transverse increase
What occurs during the “pump handle” rotation of the ribs?
Anteroposterior increase
What is the pelvic girdle?
a basin-shaped structure that attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
What is the pectoral girdle? (2)
- clavicle and scapula
- provides attachment for the upper limbs of the torso
What is the plurae?
The thin slippery serous membranes that form an envelope between the lung and the chest wall
What is the parietal/costal pleura?
The membrane lining the thoracic cavity
What is the visceral pleura?
Membrane surrounding the lungs
What is intrapleural fluid?
Thin layer of polar fluid between layers of pleura
True/False: Intrapleural pressure is always more than atmospheric pressure.
False. Intraplueral pressure is always less than atmospheric pressure.
What is another word for intrapleural pressure?
Transpulmonary pressure
What is another word for intrapleural pressure?
Transpulmonary pressure
What is pleural linkage?
- Mechanism by which lungs “linked” to thoracic wall
What does pleural linkage allow?
Allows movements of rib cage to be transmitted to lungs so that lungs can increase and decrease volume
What is pleurisy (pleuritis)?
inflammation of the pleura
What is a pneumothorax?
Accumulation of gas within pleural cavity resulting in a collapsed lung
Intrapleural pressure is always __________________. (positive or negative)
Negative
What do we use as our reference pressure? (0)
Air pressure
What is alveolar pressure?
Pressure within the lungs
What is subglottal pressure?
Pressure below the larynx
True/False: Subglottal pressure is always the same as alveolar pressure.
True
Describe the stages of breathing in and out. (9)
- muscles contract
- thoracic cavity increases volume
- lungs expand—pleural linkage
- negative pressure—Boyle’s Law
- air flows into lungs
- muscles cease contracting.
- thoracic cavity shrinks—elastic recoil
- positive pressure—Boyle’s Law
- air exhaled
When is alveolar pressure at 0?
At the beginning and end of inspiration and expiration
What occurs to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
It drops
The drop in alveolar pressure results in what?
Inward flow of air
What occurs to alveolar pressure during exhalation?
It increases
The increase of alveolar pressure results in what?
Outward flow of air
When are expiratory factors passive?
In quiet breathing
What is forced expiration? (2)
- Exhalation beyond passive expiration
- Facilitated by contraction of abdominal muscles
What is the diaphragm?
A musculotendinous septum that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen
What may be the only muscle involved in quiet breathing?
The diaphragm
What does surfactant do?
Lowers the surface tension/interfacial tension between blood and air in alveoli
What does surfactant do?
Lowers the surface tension/interfacial tension between blood and air in alveoli
