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Brain and Behavior > SDL: Neurocytology and CSF > Flashcards

SDL: Neurocytology and CSF Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

the trophic (metabolic) center of the neuron

A

the neuronal soma, defined by presence of the nucleus

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2
Q

the longer the axon,

A

the wider the soma’s diameter

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3
Q

three basic shapes of neurons

A

pseudounipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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4
Q

characteristic of pseudounipolar neuron

A

a single process which extends from the soma then bifurcates

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5
Q

characteristic of a bipolar neuron

A

bipolar neurons have 2 processes, 1 an axon, the other a dendrite

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6
Q

characteristic of a multipolar neuron

A

1 axon and 2 or more dendrites extending from the soma

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7
Q

what portion of the nervous system are pseudounipolar neurons found in?

A

peripheral sensory system

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8
Q

the most rare neuronal shape, and where are they found?

A

bipolar neurons, in the peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

most common type of neuron

A

multipolar

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10
Q

characteristics of the cell membrane of neurons

A

cover axon, soma, dendrites; contains receptors (glycoproteins, glycolipids); contains ion channels

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11
Q

name given for rough ER that is large, organized into parallel cisternae with numerous polyribosomes between them

A

Nissl substance or Nissl bodies

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12
Q

where are Nissl bodies found in the neuron, and what do they produce?

A

found everywhere except the axon; make structural proteins and NT peptides

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13
Q

where are neuronal mitochondria often found?

A

in the presynaptic terminals

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14
Q

what is the function of microtubules in neurons?

A

movement of substances and organelles within the cytoplasm; can move in both directions

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15
Q

transport away from the soma is called

A

anterograde transport

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16
Q

transport toward the soma is called

A

retrograde transport

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17
Q

where are microtubules more abundant: axons or dendrites?

A

dendrites

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18
Q

what is a lipofuscin granule?

A

an inclusion of a neuron that contains substances that were not digested by the lysosome; the older the neuron, the more lipofuscin granules it has

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19
Q

byproduct of catecholamine synthesis that is another inclusion found in neurons

A

melanin

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20
Q

what is the level of myelination of peripheral DRG (dendrites)?

A

unmyelinated or lightly myelinated (like pain and temp. receptors)

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21
Q

increased degree of myelination means..

A

faster rate of conductance of impulses

22
Q

the axon hillock can be distinguished from other processes by..

A

the lack of Nissl bodies

23
Q

unlike the dendritic tree, the axon of a neuron can

A

leave the CNS and enter the PNS

24
Q

type of neuron that is important for development and maintenance of the blood brain barrier

A

astrocyte

25
Q

type of neuron derived from mesoderm (rather than ectoderm); what it functions as

A

microglia that migrate in and out of the CNS; participates in the inflammatory response and phagocytic processes

26
Q

neurons that line the inner CNS

A

ependyma cells

27
Q

ependymal cells can participate in passage of substances between

A

the CNS and CSF

28
Q

cells that form a CSF-blood barrier

A

choroid epithelial cells (differentiated ependymal cells)

29
Q

makes up the H-shape in the spinal cord

A

gray matter

30
Q

areas of gray matter which contain intermingled processes like axons and dendrites

A

neuropil

31
Q

a type of neuronal organization in which the somata are arranged in layers

A

laminar

32
Q

found deep to the cortex of the brainstem and cerebellum, and surrounds the H shape of the spinal cord cross section

A

white matter

33
Q

the presynaptic side of the synapse that has the small bulb of the end of the axon is called the

A

bouton

34
Q

is the synaptic cleft an empty space?

A

no, it has fine filaments and polysaccharides that bind to the 2 membranes tightly

35
Q

which receptor plays a large role in strengthening of synapses, and what is the mechanism?

A

NMDA receptor; F actin filaments change the conformation of the post synaptic site, which makes it more capable of processing signals and placing them into “memory”

36
Q

example of a large complex of intracellular proteins called “signaling machines”

A

CaM Kinase II

37
Q

in what type of junction does an electrical synapse occur?

A

gap junction, a passage for ions and small molecules

38
Q

the terminal of a synapse on a skeletal muscle is called

A

motor end plate

39
Q

neuronal-glandular cell terminations

A

secretomotor synapses

40
Q

axons from neurons such as those in the hypothalamus which pass to the hypophysis

A

neurosecretory axons

41
Q

describe astrocytic-oligodendritic interaction

A

astrocytes appear to “prime” axons for myelination

42
Q

describe astrocytic-microglial interactions

A

produce cytokines, growth factors; play major role in communication between CNS and the remainder of the body (since the CNS lacks lymphatics)

43
Q

an ultrafiltrate of plasma consisting of proteins and electrolytes; circulates through ventricular system and subarachnoid space, reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations

A

CSF

44
Q

main site that produces CSF

A

choroid plexus

45
Q

what does the BBB exclude?

A

macromolecules (proteins), limits small non-lipid soluble molecules

46
Q

Congenital or acquired stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct prevents normal CSF egress and results in dilated lateral and third ventricles and a small fourth ventricle, causing what type of hydrocephalus?

A

non-communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus

47
Q

causes of non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

tumor, infection, inter-ventricular bleeding

48
Q

when arachnoid granulation function is compromised due to increased venous back pressure or abnormally low CSF pressure

A

communicating hydrocephalus

49
Q

CSF can leave the brain, but not the cranial cavity

A

communicating hydrocephalus

50
Q

CSF can’t leave the brain via the cerebral aqueduct

A

non-communicating hydrocephalus

51
Q

how hydrocephalus (both kinds) are treated

A

shunts to other body cavities

Brain and Behavior (21 decks)

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